广东双季稻区杂草地和稻田中捕食性节肢动物的群落动态

用吸虫器采样法,于1998年对广东省大沙镇双季稻区两块相邻的杂草地和稻田中捕食性节肢动物群落的结构进行了研究。在杂草地生境中共采集到73种捕食性节肢动物,其中55种为蜘蛛,18种为昆虫。3月21日,早稻田翻耕前,在杂草地中采集到33种捕食性节肢动物,密度为130头/m²。4月4日,水稻移栽1周后,在杂草地中采到29种捕食性节肢动物,密度为92头/m²;同期在稻田中采到12种捕食性节肢动物,密度为16.2头/m2。5月13日早稻成熟前期,在杂草地中只采到19种捕食性节肢动物,密度为28头/m²;而此期,在稻田中采到27种捕食性节肢动物,密度为53.2头/m²。在晚稻生长期,杂草地捕食性节肢动物与稻田捕食性节肢动物物种数和密度的变化与早稻生长期情况相似。杂草地与稻田两生境间的捕食性节肢动物群落的相似性系数大于0.5,由此可见,这两类生境中捕食性节肢动物的物种组成是非常相似的,具有较多的共有种。杂草地捕食性节肢动物群落可能是稻田捕食性节肢动物群落重建的重要种库之一。     

长期施用含硫和含氯化肥对稻田杂草生长动态的影响

利用湖南祁阳红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了在等量氮磷钾养分条件下,长期施用含Cl-、SO2-4和Cl-+SO2-4化肥水稻生育期间杂草种类和生物量的变化.结果表明:施肥34年后,施用含Cl-化肥处理水稻生育期间杂草的种类最多、总生物量(浮生杂草和湿生杂草的生物量之和)最大,早稻期间杂草平均总干物质量分别比含SO2-4和Cl-+SO2-4化肥处理增加了51.4%和17.6%,晚稻期间分别增加了144%和242%.含SO2-4和Cl-+SO2-4化肥处理稻田中浮生杂草生物量较大,而含Cl-化肥处理田间几乎没有浮生杂草生长.杂草总干物质量和湿生杂草干物质量均与土壤Cl-含量呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.764**和0.948**),与土壤SO2-4-S含量呈显著负相关(相关系数分别为0.849**和0.641*).土壤碱解氮和有效磷受土壤SO2-4-S、Cl-及pH的共同作用对杂草总干物质量产生影响.通过各种施肥措施维持土壤适宜pH及碱解氮、有效磷含量,提高土壤SO2-4-S含量、降低Cl-含量,能有效抑制南方红壤稻田中湿生杂草的生长,降低杂草总生物量.     

长期水旱轮作条件下不同复种方式对稻田杂草群落的影响

通过长期田间定位试验,研究了水旱轮作条件下不同复种方式对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响.结果表明: 复种轮作可显著降低稻田杂草密度,抑制杂草生长.不同复种轮作方式下,紫云英-早稻-晚玉米→紫云英-早玉米间作早大豆-晚稻(CCSR)处理物种优势度最低,能降低优势种杂草地位,减轻危害.不同复种轮作方式下基本杂草群落组成均为鸭舌草+稗草+矮慈姑,杂草群落的相似性均较高,其中紫云英-早稻-晚玉米间作晚大豆→紫云英-早玉米-晚稻(CRCS)处理与CCSR处理的相似度最高.稻田复种轮作可在一定程度上提高对杂草的抑制效果,但需要注意某些次要杂草的危害.     

Raptors as legitimate secondary dispersers of weed seeds

Although raptors are not usually seen as seed dispersers, we demonstrate their important ecological role as legitimate seed dispersers of weeds. On the oceanic island of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands, up to 11 000 weed seeds from a total of 39 and 62 different plant species, respectively, were found in 300 and 319 pellets, respectively, of two native predatory birds, the Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and the Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, which consumed European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and Barbary Ground Squirrels Atlantoxerus getulus, both invasive mammals that carried these seeds in their guts. Four and seven weed species appeared with a frequency of occurrence greater than 10% in the pellets of Kestrels and Buzzards, respectively. Despite the time interval between pellet collection and germination experiments, almost 10% of planted seeds germinated, even after passing through two digestive processes, one inside the mammal and another inside the raptor. Our study encourages a change of perspective in this regard, as raptors may be involved in complex interactive dispersal processes on a wider geographical scale.     

轻型栽培技术对稻田潜杂草群落多样性的影响

为明确轻型栽培技术对稻田潜杂草群落多样性的影响,研究了旱直播、水直播、抛秧、机插秧、麦套稻5种轻型栽培稻作模式及传统手插秧模式下稻田杂草种子库的数量特征.结果表明：旱直播稻田种子库密度显著高于其他模式,达228416粒·m^-2,麦套稻模式其次.另外,旱直播稻田莎草类杂草与麦套稻稻田阔叶类杂草种子密度显著高于其他模式的各类杂草种子.传统手插秧稻田具有最高的物种丰富度,Margalef指数达1.86; 麦套稻与水直播模式中,Shannon-Wiener指数、Gini指数、Pielou群落均匀度指数明显高于旱直播和机插秧等模式.与传统手插秧相比,各轻型栽培稻作模式具有不同的潜杂草群落优势种.为防治稻田杂草的持续危害,应轮流实施不同轻型栽培稻作模式.     

The effect of temperature on viability of imbibed weed seeds

Imbibed seed of 10 common arable weeds were placed in trays in initially moist soil and, after imbibing for 2h, heated in ovens/incubators set to 31^oC, 42^oC, 56^oC, 75^oC or 100^oC for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 days or at 102^oC, 155^oC, 204^oC or 262^oC for 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7.5 or 10 min. After heating, seeds were incubated for 28 days at 10/20^oC or 20/30^oC on a 12 h dark/light regime, depending on species, and germination recorded. At the lower temperatures, germination of all species was prevented by temperatures of 75^oC or higher for periods of 0.5 days or more. Germination was lower after treatment at 56^oC than at 31^oC or 42^oC for all species except Rumex obtusifolius. The maximum temperature required to prevent germination varied among species and was of greater importance than the duration of heating. Germination was variable with duration of heating. At the higher temperatures, there was very little germination of any species after heating at 204^oC for 7.5 min or 262^oC for 5 min or more. Seeds were greatly buffered from the air temperature by 3 mm of soil, throughout the shorter duration of heating. The average temperature of the soil, over the 10 min heating required to prevent over 90% germination, varied among species and ranged from 48^oC for Avena fatua to 65^oC for R. obtusifolius. This work implies that composting systems maintained at 65^oC are unlikely to provide an efficient method of weed control. Recommendations for improvement of the laboratory technique are suggested.     

稻田生态系统多个物种共存对病虫草害的控制

建立多个物种共存的农作模式、利用物种多样性控制有害生物是农业可持续发展的重要途径.本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田多个物种共存对水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理.稻田系统多个物种共存模式如稻田养鱼模式、稻田养鸭模式、稻-萍-鱼或稻-萍-鸭模式等,对水稻纹枯病、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和杂草有显著的控制作用;稻田系统多个物种共存的另一类模式如水稻品种多样性混合种植、稻-茭白间作和稻-湿生作物间作等,可明显降低稻瘟病等病害的发生与流行.稻田多个物种共存模式对病虫草控制的效果和机理研究仍需要从作物、分子生物学和化学生态等方面做进一步的研究探讨.     

Bt棉田边缘杂草带对棉田内叶螨发生的影响

2003～2004年,在冀南棉区系统研究了棉田边缘杂草带对棉田内叶螨发生的影响。试验设3个处理：转Bt基因棉化防田(使用杀螨剂控制棉叶螨且保留棉田边缘杂草)、转Bt基因棉对照田(保留棉田边缘杂草)和转Bt基因棉除草田(去除棉田边缘杂草)。结果表明,2003年6月28日～8月7日,处理间的叶螨发生量和有螨株率差异明显。2003年叶螨发生高峰期(7月28日),对照田的百株平均螨量达834头,分别是化防田、除草田的9.4倍和11.5倍;对照田的有螨株率的峰值为34.7%,分别高于化防田和除草田6.4%和12%;棉叶螨的总计值,对照田分别是化防田和除草田的5.8倍和5.5倍。2004年7月10日～8月29日,对照田的百株螨量和有螨株率明显高于除草田和化防田。2004年叶螨发生高峰期（8月10日）,对照田的百株平均螨量达1 222头,分别是化防田、除草田的4.3倍和23.4倍;对照田的有螨株率的峰值达100%,分别比除草田和化防田多75%和87%;棉叶螨的总计值,对照田分别是化防田和除草田的4.9和9.7倍。两年中,除草田和化防田的百株螨量和有螨株率峰值出现日期有所不同。对照田内,棉田边缘杂草至所调查的棉株距离同螨害指数呈显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)的负相关。本研究表明,去除棉田边缘杂草的棉田,叶螨发生始期较晚且发生量较少;棉田边缘杂草到取样点的距离与棉叶螨的为害程度呈直线负相关,距离越近,叶螨的发生为害越重。     

Benthic macroinvertebrate biodiversity improved with irrigation ponds linked to a rice paddy field

Traditionally, many irrigation ponds supplied water to paddy fields, but most of these ponds have disappeared through improvements in irrigation systems. The aim of this study was to assess the ecological functions (especially biodiversity conservation) of irrigation ponds by using benthic macroinvertebrates that inhabit paddy fields. This study was conducted in Hwaseong‐si, Yesan‐gun, Hongseong‐gun, Uljin‐gun and Damyang‐gun, Korea. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using a quadrat sampler from August to September for three years (2010–2012) in paddy fields with and without an irrigation pond. In the comparisons between two paddy field types (paddy fields with and without an irrigation pond) for species richness and densities of benthic macroinvertebrates, the species richness and densities were higher in the paddy fields with a pond than in the paddy fields without a pond (P < 0.001). Biodiversity enhancement effect degree (BEED) of the irrigation pond showed positive values in all survey regions. There were no significant differences among the survey regions. BEED showed positive values in all taxonomic groups (excluding Crustacea) and were not significantly different among taxonomic groups. The BEED values for non‐insects, passive dispersers, were relatively higher than for insects, active dispersers. The results indicate that BEED is related to the dispersal abilities of each taxonomic group and an irrigation pond increases biodiversity in a paddy field in all regions. Therefore, the irrigation pond is one method that can be immediately applied in paddy fields in order to improve the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems.     

长期有机无机肥配施对稻田杂草生长动态的影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,于2011年研究了在以无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期有机无机肥配施水稻生育期间杂草种类和生物量变化。结果表明:30a后,早稻和晚稻施肥处理中:PK+M处理下杂草种类最多,NPK+M处理下杂草种类和优势杂草种类较少,且种类数量稳定,早稻和晚稻杂草种类数量前者比后者分别高出19.7%和9.8%;施肥处理中:两季杂草总生物量NPK+M处理最高,NP+M处理最低,且NPK+M、NK+M、PK+M和CK处理比NP+M处理分别高出31.3%、26.5%、8.3%和5.6%,早稻NPK+M处理杂草总生物量和浮生杂草总生物量最多,NK+M处理湿生杂草总生物量最多,晚稻NK+M处理杂草总生物量和湿生杂草总生物量最多,NPK+M处理浮生杂草总生物量最多;土壤碱解氮和有效磷与杂草总生物量、湿生杂草总生物量、浮生杂草总生物量显著正相关(相关系数依次分别为0.508*和0.578**、0.552*和0.453*、0.410*和0.802**),p H值与三者显著负相关(相关系数依次分别为-0.516*、-0.531*和-0.698*)。土壤p H受土壤有效磷和碱解氮及其他因子的共同作用对杂草总生物量产生影响。通过施肥措施调节土壤适宜p H及碱解氮和有效磷含量,能有效调控农田中湿生和浮生杂草生长,使杂草种类和生物量在农业生产中达到有益平衡。