共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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We examined whether larvae of the gall midge Rabdophaga rigidae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) can modify the seasonal dynamics of the density of a leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by modifying the leaf flushing phenology of its host willow species, Salix serissaefolia and Salix eriocarpa (Salicaceae). To test this, we conducted field observations and a laboratory experiment. The field observations demonstrated that the leaf flushing phenology of the willows and the seasonal dynamics of the beetle density differed between shoots with stem galls and shoots without them. On galled shoots of both willow species, secondary shoot growth and secondary leaf production were promoted; consequently, leaf production showed a bimodal pattern and leaf production periods were 1 to 2 months longer than on non‐galled shoots. The adult beetle density on galled shoots was thus enhanced late in the season, and was found to change seasonally, synchronizing with the production of new leaves on the host willow species. From the results of our laboratory experiment, we attributed this synchrony between adult beetle density and willow leaf flush to beetles’ preference to eat new leaves rather than old. Indeed, beetles consumed five times more of the young leaves when they were fed both young and old leaves. These results indicate that stem galls indirectly enhance the adult beetle density by enhancing food quality and quantity late in the beetle‐feeding season. We therefore conclude that midge galls widen the phenological window for leaf beetles by extending the willows’ leaf flush periods. 相似文献
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Abstract 1. The work reported here analysed host utilisation by the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), the relationship between moth oviposition patterns and larval performance, the chemical characteristics of the plant in relation to the performance of different larval instars, and the role of these factors in the outbreak capacity of the species. In order to do this, a combination of field and laboratory techniques was used to study three pine species differing in nutritional characteristics.
2. Moths oviposited in the three pine species analysed, although cluster pine received a lower number of batches. Late-instar larvae were able to feed on all three pine species, however first-instar larvae developed on Scots and black pine but died on cluster pine. Consequently, oviposition in cluster pine can be considered an oviposition mistake, and indicates that moths are rather unselective when ovipositing on different pine species.
3. Chemical analysis of needles suggested that the quantity of nitrogen was the main factor responsible for the difference in survival of larvae.
4. The oviposition pattern of the moth and the larval susceptibility to food quality in Thaumetopoea pityocampa agree with the theory that unselective oviposition of the moth is a precondition for eruptive dynamics in phytophagous insects.
5. The success of the larvae depends mainly on the probability of the moth finding a suitable host. This probability is determined strongly by the changes of structure and coverage in Mediterranean pine woodlands, due to human management. 相似文献
2. Moths oviposited in the three pine species analysed, although cluster pine received a lower number of batches. Late-instar larvae were able to feed on all three pine species, however first-instar larvae developed on Scots and black pine but died on cluster pine. Consequently, oviposition in cluster pine can be considered an oviposition mistake, and indicates that moths are rather unselective when ovipositing on different pine species.
3. Chemical analysis of needles suggested that the quantity of nitrogen was the main factor responsible for the difference in survival of larvae.
4. The oviposition pattern of the moth and the larval susceptibility to food quality in Thaumetopoea pityocampa agree with the theory that unselective oviposition of the moth is a precondition for eruptive dynamics in phytophagous insects.
5. The success of the larvae depends mainly on the probability of the moth finding a suitable host. This probability is determined strongly by the changes of structure and coverage in Mediterranean pine woodlands, due to human management. 相似文献
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Cris G. Hochwender † Eric M. Janson Dong Ho Cha Robert S. Fritz 《Ecological Entomology》2005,30(2):170-175
Abstract. 1. Using three genetic classes of willows, Salix eriocephala , Salix sericea , and their interspecific F1 hybrid, the influence of browsing damage and the importance of genetic class on insect community structure were evaluated.
2. Three-year-old plants grown from seeds generated from controlled crosses were placed in a common garden after a damage treatment was imposed on them (plants were either left undamaged during the previous winter or they had 50% of the previous year's growth removed). Clipping damage caused large increases in mean shoot length for plants.
3. The abundance of eight species of insect herbivores was determined for every plant to evaluate community structure for three genetic classes across the two damage levels. Based on manova , damage treatment had a modest effect on the relative abundance of herbivores (i.e. their proportional representation). In contrast, dramatic differences were detected among genetic classes for relative abundance; in cases where damage treatment influenced relative abundance of herbivores, the importance of genetic class was at least 20-fold greater than that of damage treatment. No interaction between genetic class and browsing treatment was detected for community structure.
4. The weak response of the herbivore community to clipping damage, contrasted to the large response to genetic class, was very surprising because mean shoot length was greatly altered by damage treatment. These findings, coupled together with previous research, suggest that plant genetic differences can act as the primary basis for herbivore community structure, while the effects of browsing may not be as common. 相似文献
2. Three-year-old plants grown from seeds generated from controlled crosses were placed in a common garden after a damage treatment was imposed on them (plants were either left undamaged during the previous winter or they had 50% of the previous year's growth removed). Clipping damage caused large increases in mean shoot length for plants.
3. The abundance of eight species of insect herbivores was determined for every plant to evaluate community structure for three genetic classes across the two damage levels. Based on manova , damage treatment had a modest effect on the relative abundance of herbivores (i.e. their proportional representation). In contrast, dramatic differences were detected among genetic classes for relative abundance; in cases where damage treatment influenced relative abundance of herbivores, the importance of genetic class was at least 20-fold greater than that of damage treatment. No interaction between genetic class and browsing treatment was detected for community structure.
4. The weak response of the herbivore community to clipping damage, contrasted to the large response to genetic class, was very surprising because mean shoot length was greatly altered by damage treatment. These findings, coupled together with previous research, suggest that plant genetic differences can act as the primary basis for herbivore community structure, while the effects of browsing may not be as common. 相似文献
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Abstract. 1. In ecological speciation , adaptation to variation in the external environment provides the crucial push that starts the process of genetic divergence and eventually leads to speciation. This emphasis on the role of ecological specialisation in speciation events has brought with it a renewed interest in its proximate mechanisms in recently diverged groups such as host races. Here, the proximate mechanisms of feeding specialisation are investigated in two host races of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum .
2. Using alfalfa and clover extracts, enclosed in diet chambers or applied on whole plants, it is shown that feeding specialisation depends on recognition of stimulants specific to the host plant, not on deterrents or toxins specific to the non-host plants.
3. Because pea aphids mate on their host plant, feeding specialisation leads to de facto assortative mating. This study suggests that behavioural recognition of host-specific chemicals, rather than avoidance of deterrents or/and plant toxins, contributes to gene flow restriction between the alfalfa and clover host races. 相似文献
2. Using alfalfa and clover extracts, enclosed in diet chambers or applied on whole plants, it is shown that feeding specialisation depends on recognition of stimulants specific to the host plant, not on deterrents or toxins specific to the non-host plants.
3. Because pea aphids mate on their host plant, feeding specialisation leads to de facto assortative mating. This study suggests that behavioural recognition of host-specific chemicals, rather than avoidance of deterrents or/and plant toxins, contributes to gene flow restriction between the alfalfa and clover host races. 相似文献
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Ronny Aanes Bernt-Erik Sæther Fiona M. Smith Elisabeth J. Cooper Philip A. Wookey & Nils Are Øritsland 《Ecology letters》2002,5(3):445-453
During recent decades there has been a change in the circulation of atmospheric pressure throughout the Northern Hemisphere. These variations are expressed in the recently described Arctic Oscillation (AO), which has shown an upward trend (associated with winter warming in the eastern Arctic) during the last three decades. We analysed a 12‐year time series on growth of Cassiope tetragona (Lapland Cassiope) and a 21‐year time series on abundance of a Svalbard reindeer population. High values of the AO index were associated with reduced plant growth and reindeer population growth rate. The North Atlantic Oscillation index was not able to explain a significant proportion of the variance in either plant growth or reindeer population fluctuations. Thus, the AO index may be a better predictor for ecosystem effects of climate change in certain high‐arctic areas compared to the NAO index. 相似文献
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植物蛋白酶抑制剂是植物重要的防御物质之一。为了研究不同程度剪叶及昆虫取食诱导与兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii针叶内蛋白酶抑制剂活性变化的关系,分别以剪叶及落叶松毛虫Dendrolimus superans取食处理兴安落叶松幼苗,用紫外分光光度法测定不同处理后针叶内胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂(CI)活性变化。结果表明：落叶松毛虫取食及剪叶可诱导兴安落叶松产生系统性防御反应,处理后的1～20天,苗木针叶内TI和CI两种抑制剂活性产生显著变化,诱导产生的TI和CI的活性与损伤程度无显著相关性。相同损伤程度下,虫害诱导的TI活性高于剪叶损伤诱导的活性,但二者差异不显著;3种取食程度诱导的CI活性,只在第5天同时显著高于剪叶损伤诱导的抑制剂的活性。由此可见,可以通过适当的损伤处理取得与昆虫取食相似的植物抗性反应,这为林木病虫防治提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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Induced herbivore resistance in seaweeds: a meta-analysis 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is expected to change plant tissue quality with important implications for plant–insect interactions. Taking advantage of canopy access by a crane and long‐term CO2 enrichment (530 μ mol mol?1) of a natural old‐growth forest (web‐free air carbon dioxide enrichment), we studied the responses of a generalist insect herbivore feeding in the canopy of tall trees. We found that relative growth rates (RGR) of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) were reduced by 30% in larvae fed on high CO2‐exposed Quercus petraea, but increased by 29% when fed on high CO2‐grown Carpinus betulus compared with control trees at ambient CO2 (370 μ mol mol?1). In Fagus sylvatica, there was a nonsignificant trend for reduced RGR under elevated CO2. Tree species‐specific changes in starch to nitrogen ratio, water, and the concentrations of proteins, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins in response to elevated CO2 were identified to correlate with altered RGR of gypsy moth larvae. Our data suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 will have strong species‐specific effects on leaf chemical composition of canopy trees in natural forests leading to contrasting responses of herbivores such as those reported here. A future change in host tree preference seems likely with far‐ranging consequences for forest community dynamics. 相似文献
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兴安落叶松林碳平衡和全球变化影响研究 总被引：21，自引：9，他引：21
利用CENTURY模型模拟兴安落叶松林的C循环并探讨全球变化对其C循环的影响,结果表明,兴安落叶松林是一个C汇,年净吸收C2.65t.hm^-2,气候变化和大气CO2浓度增加将对北方森林的生长有利,使其净吸收C的能力增强,温度上升2℃时,兴安落叶松林的植物总生物量和生产力均增加,而土壤C含量降低,降水减少20％比降水增加20％时其植物总生物量,生产力和土壤C含量变化的幅度大,说明温度是大兴安岭地区森林生长的主要限制因子。 相似文献
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A plant's responses to attack from particular pathogens and herbivores may result in resistance to subsequent attack from the same species, but may also affect different species. Such a cross-resistance, called immunization or vaccination, can benefit the plant, if the fitness consequences of attack from the initial attacker are less than those from subsequent attackers. Here, we report an example of naturally occurring vaccination of the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, against Manduca hornworms by prior attack from the mirid bug, Tupiocoris notatus (Dicyphus minimus), which results from the elicitation of two categories of induced plant responses. First, attack from both herbivore species causes the plants in nature to release predator-attracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the attracted generalist predator, Geocoris pallens, preferentially attacks the less mobile hornworm larvae. Second, attack from both mirids and hornworms increases the accumulation of secondary metabolites and proteinase inhibitors (PIs) in the leaf tissue, which is correlated with the slow growth of Manduca larvae. Mirid damage does not significantly reduce the fitness of the plant in nature, whereas attack from the hornworm reduces lifetime seed production. Consequently, plants that are attacked by mirids realize a significant fitness advantage in environments with both herbivores. The combination of growth-slowing direct defenses and predator-attracting indirect defenses results in greater hornworm mortality on mirid-attacked plants and provides the mechanism of the vaccination phenomenon. 相似文献
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Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
Robert P Ryan Kieran Germaine Ashley Franks David J Ryan David N Dowling 《FEMS microbiology letters》2008,278(1):1-9
Endophytic bacteria have been found in virtually every plant studied, where they colonize the internal tissues of their host plant and can form a range of different relationships including symbiotic, mutualistic, commensalistic and trophobiotic. Most endophytes appear to originate from the rhizosphere or phyllosphere; however, some may be transmitted through the seed. Endophytic bacteria can promote plant growth and yield and can act as biocontrol agents. Endophytes can also be beneficial to their host by producing a range of natural products that could be harnessed for potential use in medicine, agriculture or industry. In addition, it has been shown that they have the potential to remove soil contaminants by enhancing phytoremediation and may play a role in soil fertility through phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation. There is increasing interest in developing the potential biotechnological applications of endophytes for improving phytoremediation and the sustainable production of nonfood crops for biomass and biofuel production. 相似文献
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Abstract. 1. Damage to juvenile plant tissues can cause reductions in fitness. Therefore, plants are expected to have evolved various defences for juvenile organs; however, so far, little attention has been paid to mechanical defence, as they have been considered to constrain the growth of juvenile organs. This study revealed that the dioecious tree Aucuba japonica uses mechanical defences to protect young developing fruit from the gall midge Asphondylia aucubae. 2. Young fruit of A. japonica have a hard layer of endocarp covering the integument. Midges oviposit on the surface of the integument, where larval chambers are later formed. The endocarp gradually becomes cracked as the embryo sac develops. 3. Oviposition by the midges is successful only when the ovipositors happen to pass through cracks in the endocarp. Thus, to successfully lay eggs, midges must insert the ovipositor repeatedly. This should decrease the fecundity of the midges, and subsequently their infectiousness, because their adult lifespan is short and they do not consume food during this time. 4. Expansion of the cracks in the endocarp simplifies oviposition over time; however, the embryo sac continues to grow, increasing its volume relative to that of the ovule. This appears to deplete available space and tissue used in the construction of larval chambers, gradually making the fruit less susceptible to midge attacks. 5. The temporary nature of this defence should prevent it from constricting the growth of young fruit. This exemplifies a novel strategy for a mechanical defence of young developing plant tissues. 相似文献
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Abstract 1 The herbivorous bug Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae) is a pest of the cattle fodder crop Leucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). The interaction between the psyllid and three varieties of its Leucaena host plant was investigated in relation to the apparent resistance of some Leucaena varieties (Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena pallida and their hybrids) to attack. 2 Field trials demonstrated that adult psyllids distinguished among the different varieties of Leucaena over a distance, and were attracted to L. leucocephala in significantly higher numbers than to L. pallida or to the hybrid. Pesticide treatment increased the attractiveness of Leucaena plants, even of those deemed to be psyllid resistant. Numbers of psyllid eggs and nymphs, sampled in the field, reflect the arrival rates of adults at the three plant varieties. 3 Wavelength reflectance data of the three Leucaena varieties were not significantly different from one another, suggesting that psyllids cannot discriminate among the three plants using brightness or wavelength cues. There was a differential release of caryophyllene among the three varieties. Release of caryophyllene in L. leucocephala and the hybrid appeared to be influenced by environmental conditions. 4 Experiments demonstrated that caryophyllene (at least on its own) did not influence the behaviour of leucaena psyllids in relation to leucaena plants. 5 The results suggest that host plant volatiles cannot be dismissed as significant in the interaction between the leucaena psyllid and its Leucaena host plants. Further avenues for investigation are recommended and these are related to novel ways of understanding resistance in insect plant inter‐relationships. 相似文献