林木抗病基因工程研究进展

植物抗病性是当前植物病理学中研究的热点和难点之一。着重讨论植物抗病机制、抗病基因的转化方法及其在林木抗病基因工程中的应用情况,并对现阶段林木抗病基因工程中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

植物抗病基因工程的研究进展

对植物抗病基因工程的原理、抗病基因、转化方法等方面的进展进行了综述,并对抗病基因工程的应用前景做了展望。     

作物抗病基因工程研究进展

控制植物病害的关键,取决于对植物与病原菌相互作用的分子机理的了解。将抗病基因、信号传导／调控基因、抗菌蛋白基因等导入拟改良的作物、选育抗病新品系,是当前作物抗病基因工程研究的主要策略。本文介绍利用植物抗病反应中系列重要基因进行作物抗病基因工程的研究进展,讨论了目前作物抗病基因工程中存在的问题及其解决的方法。     

植物抗病基因克隆与功能研究进展

植物抗病基因（R基因）是分子植物病理学和植物基因工程研究的热点之一,R基因的克隆及其在抗病反应中的功能研究为揭示植物抗病机制和有效－控制植物病害奠定了基础,本文介绍了R基因的成功克隆方法和克隆新策略,对R基因编码产物的功能进行了分类分析,并对通过遗传工程途径发展R基因介导的抗病植物新品种进行了展望。     

SGTl在植物抗病反应中的功能研究进展

SGTl是多种植物抗病基因介导的抗病信号途径的必要组件。SGTl基因的突变或沉默会导致多种植物R基因介导抗病性的丧失。另外,SGTl还参与调控植物的非宿主抗性（non-host resistance）。SGTl主要作为分子伴侣或调控泛素化对植物抗病反应进行调控。本文综述了SGTl蛋白结构、SGTl在不同植物抗病反应中的重要性与作用机制,并对SGTl在植物抗病基因工程中的应用潜力进行讨论。     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏性反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

SGT1在植物抗病反应中的功能研究进展

SGT1是多种植物抗病基因介导的抗病信号途径的必要组件.SGT1基因的突变或沉默会导致多种植物R基因介导抗病性的丧失.另外,SGT1还参与调控植物的非宿主抗性(non-host resistance).SGT1主要作为分子伴侣或调控泛素化对植物抗病反应进行调控.本文综述了SGT1蛋白结构、SGT1在不同植物抗病反应中的重要性与作用机制,并对SGT1在植物抗病基因工程中的应用潜力进行讨论.     

植物抗病相关启动子及其研究进展

启动子是调控基因表达的重要顺式元件。植物抗病相关启动子的调控特性研究、分离及其应用对于提高植物抗病性极其关键。本文综述了植物基因启动子的基本结构、克隆方法,着重介绍了组成型、组织特异型、天然与人工合成的病原诱导型启动子的研究进展,及其在植物抗病基因工程中的应用现状和存在问题,并展望了植物抗病相关启动子的应用前景。     

转录因子在植物抗病基因工程中的研究进展

转录因子与顺式作用元件结合,可调控下游一系列基因的表达。通过基因工程手段使一个抗病转录因子基因在植物中超表达就相当于转入了多个抗病基因,从而提高综合抗病能力,因此,转录因子已成为近年来的研究热点。综述了乙烯应答元件结合因子(Ethylene-responsive element binding factors,AP2/EREBP)、MYB、WRKY、碱性亮氨酸拉链家族和homeodomain蛋白5种植物抗病相关转录因子的结构、功能特性、调控机制以及它们在植物抗病基因工程方面的研究成果,并展望了其应用前景。     

Transgenic tomato plants expressing the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis NPR1</Emphasis> gene display enhanced resistance to a spectrum of fungal and bacterial diseases

Development of effective disease-resistance to a broad-range of pathogens in crops usually requires tremendous resources and effort when traditional breeding approaches are taken. Genetic engineering of disease-resistance in crops has become popular and valuable in terms of cost and efficacy. Due to long-lasting and broad-spectrum of effectiveness against pathogens, employment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) for the genetic engineering of crop disease-resistance is of particular interest. In this report, we explored the potential of using SAR-related genes for the genetic engineering of enhanced resistance to multiple diseases in tomato. The Arabidopsis NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR genes) gene was introduced into a tomato cultivar, which possesses heat-tolerance and resistance to tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). The transgenic lines expressing NPR1 were normal as regards overall morphology and horticultural traits for at least four generations. Disease screens against eight important tropical diseases revealed that, in addition to the innate ToMV-resistance, the tested transgenic lines conferred significant level of enhanced resistance to bacterial wilt (BW) and Fusarium wilt (FW), and moderate degree of enhanced resistance to gray leaf spot (GLS) and bacterial spot (BS). Transgenic lines that accumulated higher levels of NPR1 proteins exhibited higher levels and a broader spectrum of enhanced resistance to the diseases, and enhanced disease-resistance was stably inherited. The spectrum and degree of these NPR1-transgenic lines are more significant compared to that of transgenic tomatoes reported to date. These transgenic lines may be further explored as future tomato stocks, aiming at building up resistance to a broader spectrum of diseases.     

The generation of plant disease resistance gene specificities

We are gaining an understanding of the molecular basis of resistance specificity and of the natural processes that generate different specificities. This is a prerequisite for the genetic engineering of new plant disease-resistance genes to control diseases for which naturally occurring resistance is inadequate. DNA sequence analysis indicates that point mutation, recombination and selection can generate and maintain the high levels of polymorphism observed in resistance genes. Comparisons of closely related resistance proteins indicate that specificity can be determined by variation in at least two regions. One of these contains leucine-rich repeats, which are a common feature of most resistance proteins.     

Arabidopsis thaliana: a source of candidate disease-resistance genes for Brassica napus.

Common structural and amino acid motifs among cloned plant disease-resistance genes (R genes), have made it possible to identify putative disease-resistance sequences based on DNA sequence identity. Mapping of such R-gene homologues will identify candidate disease-resistance loci to expedite map-based cloning strategies in complex crop genomes. Arabidopsis thaliana expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with homology to cloned plant R genes (R-ESTs), were mapped in both A. thaliana and Brassica napus to identify candidate R-gene loci and investigate intergenomic collinearity. Brassica R-gene homologous sequences were also mapped in B. napus. In total, 103 R-EST loci and 36 Brassica R-gene homologous loci were positioned on the N-fo-61-9 B. napus genetic map, and 48 R-EST loci positioned on the Columbia x Landsberg A. thaliana map. The mapped loci identified collinear regions between Arabidopsis and Brassica which had been observed in previous comparative mapping studies; the detection of syntenic genomic regions indicated that there was no apparent rapid divergence of the identified genomic regions housing the R-EST loci.     

我国野生稻资源的抗病性鉴定与利用研究进展

野生稻广泛分布于亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲和澳洲的77个国家,目前公认有21个野生种,我国有3个野生种。野生稻具有大量栽培稻目前缺乏的的优良特性(基因),成为栽培稻遗传改良的丰富基因源和重要的物质基础。我国是水稻生产大国,但白叶枯病、稻瘟病、纹枯病等各种病害一直严重影响着水稻生产。从我国野生稻挖掘和利用抗病材料(基因),是培育抗病品种的重要途径。本文综述了我国野生稻资源的抗病性鉴定与利用研究进展,提出了存在的问题和加强研究的建议。     

Construction of a 1.2-Mb contig including the citrus tristeza virus resistance gene locus using a bacterial artificial chromosome library of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.

The citrus tristeza virus resistance gene (Ctv) is a single dominant gene in Poncirus trifoliata, a sexually compatible relative of citrus. To clone this gene, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library has been constructed from an individual plant that was homozygous for Ctv. This library contains 45,696 clones with an average insert size of 80 kb, corresponding to 9.6 genome equivalents. Screening of the BAC library with five chloroplast DNA probes indicated that 0.58% of the BAC clones contained chloroplast-derived inserts. The chromosome walk across the Ctv locus was initiated using three closely linked genetic markers: C19, AD8, and Z16. The walk has been completed and a contig of ca. 1.2 Mb was constructed. Based on new data, the genetic map in the Ctv region was revised, with Ctv being located between AD8-Z16 and C19 at distances of 1.2 and 0.6 cM, respectively. Utilizing DNA fragments isolated from the contig as RFLP markers, the Ctv locus was further mapped to a region of ca. 300 kb. This contig contains several putative disease-resistance genes similar to the rice Xa21 gene, the tomato Cf-2 gene, and the Arabidopsis thaliana RPS2 gene. This library will therefore allow cloning of Ctv and other putative disease-resistance genes.     

Expression and genome organization of resistance gene analogs in soybean.

Sequence analysis of cloned plant disease-resistance genes reveals a number of conserved domains. Researchers have used these domains to amplify analogous sequences, resistance gene analogs (RGAs), from soybean and other crops. Many of these RGAs map in close proximity to known resistance genes. While this technique is useful in identifying potential disease resistance loci, identifying the functional resistance gene from a cluster of homologs requires sequence information from outside of these conserved domains. To study RGA expression and to determine the extent of their similarity to other plant resistance genes, two soybean cDNA libraries (root and epicotyl) were screened by hybridization with RGA class-specific probes. cDNAs hybridizing to RGA probes were detected in each library. Two types of cDNAs were identified. One type was full-length and contained several disease-resistance gene (R-gene) signatures. The other type contained several deletions within these signatures. Sequence analyses of the cDNA clones placed them in the Toll-Interleukin-1 receptor, nucleotide binding domain, and leucine-rich repeat family of disease-resistance genes. Using clone-specific primers from within the 3' end of the LRRs, we were able to map two cDNA clones (LM6 and MG13) to a BAC contig that is known to span a cluster of disease-resistance genes.     

Accuracy of genomic selection methods in a standard data set of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Genomic selection can increase genetic gain per generation through early selection. Genomic selection is expected to be particularly valuable for traits that are costly to phenotype and expressed late in the life cycle of long-lived species. Alternative approaches to genomic selection prediction models may perform differently for traits with distinct genetic properties. Here the performance of four different original methods of genomic selection that differ with respect to assumptions regarding distribution of marker effects, including (i) ridge regression-best linear unbiased prediction (RR-BLUP), (ii) Bayes A, (iii) Bayes Cπ, and (iv) Bayesian LASSO are presented. In addition, a modified RR-BLUP (RR-BLUP B) that utilizes a selected subset of markers was evaluated. The accuracy of these methods was compared across 17 traits with distinct heritabilities and genetic architectures, including growth, development, and disease-resistance properties, measured in a Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) training population of 951 individuals genotyped with 4853 SNPs. The predictive ability of the methods was evaluated using a 10-fold, cross-validation approach, and differed only marginally for most method/trait combinations. Interestingly, for fusiform rust disease-resistance traits, Bayes Cπ, Bayes A, and RR-BLUB B had higher predictive ability than RR-BLUP and Bayesian LASSO. Fusiform rust is controlled by few genes of large effect. A limitation of RR-BLUP is the assumption of equal contribution of all markers to the observed variation. However, RR-BLUP B performed equally well as the Bayesian approaches.The genotypic and phenotypic data used in this study are publically available for comparative analysis of genomic selection prediction models.     

萝卜不同抗源对黑腐病抗性的遗传分析

不同抗病基因的挖掘是作物持久抗性遗传改良的基础。本研究利用2份抗黑腐病(Xanthamonas campestris pv.campestris)萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)材料(KB10Q-22、KB10Q-24)和1份感病材料(KB10Q-33)构建了2个F2群体,采用苗期剪叶+喷雾法接种黑腐病菌Xcc8004进行抗病性鉴定。应用P1、P2、F1、F24个世代的数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析方法,研究了萝卜2个不同抗源抗黑腐病的遗传规律,结果表明2份材料的遗传规律不同。以KB10Q-22为母本的F1植株表现为抗病,其遗传模型为E_0模型,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型;而以KB10Q-24为母本的F1植株表现为感病,其遗传模型为D_0模型,即1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型。两群体主基因遗传率分别为87.73%和55.64%,抗性遗传以主基因为主。