短尾猴样品中常见哺乳动物及人源污染的特异性研究

为检测在野外通过非损伤取样法采集到的短尾猴样品,是否受到其它常见哺乳动物及人源的污染,收集包括短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)、人以及7种常见哺乳动物的毛发、血液、粪便、精液或肌肉组织样品,用14对微卫星引物扩增不同物种的STR位点。结果表明,FGA位点在常见动物猪、羊、牛、狗、兔、小白鼠及豚鼠都未见扩增产物:TH01等14对引物在人和短尾猴中均能扩增,扩增产物长度未见明显差异;F13A01产物长度在人和短尾猴之间差异显著。因此,通过FGA、F13A01特异性座位的扩增可以排除短尾猴样品是否受到人及常见哺乳动物的污染。此方法简单、稳定性高、可重复性好,在短尾猴的分子遗传学研究中有较大的应用价值。     

Anin vitro model for the biological evaluation of dental materials using human periodontal ligament cells

Anin vitro system is described which uses human diploid cells derived from the periodontal ligament. It simulates the clinical situation and is suitable for rapid cytotoxicity screening of dental materials. It can also be adapted to study various factors influencing biocompatibility.     

Self‐assembling amyloid‐like peptides as exogenous second harmonic probes for bioimaging applications

Amyloid‐like peptides are an ideal model for the mechanistic study of amyloidosis, which may lead to many human diseases, such as Alzheimer disease. This study reports a strong second harmonic generation (SHG) effect of amyloid‐like peptides, having a signal equivalent to or even higher than those of endogenous collagen fibers. Several amyloid‐like peptides (both synthetic and natural) were examined under SHG microscopy and shown they are SHG‐active. These peptides can also be observed inside cells (in vitro). This interesting property can make these amyloid‐like peptides second harmonic probes for bioimaging applications. Furthermore, SHG microscopy can provide a simple and label‐free approach to detect amyloidosis. Lattice corneal dystrophy was chosen as a model disease of amyloidosis. Morphological difference between normal and diseased human corneal biopsy samples can be easily recognized, proving that SHG can be a useful tool for disease diagnosis.     

Standard reference materials and data quality assurance in the biomedical analysis of trace elements

Accurate and precise analytical data of the concentrations of bioanalytes in bioclinical studies are of fundamental importance. Quality assurance procedures should always be performed to check the overall analytical work. This can be conveniently performed if appropriate standard reference materials with known concentrations of the analyte object of study are available. This paper underlines the key points related to the production and use of biological standard materials for trace element analysis. In particular, the present situation in the field of trace element determination in human biological fluids and the related problems are illustrated. The considerations given in this work may contribute to the preparation of the new biomarker standard materials.     

Production of arabitol by yeasts: current status and future prospects

Arabitol belongs to the pentitol family and is used in the food industry as a sweetener and in the production of human therapeutics as an anticariogenic agent and an adipose tissue reducer. It can also be utilized as a substrate for chemical products such as arabinoic and xylonic acids, propylene, ethylene glycol, xylitol and others. It is included on the list of 12 building block C3‐C6 compounds, designated for further biotechnological research. This polyol can be produced by yeasts in the processes of bioconversion or biotransformation of waste materials from agriculture, the forest industry (l ‐arabinose, glucose) and the biodiesel industry (glycerol). The present review discusses research on native yeasts from the genera Candida, Pichia, Debaryomyces and Zygosaccharomyces as well as genetically modified strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which are able to utilize biomass hydrolysates to effectively produce l ‐ or d ‐arabitol. The metabolic pathways of these yeasts leading from sugars and glycerol to arabitol are presented. Although the number of reports concerning microbial production of arabitol is rather limited, the research on this topic has been growing for the last several years, with researchers looking for new micro‐organisms, substrates and technologies.     

A model culture system with human gingival fibroblasts for evaluating the cytotoxicity of dental materials

Summary A model experimental culture system and protocol are described to screen polymerized dental materials for diffusible toxic products. The system employs cultures of human gingival fibroblasts grown in plates containing immobilized samples of polymerized resins. Comparative cytotoxicity is evaluated by counting viable cells with the aid of phase optics at several time periods up to 48 h. To achieve adequate statistical sampling, multiple counts are made in four different zones at 90° angles from each sample and at three distances from the centers of samples. The most significant data were generated during a 24 to 48 h test period in culture. This cytotoxicity test measured cell death as a function of time of exposure and distance from the sample (24 h, 0 to 3 mm; 48 h, 3 to 6 mm) and permitted a calculation of the relative cytotoxicity for each material, which is termed the viability index (VI). This can be expressed as a percentage related to the control, which is called the time-distance cytotoxicity index (TDCI). This method is simple to carry out because it uses basic laboratory equipment, is rapid, and has a sound scientific basis. It focuses on times and distances when or where, or both, the greatest cellular changes are taking place. Some data illustrated are based on the screening of eight different restorative resins. The literature of cell culture testing of dental materials is reviewed. It is concluded that biotoxicity studies ideally should employ diploid human target cells from the oral cavity because the cells retain specialized features. Secondary cultures or strains of human diploid gingival fibroblasts, which are relatively easy to obtain and maintain, are recommended as cells of choice for screening dental restorative materials in vitro. This project was supported in part by an intramural grant from the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, derived from BRSG Grant S07-RR-05704-10 awarded by the Biomedical Research Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.     

From Ionogels to Biredox Ionic Liquids: Some Emerging Opportunities for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices

Ionic liquids (ILs) continue to receive attention for applications in electrochemistry because of their unique properties as charge carriers (electrolytes) and redox shuttles (solar cells) and their ability to promote energy storage either electrostatically (supercapacitors) or chemically (secondary batteries). More specifically, the confinement of ILs in nanopores or the adsorption at surfaces, are considered a promising strategy for all solid‐state energy storage and conversion devices. Upon such immobilization, one benefits from the specific properties of ILs (large electrochemical window, relatively high ionic conductivity, task‐specific functionalities, etc.) combined with surface and confinement effects that can be tuned by playing with the porosity and chemical nature of the host. Here, some emerging applications of ILs in electrochemistry are first discussed: silica‐based ionogels as solid electrolytes and systems that involve carbon host substrates, as typical electrode materials in electrical double layer capacitors and lithium secondary batteries. Also, a non‐exhaustive, yet a comprehensive picture of the confinement and surface effects at play in such applications is presented. Then, the confinement of task‐specific ILs such as protonic ILs, IL lithium salts, and biredox ILs, is discussed, which paves the way for promising perspectives. Finally, some concluding remarks are reported and directions for future work are suggested.     

Modular plastic chip for one-shot human papillomavirus diagnostic analysis

In this article, we report the design and development of a plastic modular chip suitable for one-shot human papillomavirus (HPV) diagnostics, namely detection of the viral presence and relative genotyping, by two sequential steps performed directly on the same device. The device is composed of two modular and disposable plastic units that can be assembled or used separately. The first module is represented by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microreactor that is exploited for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and, thus, is suitable for detecting the presence of virus. The second unit is a PDMS microwell array that allows virus genotyping by a colorimetric assay, based on DNA hybridization technology developed on plastic, requiring simple inspection by the naked eye. The two modules can be easily coupled to reusable hardware, enabling the heating/cooling processes and the real-time detection of HPV. By coupling real-time assay and colorimetric genotyping on the same chip, the assembled device may provide a low-cost tool for HPV diagnostics, thereby favoring the prediction of cancer risk in patients.     

The Environmental Impacts of Reuse: A Review

The fear that human consumption is causing climate change, biodiversity loss, and mineral scarcity has recently prompted interest in reuse because of the intuitive belief that it reduces new production and waste. The environmental impacts of reuse have, however, received little attention—the benefits typically assumed rather than understood—and consequently the overall effects remain unclear. In this article, we structure the current work on the topic, reviewing the potential benefits and pitfalls described in the literature and providing a framework for future research. Many products’ use‐phase energy requirements are decreasing. The relative importance of the embodied impacts from initial production is therefore growing and the prominence of reuse as an abatement strategy is likely to increase in the future. Many examples are found in the literature of beneficial reuse of standardized, unpowered products and components, and repairing an item is always found to be less energy intensive than new production. However, reusing a product does not guarantee an environmental benefit. Attention must be paid to restoring and upgrading old product efficiencies, minimizing overspecification in the new application, and considering whether more efficient, new products exist that would be more suitable. Cheap, reused goods can allow many consumers access to products they would otherwise have been unable to afford. Though socially valuable, these sales, which may help minimize landfill in the short term, can represent additional consumption rather than a net environmental benefit compared to the status quo.     

Microbubble Fabrication of Concave-porosity PDMS Beads

Microbubble fabrication (by use of a fine emulsion) provides a means of increasing the surface-area-to-volume (SAV) ratio of polymer materials, which is particularly useful for separations applications. Porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) beads can be produced by heat-curing such an emulsion, allowing the interface between the aqueous and aliphatic phases to mold the morphology of the polymer. In the procedures described here, both polymer and crosslinker (triethoxysilane) are sonicated together in a cold-bath sonicator. Following a period of cross-linking, emulsions are added dropwise to a hot surfactant solution, allowing the aqueous phase of the emulsion to separate, and forming porous polymer beads. We demonstrate that this method can be tuned, and the SAV ratio optimized, by adjusting the electrolyte content of the aqueous phase in the emulsion. Beads produced in this way are imaged with scanning electron microscopy, and representative SAV ratios are determined using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Considerable variability with the electrolyte identity is observed, but the general trend is consistent: there is a maximum in SAV obtained at a specific concentration, after which porosity decreases markedly.     

Absolute versus Relative Environmental Sustainability

The cradle‐to‐cradle (C2C) concept has emerged as an alternative to the more established eco‐efficiency concept based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The two concepts differ fundamentally in that eco‐efficiency aims to reduce the negative environmental footprint of human activities while C2C attempts to increase the positive footprint. This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each concept and suggests how they may learn from each other. The eco‐efficiency concept involves no long‐term vision or strategy, the links between resource consumption and waste emissions are not well related to the sustainability state, and increases in eco‐efficiency may lead to increases in consumption levels and hence overall impact. The C2C concept's disregard for energy efficiency means that many current C2C products will likely not perform well in an LCA. Inherent drawbacks are restrictions on the development of new materials posed by the ambition of continuous loop recycling, the perception that human interactions with nature can benefit all parts of all ecosystems, and the hinted compatibility with continued economic growth. Practitioners of eco‐efficiency can benefit from the visions of C2C to avoid a narrow‐minded focus on the eco‐efficiency of products that are inherently unsustainable. Moreover, resource efficiency and positive environmental effects could be included more strongly in LCA. Practitioners of C2C on the other hand should recognize the value of LCA in addressing trade‐offs between resource conservation and energy use. Also, when designing a “healthy emission” it should be recognized that it will often have an adverse effect on parts of the exposed ecosystem.     

Stretchable Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion Separators for High Performance Soft Batteries

Powering soft embodiments of robots, machines and electronics is a key issue that impacts emerging human friendly forms of technologies. Batteries as energy source enable their untethered operation at high power density but must be rendered elastic to fully comply with (soft) robots and human beings. Current intrinsically stretchable batteries typically show decreased performance when deformed due to design limitations, mainly imposed by the separator material. High quality stretchable separators such as gel electrolytes represent a key component of soft batteries that affects power, internal resistance, and capacity independently of battery chemistry. Here, polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) are introduced as highly ionically conductive separators in stretchable (rechargeable) batteries. Highly porous (>80%) separators result in electrolyte to polyHIPE conductivity ratios of below 2, while maintaining stretchability of ≈50% strain. The high stretchability, tunable porosity, and fast ion transport enable stretchable batteries with internal resistance below 3 Ω and 16.8 mAh cm^?2 capacity that power on‐skin processing and communication electronics. The battery/separator architecture is universally applicable to boost battery performance and represents a step towards autonomous operation of conformable electronic skins for healthcare, robotics, and consumers.     

Charged-particle activation analysis of biological material

Charged-particle activation analysis offers a number of interesting possibilities for the determination of trace elements in biological material. It allows the determination of those elements that are difficult or impossible to determine by neutron activation, such as Li, B, Al, Si, V, Cr, Ni, Cd, Sn, Tl, and Pb. Up to now, protons have been successfully applied to samples of both vegetale and human origin. A number of difficulties have to be overcome, one of which is excessive heating of the samples owing to the limited range of the charged particles, thus giving rise to a high energy deposition in a small volume. Moreover, the sample composition has to be known to allow the calculation of the range of the particles. an interesting alternative has been proposed using an internal standard together with a standard additions procedure. Proton activation analysis was tested on a wide variety of reference materials, giving evidence that accurate results can be obtained for many trace elements, even when applying a purely instrumental method. Thus, the method can also be applied in the certification of reference materials, since nuclear methods are independent of chemical properties of the sample.     

Matrix Organization and Merit Factor Evaluation as a Method to Address the Challenge of Finding a Polymer Material for Roll Coated Polymer Solar Cells

The results presented demonstrate how the screening of 104 light‐absorbing low band gap polymers for suitability in roll coated polymer solar cells can be accomplished through rational synthesis according to a matrix where 8 donor and 13 acceptor units are organized in rows and columns. Synthesis of all the polymers corresponding to all combinations of donor and acceptor units is followed by characterization of all the materials with respect to molecular weight, electrochemical energy levels, band gaps, photochemical stability, carrier mobility, and photovoltaic parameters. The photovoltaic evaluation is carried out with specific reference to scalable manufacture, which includes large area (1 cm²), stable inverted device architecture, an indium‐tin‐oxide‐free fully printed flexible front electrode with ZnO/PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate), and a printed silver comb back electrode structure. The matrix organization enables fast identification of active layer materials according to a weighted merit factor that includes more than simply the power conversion efficiency and is used as a method to identify the lead candidates. Based on several characteristics included in the merit factor, it is found that 13 out of the 104 synthesized polymers outperformed poly(3‐hexylthiophene) under the chosen processing conditions and thus can be suitable for further development.     

呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型（Re03）RT—PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型（Re03）RT—PCR检测方法,应用于实验动物及人用动物源性材料及生物制品外源Re03的检测。方法根据已发表的呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型（Re03）M1基因序列,设计合成引物。提取Re03细胞毒RNA,以其为模板,进行PCR扩增。优化反应条件,进行特异性、敏感性、重复性试验。结果建立的Re03RT—PCR检测方法特异、敏感、稳定。以Re03RNA逆转录产物为模板,所能检测RNA最小模板浓度为0．42pg／μL,可检测病毒最小滴度为10^-9／mL。结论建立的呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型（Re03）RT—PCR检测方法可用于实验动物及人用动物源性材料及生物制品外源Re03的检测。     

Detection and identification of optical activity using polarimetry – applications to biophotonics,biomedicine and biochemistry

Polarized light that is reflected or transmitted through chiral specimens can be used to detect and identify biological and chemical materials including human tissue. The determination of the silent footprints of the chiral properties of the biological materials on scattered polarized light is the basis for these investigations. It is of primary importance to identify which combinations of the elements of the Mueller matrix for reflected or for transmitted light can be used to determine the optical activity of the biochemical materials. The optical activity of chiral materials is characterized by optical rotation and circular dichroism. The explicit analytical dependence of these specific elements of the Mueller matrix, upon the angles of incidence and scatter, upon the wavelength and upon the type of chirality has the potential to provide experimentalists with guidance in determining the optimum use of optical polarimetric scatterometers. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

膜生物反应器的研究进展

膜生物反应器是近年来发展的废水处理新技术,具有活性污泥浓度高、污泥龄长、占地面积小、投资省的特点。利用膜生物反应器进行污水处理不仅可以大大节约水资源,还可以大大节约能源,节省设备和运行费用,已成为二十一世纪研究热点。膜生物反应器是通过高效膜分离技术与活性污泥相结合,增大污泥中的特效菌来加快生化反应速率,提高废水处理效果。目前处理对象已从生活污水扩展到高浓度的有机废水和难降解的工业废水。本文综述了膜生物反应器在废水中的应用研究情况,并分析比较了各种膜材质的特点、适用范围以及膜的污染因素和清洗方法,展望了膜生物反应器的应用前景及进一步研究方向。     

呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型免疫荧光检测方法的建立及初步应用

目的 建立呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型（Reo3）免疫荧光（IFA）检测方法,应用于人用动物源性生物材料及生物制品外源Reo3的检测。方法滴定病毒TCID50,筛选Reo3敏感细胞,依据国标IFA法制备抗原片,方阵法滴定免疫荧光素最佳工作浓度。并进行特异性、敏感性和稳定性试验。结果选取BSC-1细胞作为Reo3敏感细胞,病毒感染力滴度（TCID50）为10-5.8/mL;免疫荧光素最佳工作浓度为1∶100;与小鼠鼠痘（Ect）病毒、小鼠肝炎（MHV）病毒均无交叉反应;稳定性和敏感性试验显示,不同时间IFA检测灵敏度均为1∶1280;可检测到的病毒滴度最低为10-4.1/mL。结论建立的IFA法敏感性、特异性强,稳定性好,可用于人用动物源性生物材料及生物制品Reo3的检测。     

High Performance Thermoelectric Materials: Progress and Their Applications

Thermoelectric (TE) materials have the capability of converting heat into electricity, which can improve fuel efficiency, as well as providing robust alternative energy supply in multiple applications by collecting wasted heat, and therefore, assisting in finding new energy solutions. In order to construct high performance TE devices, superior TE materials have to be targeted via various strategies. The development of high performance TE devices can broaden the market of TE application and eventually boost the enthusiasm of TE material research. This review focuses on major novel strategies to achieve high‐performance TE materials and their applications. Manipulating the carrier concentration and band structures of materials are effective in optimizing the electrical transport properties, while nanostructure engineering and defect engineering can greatly reduce the thermal conductivity approaching the amorphous limit. Currently, TE devices are utilized to generate power in remote missions, solar–thermal systems, implantable or/wearable devices, the automotive industry, and many other fields; they are also serving as temperature sensors and controllers or even gas sensors. The future tendency is to synergistically optimize and integrate all the effective factors to further improve the TE performance, so that highly efficient TE materials and devices can be more beneficial to daily lives.     

Engineering Temperature‐Dependent Carrier Concentration in Bulk Composite Materials via Temperature‐Dependent Fermi Level Offset

Precise control of carrier concentration in both bulk and thin‐film materials is crucial for many solid‐state devices, including photovoltaic cells, superconductors, and high mobility transistors. For applications that span a wide temperature range (thermoelectric power generation being a prime example) the optimal carrier concentration varies as a function of temperature. This work presents a modified modulation doping method to engineer the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration by incorporating a nanosize secondary phase that controls the temperature‐dependent doping in the bulk matrix. This study demonstrates this technique by de‐doping the heavily defect‐doped degenerate semiconductor GeTe, thereby enhancing its average power factor by 100% at low temperatures, with no deterioration at high temperatures. This can be a general method to improve the average thermoelectric performance of many other materials.