柳二十斑叶甲两亚种比较形态学研究(鞘翅目,叶甲科,叶甲亚科)

柳二十斑叶甲包括两个亚种,分别为指名亚种和高山亚种.两者可以通过头部、前胸背板、足和鞘翅的斑纹区分开来.本文对这两个亚种的外部和内部的形态结构进行了研究,主要包括触角、口器、中胸、后胸、后翅、足、雌雄外生殖器、成虫和幼虫的相关结构.并对确定亚种的形态特征进行了探讨.     

Mouthparts and stylet penetration of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Hemiptera:Tachardiidae)

Hitherto less known aspects on mouthpart morphology and penetration mechanism of the lac insect Kerria lacca have been explored. Unique details of the mouthparts, i.e. morphology of labium and stylets and salivary sheath have been brought out. The gross morphology of the mouthparts though resembled other plant sucking homopterans; a two-segmented labium with symmetrically distributed six pairs of contact-chemoreceptors on its surface was distinct; the mandibular stylets had serrations on its extreme apical region, while the maxillary stylets had their external surface smooth with parallel longitudinal grooves on their inner surface. Formation of flanges, salivary sheath and penetration pathway observed along with probing and penetration of the stylets intracellularly up to the phloem cells, as illustrated herein, are the addition to the existing knowledge on the structural details of the mouthparts and the feeding behavior thereupon.     

Four New Ladybug Species Belonging to Decadiomus Chapin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Puerto Rico

While searching for native natural enemies attacking invasive insect pests in Puerto Rico, we found four undescribed ladybug species belonging to the Caribbean ladybug genus Decadiomus Chapin. In this article, we describe the following species from Puerto Rico: Decadiomus seini n. sp., Decadiomus ramosi n. sp., Decadiomus hayuyai n. sp., and Decadiomus martorelli n. sp. Illustrations of the dorsal habitus, shape of prosternal carinae, and drawings of male and female genitalia are presented. We also present a key for Diomini of Puerto Rico and discuss their importance as potential biocontrol agents.     

Morphology of the mouthparts of the spittlebug Philagra albinotata Uhler (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae)

Mouthparts associated with feeding behavior and feeding habits are important sensory and feeding structures in insects. To obtain a better understanding of feeding in Cercopoidea, the morphology of mouthparts of the spittlebug, Philagra albinotata Uhler was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The mouthparts of P. albinotata are of the typical piercing–sucking type found in Hemiptera, comprising a cone-shaped labrum, a tube-like, three-segmented labium with a deep groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The mandibles consist of a dorsal smooth region and a ventral serrate region near the apical half of the external convex region, and bear five nodules or teeth on the dorsal external convex region on the distal extremity; these are regarded as unique features that distinguish spittlebugs from other groups of Hemiptera. The externally smooth maxillary stylets, interlocked to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal, are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves. One dendritic canal is found in each maxilla and one in each mandible. Two types of sensilla trichodea, three types of sensilla basiconica and groups of multi-peg structures occur in different locations on the labium, specifically the labial tip with two lateral lobes divided into anterior sensory fields with ten small peg sensilla arranged in a 5 + 4 + 1 pattern and one big peg sensillum, and posterior sensory fields with four sensilla trichodea. Compared with those of previously studied Auchenorrhyncha, the mouthparts of P. albinotata may be distinguished by the shape of the mandibles, the multi-peg structures and a tooth between the salivary canal and the food canal on the extreme end of the stylets. The mouthpart morphology is illustrated using scanning electron micrographs, and the taxonomic and putative functional significance of the different structures is briefly discussed.     

Coevolution between Male and Female Genitalia in the Drosophila melanogaster Species Subgroup

In contrast to male genitalia that typically exhibit patterns of rapid and divergent evolution among internally fertilizing animals, female genitalia have been less well studied and are generally thought to evolve slowly among closely-related species. As a result, few cases of male-female genital coevolution have been documented. In Drosophila, female copulatory structures have been claimed to be mostly invariant compared to male structures. Here, we re-examined male and female genitalia in the nine species of the D. melanogaster subgroup. We describe several new species-specific female genital structures that appear to coevolve with male genital structures, and provide evidence that the coevolving structures contact each other during copulation. Several female structures might be defensive shields against apparently harmful male structures, such as cercal teeth, phallic hooks and spines. Evidence for male-female morphological coevolution in Drosophila has previously been shown at the post-copulatory level (e.g., sperm length and sperm storage organ size), and our results provide support for male-female coevolution at the copulatory level.     

Exocelina baliem sp. n., the only known pond species of New Guinea Exocelina Broun, 1886 (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae, Copelatinae)

Exocelina baliem sp. n. is described from the Baliem Valley in the Central Mountain Range of New Guinea (Papua Province, Indonesia). Having striolate elytra, different structure and setation of the male and female genitalia and tarsomeres, and inhabiting swampy ponds, the new species differs from all known New Guinea species, which have smooth elytra and are stream associated. It forms a monophyletic group with the Australian Exocelina ferruginea (Sharp, 1882) and New Caledonian Exocelina inexspectata Wewalka, Balke & Hendrich, 2010, based on shape of the paramere and structure of the male tarsi. Habitus, protarsomeres, and male and female genitalia are illustrated, comparing some structures with Exocelina ferruginea and two New Guinea stream species. We briefly discuss the biogeographic relevance of this discovery.     

Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

Abstract. The genera of Corydalinae are redefined, and representative characters are figured for each genus. New character sources, such as mouthparts and internal female genitalia, are investigated, as well as traditional male genitalia and wings. Allohermes is synonymized with Protohermes, Doeringia with Platyneuromus . Intergeneric relationships are hypothesized on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Acanthacorydalis and the New World genera form a monophyletic group, as do Protohermes and Neurhermes , and Neuromus and Neoneuromus. Chloroniella belongs in the Acanthacorydalis - New World lineage, but exact placement is uncertain. A phyletic sequence classification is proposed on the basis of the cladistic analysis.     

Two new species of Panorpa (Mecoptera,Panorpidae) from the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan,China

Two new species of the genus Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 are described from the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan, China. Panorpa diqingensis sp. n. can be distinguished from its congeners by vertex dark brown, and occiput yellow; pleura dark brown; gonocoxites bearing a cluster of stout black setae on inner apex; parameres S-shaped in male genitalia. Panorpa dispergens sp. n. can be readily differentiated from other Panorpa species by apical band with a hyaline spot in wings; gonocoxites with a cluster of stout dark brown setae and 3–5 long setae on inner apex; female medigynium with a pair of basal plates. The number of Panorpa species in Yunnan is raised to six. A key to Yunnan species of Panorpa is presented.     

Four new species of Oidardis Hermann, 1912 (Diptera,Asilidae, Laphriinae,Atomosiini) from two major faunistic surveys in the Atlantic Rainforest

Two recent faunistic surveys in the Brazilian Atlantic Forests region, the PROFAUPAR and the Biota/FAPESP Program, have provided important material for the discovery of new taxa from Brazil. We describe herein four new species of robber-flies of the genus Oidardis (O. falcimystax sp. n., O. fontenellei sp. n., O. maculiseta sp. n. and O. marinonii sp. n.), including illustrations and details on male hypopygia and female genitalia. A distribution map and a key to the species of Oidardis from the Brazilian Atlantic Forests region, including O. triangularis (Hermann), 1912, are also provided.     

A new species of the genus Pediasia (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) from Central Yakutia

A new species of the pyralid moth, Pediasia sinevi Shodotova et Bolshakov, sp. n., is described from Central Yakutia (locus typicus—Bestyakh). This species is very similar to P. jucundella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) in color and pattern of the wings and also similar to P. truncatella (Zetterstedt, 1839) in the structure of the male genitalia. The holotype and paratype are deposited at the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg).     

Fine structure of the mouthparts of Diostrombus politus and Proutista moesta (Hemiptera: Derbidae)

Insect mouthparts are important sensory and feeding structures, morphological studies of this organ can provide additional data for phylogenetic studies. The planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea is among the dominant groups of phytophagous insects, however, the mouthparts ultrastructure of this superfamily remains unsatisfactorily studied. This study investigates the ultrastructure of the mouthparts of two species in the family Derbidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), Diostrombus politus Uhler and Proutista moesta (Westwood), using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that these two derbids are of a typical piercing-sucking type found in Hemiptera. They consist of a cone-shaped labrum, a three-segmented labium and a stylet fascicle with two interlocked maxillary stylets incompletely wrapped by two mandibular stylets. The arrangement of the sensilla on the labial tip differ slightly between the two derbid species, and the subapical labial sensilla are likely different among genera in the family Derbidae.     

Description of a new species of Nesotriatoma Usinger, 1944 from Cuba and revalidation of synonymy between Nesotriatoma bruneri (Usinger, 1944) and N. flavida (Neiva, 1911) (Hemiptera,Reduviidae, Triatominae)

Nesotriatoma confusa sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is described based on specimens from Cuba. From one male, one female, and eleven nymphs of a then‐undescribed species of Nesotriatoma collected in Cuba, a colony was formed and its specimens were used to describe N. confusa sp. nov. Characters were observed on the head, thorax, abdomen, female external genitalia, and male genitalia with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We concluded that N. bruneri (Usinger, 1944 ) was indeed a synonym of N. flavida (Neiva, 1911 ) as previously proposed.     

Ultrastructure of the mouthparts of adult sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The fine structure of the mouthparts of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Adult whitefly mouthparts are similar to those of other homopterans, especially aphids, being composed of the labrum, the labium, and the stylets. The stylet bundle is the feeding organ of the whitefly and is composed of 2 mandibular stylets and 2 maxillary stylets. Mandibular stylets, which are located on the outer aspect of the stylet bundle, each contain 2 dendrites. The tips of the mandibular stylets are curved inward, and there are barb-like ridges on the lateral aspects, which probably function in piercing and cutting plant tissues and in anchoring the stylets in the tissues. The maxillary stylets are not innervated and are interlocked to form 2 separate compartments, the food canal and salivary canal. At the distal end of the interlocked maxillary stylets, there is a small depression, which may allow for mixing of the salivary canal and food canal components. Movement of the B. tabaci stylets during feeding is discussed in comparison with other homopterans.     

New species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrausta</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) from Southern Siberia and Transcaucasia

Two new species of the pyralid genus Pyrausta Schrank, 1802, P. anastasia Shodotova, sp. n. from southern Siberia and P. alexandra Shodotova, sp. n. from the Transcaucasia, are described. P. anastasia sp. n. is very similar to P. chrysitis (Butler, 1881) in coloration and the wing pattern, but differs in the darker brown fore wings, a wider pale yellow band on the hind wing, and the structure of the aedeagus. P. alexandra sp. n. is very similar to P. falcatalis (Guenée, 1854) in coloration and the wing pattern, but differs in the darker brown wings, in the number of pale yellow spots on the fore and hind wings, and in the structure of the male and female genitalia. The holotypes and paratypes of both species are deposited in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg).     

Review of the Chinese species of the genus Varma Distant (Hemiptera,Fulgoromorpha, Tropiduchidae), with description of two new species

Two new species of Varma Distant, 1906, V. falcata Chang & Chen, sp. n. (China: Guizhou) and V. lobata Chang & Chen, sp. n. (China: Guizhou) are described and illustrated. The female genitalia of four speices including two known species are described and illustrated for the first time. The diagnostic characters of this genus are redefined. A checklist to the species of Varma in China is given. The Keys on male and female genitalia to the Chinese species of Varma are provided.     

Calixolepis thuli n. g., n. sp. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from the wood duck Aix sponsa (Anatidae) in America

Calixolepis thuli n. g., n. sp. is described and figured on the basis of the specimens from the wood duck Aix sponsa (L.) (Anseriformes: Anatidae) from Cuba and the USA. The tapeworm is characterised by: (1) strobila of medium size; (2) deep genital atrium; (3) external accessory sac; (4) unilateral genital pores, with female genital ducts situated anterior to male ducts; and (5) the following characteristic structure of the male and female terminal genitalia: the genital pouch has a stylet and a goblet-like structure, the calix; a cirrus is absent; and the thick-walled copulatory part of the vagina forms vaginal vestibule distally which may open through a vaginal papilla into the genital atrium. Other morphological structures indicate a relationship with species of the genus Sobolevicanthus Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954 or with Cladogynia Baer, 1938 (Hymenolepididae). The differences between the tapeworms from Cuba and the USA suggest the possible occurrence of various morphological forms of Calixolepis.     

Phylogenetic revision of the Charis cleonus complex (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

Abstract.  A revision of the Charis cleonus group of Neotropical riodinid butterflies is presented, including discussions on the taxonomy, biogeography and biology of its species, and illustrations of the adults and male and female genitalia (where known) of all taxa. We recognize twenty-two species, including nineteen new species: C. ariquemes sp.n., C. brasilia sp.n., C. breves sp.n., C. cacaulandia sp.n., C. cuiaba sp.n., C. humaita sp.n., C. ipiranga sp.n., C. iquitos sp.n., C. ma sp.n., C. manicore sp.n., C. manu sp.n., C. matic sp.n., C. maues sp.n., C. negro sp.n., C. palcazu sp.n., C. rocana sp.n., C. santarem sp.n., C. tapajos sp.n and C. tefe sp.n. A cladistic analysis using thirty-six characters of male and female genitalia and external facies generated a single most parsimonious cladogram highlighting the existence of two clades, the major and cleonus subgroups. As each species largely occupies a parapatric range, this cladogram provides the opportunity to reassess historical relationships among areas of endemism in the Amazon basin.