Casearia Essential Oil: An Updated Review on the Chemistry and Pharmacological Activities

Casearia species are found in the America, Africa, Asia, and Australia and present pharmacological activities, besides their traditional uses. Here, we reviewed the chemical composition, content, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) from Casearia species. The EO physical parameters and leaf botanical characteristics were also described. The bioactivities of the EOs from the leaves and their components include cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antifungal, and antiviral activities. The main components associated with these activities are the α-zingiberene, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, spathulenol, α-humulene, β-acoradiene, and δ-cadinene. Data on the toxicity of these EOs are scarce in the literature. Casearia sylvestris Sw. is the most studied species, presenting more significant pharmacological potential. The chemical variability of EOs components was also investigated for this species. Caseria EOs have relevant pharmacological potential and must be further investigated and exploited.     

Casearin X,Its Degradation Product and Other Clerodane Diterpenes from Leaves of Casearia sylvestris: Evaluation of Cytotoxicity against Normal and Tumor Human Cells

An EtOH extract of the leaves of Casearia sylvestris afforded new clerodane diterpene, casearin X, together with the known compounds casearins B, D, L, and O, and caseargrewiin F. Casearin X degraded to the corresponding dialdehyde when stored in CDCl₃. The diterpenes isolated were cytotoxic to human cancer cell lines, with caseargrewiin F being the most active and the new clerodane, casearin X, the second active compound with IC₅₀ values comparable to the positive control doxorubicin. All isolated diterpenes showed lower activities against normal human cells than against cancer cell lines, which might indicate a possible selective action on cancer cells. Casearin X dialdehyde was not cytotoxic to cancer cells indicating that the occurrence of these CO groups at C(18) and C(19) is incompatible with the cytotoxic activity.     

芫荽茎叶精油的消除DPPH自由基作用

用GC-MS对超声波法提取的芫荽茎叶精油成分进行了分析,检测出154个成分,解析出70种物质,占精油93．643％,含量最多的是酯类化合物47．569％,其次为饱和与非饱和烃类化合物19．897％,醛类化合物和醇类化合物含量分别为13．406％,12．595％。探讨了精油对DPPH的清除作用,结果显示,用超声波萃取法获得的精油对DPPH自由基（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）具有一定的消除作用,最高消除率62．9％,水蒸汽蒸馏法获得的芫荽茎叶精油的DPPH自由基清除率最大为84．2％。     

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil of Two Varieties of Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess.

The essential oil of Artemisia dubia var. dubia and dubia var. subdigitata were analysed by GCMS and a tatal of 82 compounds including 50 terpenoids, 12 aromatics and 20 aliphatics were identified, among which variety dubia and var. subdigitata contained 54 and 67 compounds respectivey. Comparative studies indicate that 39 compounds (27 terpenoids, 5 aromatics and 7 aliphatics) were shared by the two varieties. The difference in constituents of essential oil between the two varieties is that more types of biocyclic and tricyclic sesquiterpenes, aromatics and aliphatics were shown inA. Dubia var. subdigitata than A. dubia var. dubia. Compositionally, the terpenoids in essential oil of the two varieties were endowed with a higher degree of cyclization than those of the species from Subgen. Artemisia, but similar to those of the species from Subgen. Dracunculus. Thus the assignment of the two varieties in Subgen. Dracunculus was consistent with the phylogeny of the genus Artemisia.     

野生荆条籽中挥发油成分的研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法从荆条中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油成分进行分离和结构鉴定。从荆条籽的挥发油中鉴定出了51个组分,用气相色谱面积归一法确定了各个组分的相对百分含量,其挥发油的主要组成是β-榄香烯(27.98%),芳樟醇(12.39%),贝壳杉烯(12.00%),δ-榄香烯(10.54%),乙酯异冰片脂(8.98%)等。     

臭茉莉叶挥发油化学成分的研究

利用GC-MS联用技术研究了臭茉莉叶挥发油的化学成分,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量.分离出49个峰,鉴定了其中的34种成分,所鉴定的组分占挥发油总量的95.17 %.     

侧柏叶精油的抗细菌和抗氧化活性(英文)

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取侧柏叶精油,通过GC和GC-MS分析精油的组成。从侧柏叶精油中鉴定出29种成分,主要为单萜和倍半萜,含量较高的化合物有:8-丙氧基-柏木烷(15.41%)、松油烯-4-醇(12.98%)、α-蒎烯(9.85%)、桧烯(9.92%)和3-蒈烯(6.77%)。侧柏叶精油具有广谱的抗细菌活性,对供试细菌的最低杀菌浓度(MBC)在0.1 mg/mL和1.0 mg/mL之间,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)在0.063 mg/mL和0.90 mg/mL之间,半抑制浓度(IC50)在0.044 mg/mL和0.763 mg/mL之间。侧柏叶精油能有效抑制菲啰嗪与Fe2+的螯合(IC50值为0.409mg/mL)和β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸的氧化(IC50值为0.526 mg/mL)。     

New Natural Products from Asphodelus albus MILL. Essential Oil

A detailed chemical analysis of the essential oil of Asphodelus albus roots performed in this work, in combination with a chemical synthesis approach – the synthesis of selected compounds and their detailed spectral analysis – has led to the identification of a series of new natural products, the esters of furan-3-ylmethanol: furan-3-ylmethyl 2-methylpropanoate, furan-3-ylmethyl butanoate, furan-3-ylmethyl 2-methylbutanoate, furan-3-ylmethyl 3-methylbutanoate, furan-3-ylmethyl pentanoate, furan-3-ylmethyl 4-methylpentanoate, and furan-3-ylmethyl hexanoate.     

毛两面针挥发油化学成分

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对广西柳州地区大瑶山的毛两面针挥发油化学成分进行了研究,共鉴定出20种成分,占挥发油成分的45.72%。其中主要成分为倍半萜。     

蕈树叶芳香精油成分分析及其抗氧化活性研究

为了解蕈树叶芳香精油化学组分及抗氧化活性,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)结合Kovats保留指数(K I)比较的方法对其进行了成分分析,并运用二种体外方法对其抗氧化活性进行了测定。结果表明蕈树叶精油以倍半萜烯类为主(占62.39%),主要特征成分为双环大根香叶烯(10.71%)、(E)-丁香烯(9.96%)和α-依兰油烯(8.92%)。该精油具有中等程度的自由基清除活性和抗脂质过氧化活性。其抗氧化活性可能与精油中的酚类物质5-羟基白菖莆烯(2.97%)以及醇类物质1-表橙椒醇(3.12%)和(Z)-白檀油烯醇(2.12%)等化合物有关。     

燕子掌挥发油化学成分的研究

应用气象色谱-质谱联用技术对燕子掌挥发油化学成分进行了分析研究,共鉴定出66种组分与燕子掌主要挥发性化学成分以苯乙醇、2,6,6-三甲基-2,4-环庚二烯-1-酮、6,10,14-三甲基十五烷-2-酮、十六烷酸甲酯、十六烷酸乙酯、十八烷酸甲酯为主要成分,化合物类型以酮、酯、类等化合物为主,其中十六烷酸甲酯的含量最高,占挥发油总量的26．13％。     

Chemical Profiling and Antifungal Activity of Ziziphora clinopodioides Leaf Essential Oil against the Pathogen Verticillium dahliae

Essential oils (EOs) are often used as natural antifungal agents to control the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ziziphora clinopodioides leaf EO against Verticillium dahliae, a pathogenic fungus of cotton. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of 15 compounds of the total of extracted oil, which was consisted of 98.79 % monoterpenes and 0.61 % sesquiterpenes. The major constituents were pulegone (62.17 %), isomenthone (18.42 %), l-menthone (5.55 %) and piperitenone (3.99 %). The mycelial growth of Verticillium dahliae was completely inhibited at 0.24 μL/mL air under vapor phase condition. Considerable morphological variations were also observed in the fungal sclerotia at the contact phase at 3 μL/mL. This study demonstrated for the first time that Z. clinopodioides EO can effectively inhibit the growth of V. dahliae, implying that it has the potential to be explored as an antifungal agent against Verticillium Wilt of cotton.     

维药香蜂花挥发油的GC-MS分析

结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术和保留指数对维医常用药材香蜂花挥发油提取物进行了分析.从该挥发油中共准确鉴定出28个化合物,占提取物总量的99.02％.结果发现,主要成分有(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate( 26.48％)、(Z)-citral(15.46％)、(E)-nerol(14.51％)、(E)-citral(14.43％)、isoanisole (7.88％)、palmitic acid (6.93％)和(Z)-nerol (2.56％),多为单萜和倍半萜类成分,为维药香蜂花的质量标准制定提供了科学依据.     

Volatile Composition and Biological Activities of the Leaf Essential Oil from Zanthoxylum limoncello Grown in Oaxaca,México

Zanthoxylum limoncello is a native plant from southern Mexico which is used as a timber source, condiment and as a traditional medicine. Herein, we report on the volatile content of the leaf essential oil and its biological activities. The annual essential oils (2015–2018) contained volatile organic compounds which exhibited a moderate growth inhibitory activity against H. pylori ATCC 53504 (MIC 121.4–139.7 μg mL^?1), 26695 (MIC 85.5–94.9 μg mL^?1) and J99 (MIC 94.7–110.4 μg mL^?1). These hydrodistillates contained 2‐undecanone (31.6–36.8 %; MIC 185.3–199.2 μg mL^?1) and 2‐undecenal (25.1–35.7 %; MIC 144.8–111.3 μg mL^?1) as the most abundant compounds which were partially involved in the anti‐H. pylori activity. The human ornithine decarboxylase enzyme (ODC1), which shows increased activity in several cancer types, was non‐competitively inhibited (V_max 2.7>0.8 K_cat s^?1) by the essential oil of Z. limoncello as well as by 2‐undecanone and 2‐undecenal in accordance to in vitro kinetic studies. In silico calculations strongly suggest that the carbonyl group of these oxygenated hydrocarbons interacts with both Asn319 and Ala39 at the subunit A of ODC1. Considering that Ala39 is located close to Asn44, a crucial amino acid of the ODC's allosteric site, the non‐competitive inhibition of the enzyme by 2‐undecanone and 2‐undecenal is endorsed. Finally, the essential oil of Z. limoncello and its main volatiles showed a significant (p<0.01) and prolonged repellent effect against Aedes aegypti.     

大花金挖耳不同部位挥发油化学成分比较分析

采用GC-MS技术,对利用水蒸气蒸馏法从大花金挖耳根、茎、叶、花及花托等5个部位获得的挥发油组分进行了分析.从大花金挖耳5种挥发油中共鉴定出99种成分,从根、茎、叶、花及花托分别鉴定出了37、34、47、29和40种化合物,已鉴定的组分分别占相应挥发油的85.86%、84.98%、83.06%、84.58%和89.06%.5个部位挥发油化学组成差异较大,根挥发油主要成分为倍半萜类和酯类;茎挥发油主要为倍半萜和烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮);叶和花挥发油主要为烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮)和酯类;花托挥发油主要为倍半萜类和二萜类.     

藏药毛蕊杜鹃挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的：通过研究毛蕊杜鹃挥发油的化学成分,为毛蕊杜鹃的药用及开发利用提供依据.方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取毛蕊杜鹃挥发油,用GC毛细管柱进行分离,归一化法测其相对含量,并用气相色谱-质谱法对化学成分进行鉴定.结果：共鉴定出38个化合物,鉴定出的化合物含量占总挥发油的92.96％.结论：毛蕊杜鹃挥发油主要成分为δ-杜松烯（相对含量为15.90％）;胡萝卜醇（15.09％）;α-杜松醇（15.02％）;τ-杜松醇（9.66％）;α-衣兰油烯（4.25％）;1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-八氢-7-甲基-4-亚甲基-1-[1-甲基乙基]-萘（4.14％）;1,7-二甲基-4-异丙基-2,7-环癸二烯-1-羟基（3.27％）;石竹烯（2.86％）;5-甲基-9-亚甲基-2-异丙基-二环[4.4.0]癸-1-烯（2.62％）;1,4-二甲基-3-[2-甲基-1-丙烯-1-基]-4-乙烯基-1-环庚烯（2.42％）;γ-衣兰油烯（2.21％）;愈创醇（1.50％）;β-古芸烯（1.34％）.     

抱茎蓼挥发油成分及其抗菌活性的研究

水蒸气蒸馏法从抱茎蓼全草中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其挥发油组分进行分离和鉴定,运用气相色谱面积归一化法确定各组分的相对含量,并利用正构烷烃系列物质对各组分进行定性确定,从抱茎蓼全草的挥发油中检出41个组分,占全油的99.21%,鉴定出38个组分,其主要组分是石竹烯(16.98%)、3-己烯-1-醇(14.69%)、3-辛烯-3醇(8.89%)、a-里哪醇(7.13%)、β-环柠檬醛(6.36%)等。对抱茎蓼全草的挥发油做了抗菌试验,其挥发油对大肠埃希菌(ATCC25922株)、肠炎沙门菌(50040株)、金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC25925株)有显著地抑制和灭活作用。     

The Main Chemical Components of Essential Oil from Ledum palustre L. var angustum N. Busch

The plant of Ledum palustre L. var. angustum N. Busch is distributed in northeast China, it is used as a folk medicine. The essential oil was extracted by steam distilation from its leave. Twenty seven components have been idendified by GC-MS and other methods, such as: myrtenal, cuminal, ρ-cymene, β-thujene etc. Their contents in the oil have been determined also.