云南红豆杉培养细胞系的建立

紫杉醇(Taxol)最初是从红豆杉属植物短叶红豆杉(Taxus brevifolia)树皮中分离出的一种二萜类化合物^[1]．对卵巢癌,转移性乳腺癌和恶性黑色寮瘤等患者疗效显著^[2],全世界红豆杉属植物有近11种,都含紫杉醇成分．但含量很低,加之现存数量很少,生长极为缓慢．造成了紫杉醇原料供应的危机^[3]。紫杉醇化学合成已经成功^[4-6],但繁杂的反应过程及前体化合物来源的限制使得它们无法实现商业化生产。最近从短叶红豆杉中分离出一种生产紫杉醇的内寄生真菌Tgromyer andreanae^[7]．由于紫杉醇含量仅为24～50ng/L．没有实用价值。植物细胞和组织培养可能是解决天然抗肿瘤药物长期供应的有效方法之一^[8]。自1991年Christen等人申请利用红豆杉细胞培养物生产紫杉醇专利以来^[9]．有关红豆杉细胞培养的研究已有不少报^[10-12]。但云南红豆杉(T.yunnanensis)仅见愈伤组织诱导的报道^[13]。本文报道云南红豆杉愈伤组织诱导和细胞培养的初步结果,并分析了细胞培养物中紫杉醇含量。     

一株高水平表达重组蛋白昆虫细胞系的建立

报道了一株来自粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusiani脂肪体的传代细胞系 ,在辅以 5%胎牛血清的商品无血清培养基Excell 4 0 0中 ,细胞群体倍增时间为 2 2 9h ,最高密度可达 2 2× 10 6 mL ,该细胞对苜蓿丫纹夜蛾多粒包埋型多角体病毒 (AcMNPV)极为敏感 ,增殖AcMNPV多角体平均每个细胞达86个 ,表达由AcMNPV构建的重组蛋白的水平较高 ,β 半乳糖苷酶的表达水平为 ( 2 2 5 5± 13 4 )IU mL ;碱性磷酸酶的表达水平为 ( 4 7± 0 61)IU mL ,是一株高水平表达重组蛋白的传代细胞系 ,命名为HNU Tn FB1。     

红豆杉高产悬浮细胞系建立及其紫杉醇诱导的研究进展

紫杉醇是一种四环二萜酰胺类化合物,是从红豆杉科红豆杉属植物中提取分离出来的次生代谢物,是世界公认广谱、活性强的天然抗癌新药。但直接从植物中提取紫杉醇的传统生产方式,不仅产量低,且会对野生红豆杉资源造成严重破坏,同时紫杉醇的化学全合成也由于其结构复杂而不具备商业价值。与之相反,细胞培养技术具有受外界影响少、生产成本低、次生代谢产物多、细胞生长周期短的优势,是目前最具前景的紫杉醇生产方式。近年来随着科研水平的不断提升,紫杉醇无论在生理代谢调控、关键基因挖掘,还是新药物制剂与剂型及其类似物的开发和运用等方面,都取得了进展,但要建立紫杉醇商业化高产体系,还必须和前人的研究经验相结合。该文对红豆杉高产悬浮细胞系建立及其紫杉醇诱导的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括前人对红豆杉属植物组织与细胞培养相关的外植体、培养基、激素、培养条件、褐化等问题的研究,以及从代谢调节、培养方式、基因工程等多方面提高紫杉醇含量的最新进展,最后总结了当前研究的不足,并对今后通过多种组合方式来提高紫杉醇含量的生产途径进行了展望。以期促进红豆杉组织培养技术的进步,为药用资源保护和利用提供一定的理论基础与生产指导。     

昆虫细胞的大规模培养

昆虫细胞的大规模培养李文青,肖成祖（北京军事医学科学院生物工程研究所,）昆虫细胞培养的鼻祖是德国人ｆｏｒｈａｒｄＢｅｎｄｉｃｔ（１８７８—１９５８）［１］,他在１９１５年发表了有关昆虫细胞培养的第一篇文章［２］。早期,昆虫细胞的培养是为了进行昆虫的生...     

两种昆虫细胞的微载体培养

斜纹夜蛾细胞系(SL-1)和家蚕细胞系(BmN)均能在国产微载体上正常生长增殖。以3mg/ml微载体培养细胞,两种昆虫细胞生长最高密度分别为8.2×10~5细胞/ml和7.6×10~5细胞/ml。扫描电镜观察显示一个微载体可贴附几十个,有的多达上百个细胞。两性昆虫细胞的微载体培养特征与常规静止培养无甚差异。     

昆虫细胞的培养和尿激酶原表达的研究

目前,尿激酶原（Pro－UK）作为～种新型溶栓剂,越来越多的受到重视。北京大学承担国家“863”课题“利用昆虫一杆状病毒系统表达Pro一UK”获得成功［川。表达P］－UK酶活为8O0～1600IU／rnl,本研究将Sfg细胞用4L转瓶和SL生物反应器培养,并用重组Pro－UK的病毒感染,以进行尿激酶原的表达。1材料与方法工．且材料1．1．ISfg细胞和表达Pro－UK的重组病毒北京大学胡美浩教授提供。1．1．24L转瓶机美国BellcoGlass公司。1．1．3SL生物反应器美国NBS公司。1．1．4尿激酶检测试剂中国药品生物制品检定所。1．2方法1．2．1细胞在4…     

《生物医药研究的细胞系使用指南》介绍

细胞系的混淆、微生物污染、基因和表型的不稳定,都是细胞培养过程中存在的问题。由多加英国研究机构联合颁布的指南就细胞系的建立、获得、鉴定、冻存、实验室间转移、污染、不稳定性和混淆等方面的关键问题进行了详细的描述。     

DNA content analysis of insect cell lines by flow cytometry

The DNA content of insect cell lines (6 lepidoptera, 1 coleoptera and 1 diptera) was determined by flow cytometry. The DNA profiles of the 8 cell lines tested were different. They were characterized by the presence of several peaks (2 to 7) corresponding to different ploidy levels, by differences in the fluorescence intensity of each peak and by the proportion of cells in each peak. Two cell lines (Cf124 and BmN) were constituted of 2 distinct populations of cells. The DNA profiles of the cell lines were stable among the passages and during the length of time culture. This technique was demonstrated to be useful for the detection of mixed cell lines and nucleopolyhedrovirus cell infection, using Autographa californica MNPV. The flow cytometry gives interesting results on the cell cycle and the ploidy level; it appears as a good tool for insect cell lines characterization. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and characterization of insect cell lines

Conclusions With the wide availability of insect cell culture media, it can generally be considered a routine process to develop new cell lines. Exceptions to this statement do exist, of course. Difficulties may arise when attempting to culture a specific cell type. For example, while there are a few cell lines from insect fat body and at least one from the midgut, it may not be possible to obtain cell lines from these tissues from all insect species due to terminal differentiation and other factors. Also, researchers have desired cell lines from certain species, such as the honey bee, for which no success has been obtained. As in the early days of tissue culture, it is difficult to discern why negative results occur. However, as more is learned about the physiology and nutrition of various insects and tissues, we may get clues which will help solve these questions.The remaining chapters in this book will provide the reader with exciting uses for insect cell culture. As I mentioned earlier, the baculovirus expression vector system has provided a stimulus to the field of insect cell culture not seen previously.Abbreviations ICD Isocitrate dehydrogenase - ME malic enzyme - PGI phosphoglucose isomerase - PGM phosphoglucose mutase     

The growth and nutrient utilization of the insect cell line Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 in batch and continuous culture

The growth of the Spodoptera frugiperda cell line Sf9 was studied in batch and continuous culture. The results of batch cultivations showed that glucose was the preferred energy and carbon source limiting the cell density in both TNM-FH and IPL-41 media. Continuous culture using IPL-41-based feeding medium with different glucose (2.5, 5 and 10 g l⁻¹) and yeast extract concentrations (4, 8 and 16 g l⁻¹) showed that in serum-supplemented medium the maximum cell density was limited by glucose and yeast extract concentration. The transition to glucose limitation caused a decrease in growth rate and viability. A high cell density culture (18 × 10⁶ ml⁻¹) was obtained using a glucose concentration of 10 g l⁻¹ and a yeast extract concentration of 8 g l⁻¹ in the feeding medium. A yeast extract concentration of 16 g l⁻¹ inhibited growth. Unlike mammalian cell cultures, lactate, alanine and ammonia were not involved in growth inhibition. Lactate did not accumulate under aerobic conditions. Ammonia accumulation, if observed, was insignificant. The level of alanine synthesized and excreted into the culture medium never reached an inhibitory level. During glucose limitation alanine did not accumulate and ammonia was released. However, even in the presence of glucose significant amounts of Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn, Ser, Arg and Met were utilized for energy production. The amino groups of these amino acids were transferred to pyruvate or used for nucleic acid synthesis and excreted in the form of alanine into the culture medium. The consumption of His, Lys, Thr, Gly, Val, Leu, Phe, Tyr, Trp and Ile by growing Sf-9 cells was almost equal to their concentration in the biomass.     

Comparison of three culture media for the establishment of melanoma cell lines

Melanoma cell lines are useful tools for the analysis of tumor-specific lymphocytes which are injected to patients treated by adoptive immunotherapy. So they have been established previously (with an efficacy of 47%) in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium enriched with fetal calf serum (FCS). In order to improve the probability of establishing melanoma cell lines, we compared two FCS-free media with the original FCS medium. Ten melanoma-invaded lymph nodes were tested for their ability to grow in three different culture media: RPMI with FCS; RPMI with human serum (HS); serum-free X-vivo 15 (X15). For each medium, we compared the following criteria: percentage of lines obtained; period of establishment; cell morphology; expression of melanoma-associated antigens and surface molecules. More cell lines were obtained with HS and X15 media compared to FCS medium (7/10, 5/10 and 4/10, respectively). The time period to establish a stable line was similar for the three media. No morphological differences were observed in cells derived from the same tumor sample in the different media. With the X15 medium, cells generally expressed lower levels of melanocytic differentiation antigens and surface molecules. The growth of melanoma cell lines in FCS-free culture media appears possible and advantageous, with an increased probability of obtaining autologous tumor cell lines. Furthermore the cells obtained could be used as multiple antigenic sources in active or adoptive immunotherapy protocols.     

Infectivity of Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus to different insect cell lines: Morphology, viral production, and protein synthesis

The Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) is currently used as an efficient biological pesticide for the control of the velvetbean caterpillar (A. gemmatalis), an important pest of soybean in Brazil. Until now, production of the virus has been achieved mainly by infection of larvae on local soybean farms. Studies for the development of in vitro systems and the optimization of mass production in insects reared on artificial diets is now important to help to meet the actual demand for the bioinsecticide. We therefore, investigated the infectivity of AgMNPV in cell culture, which might contribute to the selection of suitable cell lines that may be used for in vitro production of this virus. The cytopathic effects induced by the virus, the production of viral particles and the synthesis of viral polypeptides were examined and compared in the cell lines from A. gemmatalis (UFL-AG-286), Trichoplusia ni (BTI-Tn-5B1-4 and TN-368), Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF-21AE and Sf9), Lymantria dispar (IPLB-LD-652Y), and Bombyx mori (BM-5). Whereas, Tn-5B1-4 and AG-286 cells produced large numbers of occlusion bodies, no polyhedra were visualized in either Ld-652Y or BM-5 cells, although extensive cell lysis was observed in BM-5. Analysis of the kinetics of viral protein synthesis by SDS–PAGE after pulse labeling with [³⁵S]methionine, showed similar protein patterns in most of the cell lines tested. Exceptions were the LD-652Y and BM-5 cells, in which viral polypeptides, including polyhedrin, were not synthesized. In parallel, measurement of viral titers (budded virus) by the endpoint dilution method showed that Tn-5B1-4, AG-286, and SF-21AE cells were highly productive. Their TCID₅₀ values, at 48 h p.i., were about 10⁷ IU/ml. In addition to the lower formation of polyhedra, the viral titers determined in Sf9 and TN-368 cells were about 5 to10-fold lower. As expected, the viral titers obtained in LD-652Y and BM-5 cells were similar to basal levels.     

Transfection of insect cell lines using polyethylenimine

Insect cell lines have been widely used in recombinant baculovirus expression systems and transient gene expression studies. Critical to these applications have been the transfection of foreign DNA. This has been frequently done using labor intensive and cytotoxic liposome-based transfection reagents. In the current study we have optimized a new kind of polyethylenimine-based DNA transfection reagent on the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cell line. A plasmid vector that transiently expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) was effectively delivered into Sf9 cells. A transfection efficiency of 54% and cell viability of 85–90% were obtained for Sf9 cells. The developed transfection protocol has now been successfully used to transfect eight insect cell lines derived from Bombyx mori, Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens and S. frugiperda with GFP and GUS with transfection efficiencies of at least 45%. This method provides high heterologous protein expression levels, transfection efficacy and cell viability, and could be used for transient gene expression in other lepidopteran cell lines.

In vitro host range of the Hz-1 nonoccluded virus in insect cell lines

A total of 13 insect cell lines spanning 4 orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Homoptera) were tested for their ability to replicate the nonoccluded virus Hz-1. Only the Lepidopteran cell lines supported replication of the virus with TN-CL1 and BCIRL-HZ-AM1 producing the highest titers of 2.4 × 10⁸ tissue culture infective dose (TCID)₅₀/ml and 2.0 × 10⁸ TCID₅₀/ml, respectively. A codling moth cell line (CP-169) was the only Lepidopteran cell line that did not replicate the virus and transfection of this cell line with Hz-1 DNA failed to replicate the virus. Also, transfection with DNA from a recombinant baculovirus carrying the red fluorescent protein gene (AcMNPVhsp70 Red) was not expressed in CP-169 cells. The replication cycle of Hz-1 in BCIRL-HZ-AM1 cells showed that this virus replicated rapidly starting at 16 h postinoculation (p.i.) and reaching a peak titer of 1.0 × 10⁸ TCID₅₀/ml 56 h postinoculation. Hz-1 when compared with several other baculoviruses has the widest in vitro host spectrum.     

Novel techniques to establish new insect cell lines

Summary The success of insect cell culture is demonstrated by reports of over 500 established cell lines. While established procedures that can be used for developing new cell lines exist, these usually require some fine-tuning for various tissue sources. This paper attempts to depict some of the variations that can be applied.     

Characterization and culture of virus replicating continuous insect cell lines from the bollworm,Heliothis zea (boddie)

Summary A series of five discrete virus replicating insect cell lines were isolated from the ovarian and fat body tissues ofHeliothis zea pupae. Two of these cell lines (IPLB-HZ-1075 and-HZ-1079) were studied in depth as to their growth and virus replication responses to specific nutrients (acetyl-β-methylcholine, fresh glutamine) in a number of media. The same two cell lines were identified to species by serological (microimmunodiffusion) and isozyme (phosphoglucoisomerase and peptidase:glycyl-leucine) techniques. Distinguishing comparisons were made with other cell lines that have been confused with the present lines in the literature and with cell line and host pupal extracts from the same and other lepidopteran species studied concurrently in this laboratory. Sterility culture tests were negative for mycoplasmas. The present fiveH. zea lines were the first insect cell lines to replicate polyhedra from a unicapsid multiple embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus Group A), in this case the homologous virus obtained from larvae ofH. zea.     

A method for isolating large numbers of viable disaggregated cells from various human tissues for cell culture establishment

Summary A method is described for the isolation of large numbers of viable disaggregated cells from human tissues. This method combined the mechanical action of a Stomacher Model 80 Lab Blender, 0.1 mg/ml trypsin or 0.5 mg/ml collagenase, and 0.1 mM [ethylene bis(oxyethylenenitrolo)]-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Tissue (0.2 to 1.0 g) obtained from human fetal intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and skin were separately minced into approximately 1-mm³ pieces. The pieces were placed in a sterile bag containing 60 ml of calcium- magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline, the appropriate enzyme (0.1 mg/ml trypsin or 0.5 mg/ml collagenase) plus 0.1 mM EGTA, and 0.1% methylcellulose. The bag was then placed into the blender and mixed at a low speed for 3 to 20 min at room temperature. After a single cell suspension was observed by phase contrast microscopy, 10 ml of bovine calf serum was added to the cell suspension to inactivate the proteolytic enzymes. At this time 130 ml of cold Hanks' balanced salts solution containing 5% bovine calf serum was added and the entire cell suspension passed through a tissue sieve (100 mesh, 140 μm) and the cells collected by centrifugation. These cells were then resuspended into the appropriate culture medium. In comparison to other methods for establishment of cell cultures from human tissues, the method described requires shorter incubation times with relatively low concentrations of proteolytic enzymes, and yields two- to three-fold greater number of cells per tissue with 86 to 93% viability. Also, depending on the cell type, 50 to 75% of the isolated cells attached to the culture vessel within 24 h. Variation of the time and concentration of digestive enzymes can be used to select different cell types for culture. This work was supported by research grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (ES3101) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. (R810146).