Isoprenylated resorcinol derivatives from Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa

The ether extract of leaves and terminal branches of Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa afforded four new isoprenylated resorcinol derivatives. Two of these are isoprenologues of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid.     

Structural heterozygosity in Scilla hyacinthoides L. and Scilla amoena L. (Liliaceae). Karyological analysis

Abstract

A karyological analysis carried out in Scilla hyacinthoides L. and Scilla amoena L. on material collected in the Botanical Garden of Cagliari (Sardinia), has shown the presence of heterozygous karyotypes in the two species. The chromosome number of S. hyacinthoides was found to be 2n = 20, while the chromosome number of S. amoena was 2n = 12, in accordance with the data found in the literature. Both the observed karyotypes show clear structural alterations, especially evident in one pair of clearly heteromorphic chromosomes. The analysis of the karyotypes seem to exclude a hybrid origin of the material examined and it is probable that such karyotypes may be the result of various structural re-arrangements, still evolving and aiming at a cytogenetic stabilization of the genus Scilla.     

点叶绵枣叶片培养及器官分化的研究

点叶绵枣叶外植体培养于MS 6-BA 1 PPm IBA 0.5 ppm培养基中,一月后不定芽仅从近轴面的叶表面产生。组织学的观察表明,不定芽起源于表皮细胞。     

江西发现绵枣儿多倍体复合体多细胞型混合居群

对来自江西省新干县三湖镇绵枣儿(Scilla scilloides)多倍体复合体两个居群263个植株进行了细胞学调查,发现4个整倍体细胞型,即BB、BBB、BBBB和ABBB。其中BBBB和ABBB为大陆上首次记录。至此在东亚大陆上已经发现该多倍体复合体12个整倍体细胞型中的9个。这表明东亚大陆也是该复合体细胞型分化的重要地区之一。此地出现ABBB和BBB,而未出现ABB以及非整倍体可能是说明自第四纪以来BB细胞型在大陆和朝鲜半岛的分布区正在收缩;大陆上AABB已经接近消失;而大陆、朝鲜半岛和济州岛(韩国)的BB和AABB混合居群只是残遗。大陆与日本列岛居群细胞型组成的相似性可能暗示着它们的某种历史关系,但是并不能支持日本分布的绵枣儿是从中国引入的“史前归化”植物。     

二叶獐牙菜化学成分研究

从二叶獐牙菜(Swertia bifolia Batal.)的全草中分离得到了7个化合物,5种口山酮和2种甾醇类化合物。它们的结构经光谱方法分别鉴定为1-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅰ)、1羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基口山酮(Ⅱ)、1,8二羟基-3,5二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅲ)、1,8二羟基-3,7-二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅳ)、1,7二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅴ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅵ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅶ)。     

东北地区野豌豆属VICIAL．物种生物学研究Ⅶ．歪头菜及其近缘种核型分析

本文报道了歪头菜Ｖ．ｕｎｉｊｕｇａＡ．Ｂｒ．及其近缘种Ｖ．ｂｉｆｏｌｉａＮａｋａｉ的核型。歪头菜Ｖ．ｕｎｉｊｕｇａＡ．Ｂｒ．Ｚｎ＝２４＝８ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋１２ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ和２ｎ＝１２＝２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ．ＲｂｉｆｏｌｉａＮａｂａｉ;２ｎ＝１２＝４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ．核型分析表明四倍体细胞型是一个同源多倍体。二倍体四倍体细胞型分布式样表明二倍体细胞型占据着较为偏北的区域。根据核型一致性,我们认为将Ｖ．ｂｉｆｏｌｉａ仍处理为歪头菜的变种ｖａｒ．ｂｒａｃｔｅａｔａ更为合适。     

Physical mapping by FISH and GISH of rDNA loci and discrimination of genomes A and B inScilla scilloides complex distributed in Korea

The chromosomal locations of the 18S-26S (45S) and 5S rDNA loci in cytotypes AA, BB, and AABB ofScilla scilloides Complex from Korea were physically mapped using multicolor fluorescencein situ hybridization (McFISH). Genomicin situ hybridization (GISH) was also performed to distinguish between the AA and BB genomes in allotetraploid AABB plants. One 18S-26S rDNA locus was detected in both AA (a2) and BB (b1 ); one locus also was found in the allopolyploid AABB (b1 ). This demon-strated the loss of that locus in genome A. GISH with biotin-labeled DNA from the BB genome and digoxigenin-labeled 18S-26S rDNA probes revealed that the 18S-26S rDNA in AABB plants was localized in the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) of genome B. One and two 5S rDNA loci were found in diploids AA and BB, respectively. As expected, all three 5S rDNA loci were detected in the AABB plants. The sequence identities of the 5S rDNA genes among cytotypes AA and BB, AA and AABB, and BB and AABB were 99%, 95%, and 95%, respectively. These authors contributed equally to this paper     

Metabolism of <Superscript>14</Superscript>C-glycine as a substrate for photorespiration of the leaf at different developmental stages of ephemeroides

The metabolism of ¹⁴C-glycine (a substrate for photorespiration) was studied in the light and in darkness under natural CO₂ concentration (0.03%) in the leaves of ephemeroides Scilla sibirica Haw. and Ficaria verna Huds. at different developmental stages. Using one and the same sample, potential photosynthesis (at 1% CO₂), true photosynthesis (at 0.03% CO₂), and leaf respiratory capacity were measured by the radiometric and manometric methods, respectively. All measurements were performed at 15°C, an average temperature during ephemer growth. It was found that, in the white zone of the Scilla leaf, the rate of CO₂ evolution resulting from metabolization of exogenous ¹⁴C-glycine was similar in the light and in darkness. In the green zone of the Scilla leaf and in the green leaf of Ficaria, both ¹⁴C-glycine absorption and ¹⁴CO₂ evolution were lower in the light as compared with darkness, which is explained by CO₂ reassimilation. In all treatments of both plant species, a specific inhibitor of glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC), aminoacetonitrile (5 mM) suppressed CO₂ evolution by 20–40%. It was concluded that in ephemeroides mitochondrial GDC, responsible for CO₂ evolution in photorespiration, is formed at the earliest stage of leaf development. This indicates that photorespiration can occur simultaneously with the development of the leaf photosynthetic activity. On the basis of the assumption that carbon losses in the form of CO₂ evolved during photorespiration comprise 25% of true photosynthesis, it was calculated that, in ephemer leaves, the highest rates of photorespiration and photosynthesis were attained during flowering when the leaf area was the largest and the rate of dark respiration was reduced by 1.5–2.0 times. The highest rates of dark respiration were observed in the beginning of growth. In senescing leaves by the end of the plant vegetation, potential photosynthesis and true photosynthesis were reduced, whereas dark respiration remained essentially unchanged. It is concluded that the high rates of potential and true photosynthesis are characteristic of ephemeroides when they complete their short developmental program in early spring (at 15°C); theoretically, photorespiration also occurs at a high rate during this period, when this process provides for a defense against the threat of photoinhibition at low temperature and high insolation.     

Investigation of the Structure of Rhizopus Cell Wall with Lytic Enzymes

The components and structure of the cell wall of Rhizopus delemar were investigated using purified lytic enzymes, protease and chitosanase from Bacillus R-4 and chitinase II from Streptomyces orientalis. When these enzymes were used individually they only partially lysed the cell wall, but when allowed to react on the cell wall together, a complete lysis was achieved by cooperative action. These modes of action on the cell wall and the chemical and morphological data suggested that the cell wall structure was different in Rhizopus delemar of Zygomycetes from filamentous fungi of Euascomycetes and that its wall structure might be composed mainly of chitin fibers cemented by chitosan and protein or peptides scattered in a mosaic manner.     

Taxonomic relationships in East AsianVicia species with unijugate leaves based on random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markers were investigated to clarify the taxonomic positions ofVicia linearifolia andV. bifolia, and to assess the genomic diversity among the 9 populations ofV. unijuga, each of which represents a geographical variation or infraspecific taxa in southern Korea. These species are characterized by unijugate leaves in East Asia and have been controversial as to infra-or interspecific classification. The polymorphic markers among the populations examined were observed for fifteen decamer primers. The degree of band sharing was used to calculate genetic similarity between populations, and a phenogram using UPGMA cluster analysis was generated based on the Dice similarity coefficient. The taxa studied were divided into two main groups and the populations ofV. unijuga were all grouped together in the phenogram. The genetic similarities ofV. unijuga were very high among the populations and did not show distinctions between the infraspecific taxa, although the populations of Mt. Odae and adjacent areas in eastern Korea were different from others of the species.V. linearifolia fell within the range of the genomic variation among the populations ofV. unijuga, whileV. bifolia was grouped withV. venosa var.cuspidata having multijugate leaves rather thanV. unijuga. The result from studying RAPD markers suggested thatV. linearifolia should be integrated intoV. unijuga and that species with unijugate leaves ofV. bifolia andV. unijuga are polyphyletic.     

中国白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)泌蜡量研究

通过对我国不同地区繁育的白蜡虫泌蜡实验,表明云南、四川、贵州三省白蜡虫泌蜡量多,其它省区的白蜡虫泌蜡量少。据此建议生产部门在以上三省大力提倡发展白蜡虫生产。     

Taxonomic investigation of five streptomycete cultures belonging to ISP standards

The taxonomic investigation of five streptomycete cultures belonging to the International Streptomyces Project (ISP) standards was carried out using the methods of population analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, and multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Two species with names considered to be synonymous,S. alboviridis ISP 5326 andS. oligocarbophilus ISP 5589, were found to be actually identical. Three other species investigated,S. krainskii ISP 5321,S. craterifer ISP 5296, and 5.anulatus ISP 5361, whose names are usually referred to as synonymous, were shown to be different species.     

Geographical distribution of cytotypes and genomic structures in natural populations of the<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scilla scilloides</Emphasis> complex in Korea

Cytotype distribution, B-chromosome frequency, and genomic constitution in the natural populations of theScilla scilloides complex in Korea were analyzed. Plants with various cytotypes were found: AA (2n = 16), BB (18), AAB (25), ABB (26), ABB (34), ABBB (35), BBBB (36), AABBB (43), AAABBB (51) and AAAABBBB (68). Allotetraploid AABB plants predominated with a frequency of 68.3%, and were found to distribute all over the Korean peninsula and Cheju-do. In diploids, the type AA plants distributed throughout the Korean midwest, while the type BB plants were limited to Cheju-do. Two other cytotypes, ABBB and AABBB, were found only in the southern part of the Korean peninsula including Cheju-do. Chromosomal variations, aneuploidy, and centromeric shifts were also found in the natural populations. The cytotypes AAB and AAAABBBB are reported here for the first time. B-chromosomes were found in 149 (85.6%) of 174 populations, the highest frequency being 81.8% in BB populations. The number of B-chromosomes per plant ranged from 1 to 31, and IB plants predominated (21.0%). Subtypes, with respect to the number and composition of B-chromosomes, indicated that sexual reproduction is still prevalent in AABB populations.     

Supplemental Cytogeographical Studies on the Scilla sinensis (Louriro) Merrill Complex in China

Seven hundred and fourteen individuals of the Scilla sinensis (Louriro) Merrill complex were sampled from 21 populations at 19 localities in 10 provinces and two cities of China and investigated cytologically in order to test its cytotype composition and cytogeographical variation still further. Five cytotypes were found (I.e. AA (2n = 16), BB (2n = 18), AABB (2n = 34), AAA (2n = 24), and AABB 9 (2n = 43)). Until now, nine of the 12 cytotypes have been identified on the continent, which indicates that it is an important place for the cytotypic differentiation of the complex. The cytotype AABB 9 is a new record on the continent. AAA was recorded for the second time in this complex. The majority of populations are composed of only one cytotype (AA, BB, or AABB), whereas another four populations consist of more than two cytotypes involving AA, BB, AAA, AABB, and AABB 9. The distribution of BB covers the entire region south to Huai River, whereas AA populations are distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Hong Kong, and Gungdong and are isolated from its major distribution. The appearance of AABB 9 is possibly evidence for the degeneration of the subglobular bulb type of AABB and the fact that AAA and AAAA exist in the interior border regions of the range of this complex probably suggests that drought is a major factor promoting plant polyploidization. In addition, the mean numbers of B chromosomes per individual, the percentage of individuals with the B chromosome in each population, and the correlation coefficients between the latter and their latitude/longitude were calculated. Generally speaking, the B chromosome number is higher in BB populations compared with AA populations and there is a prominent tendency that the B chromosome content in either AA or BB populations correlates with the latitude and longitude of the populations.     

Supplemental Cytogeographical Studies on the Scilla sinensis （Louriro） Merrill Complex in China

Seven hundred and fourteen individuals of the Scilla sinensis (Louriro) Merrill complex were sampled from 21 populations at 19 localities in 10 provinces and two cities of China and investigated cytologically in order to test its cytotype composition and cytogeographical variation still further. Five cytotypes were found (i.e. AA (2n = 16), BB (2n = 18), AABB (2n = 34), AAA (2n = 24), and AABB 9 (2n =43)). Until now, nine of the 12 cytotypes have been identified on the continent, which indicates that it is an important place for the cytotypic differentiation of the complex. The cytotype AABB 9 is a new record on the continent. AAA was recorded for the second time in this complex. The majority of populations are composed of only one cytotype (AA, BB, or AABB), whereas another four populations consist of more than two cytotypes involving AA, BB, AAA, AABB, and AABB 9. The distribution of BB covers the entire region south to Huai River, whereas AA populations are distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Hong Kong, and Guangdong and are isolated from its major distribution. The appearance of AABB 9 is possibly evidence for the degeneration of the subglobular bulb type of AABB and the fact that AAA and AAAA exist in the interior border regions of the range of this complex probably suggests that drought is a major factor promoting plant polyploidization. In addition, the mean numbers of B chromosomes per individual, the percentage of individuals with the B chromosome in each population, and the correlation coefficients between the latter and their latitude/longitude were calculated. Generally speaking, the B chromosome number is higher in BB populations compared with AA populations and there is a prominent tendency that the B chromosome content in either AA or BB populations correlates with the latitude and longitude of the populations.