农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报

2001～2002年通过调查福州、漳州农田烟粉虱寄主范围,记录农田烟粉虱寄主植物17科62种(变种)．其中豆科7种、茄科6种、十字花科8种、葫芦科9种、菊科10种、苋科4种、藜科4种、旋花科2种、锦葵科2种、、大戟科2种、柳叶草科2种、蓼科1种、玄参科1种、番杏科1种、大麻科1种、免丝子科1种、伞形花科1种。农田烟粉虱寄主植物主要以蔬菜作物和农田阔叶杂草为主。     

横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

Determination of nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance of growing pigs under tropical condition

Data from 27 feeding trials conducted on growing pigs from different research institutes across India were subjected to mixed model regression analysis to derive requirements of digestible energy (DE), crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids for maintenance and body weight gains. The ranges of maintenance requirements were determined to be: DE 516 to 702 kJ/kg M^0.75, CP 6.98 to 11.62, lysine 0.431 to 0.664, methionine 0.265 to 0.458, methionine + cystine 0.327 to 0.466, cystine 0.055 to 0.184, threonine 0.205 to 0.511, arginine 0.377 to 1.21, isoleucine 0.241 to 0.775, leucine 0.604 to 1.54, phenylalanine + tyrosine 0.496 to 1.33, tryptophan 0.078 to 0.213, and valine 0.330 to 0.892 g/kg M^0.75, respectively for different body weight ranges. The corresponding requirements for 1 g gain in body weight were: DE 28.6 to 38.6 kJ, CP 0.27 to 0.44 g, lysine 0.0071 to 0.0126 g, methionine 0.0047 to 0.0133 g, methionine + cystine 0.0151 to 0.0261 g, cystine 0.0043 to 0.0094 g, threonine 0.0052 to 0.0165 g, arginine 0.0045 to 0.0301 g, isoleucine 0.0023 to 0.0198 g, leucine 0.0150 to 0.0447 g, phenylalanine + tyrosine 0.0091 to 0.0382 g, tryptophan 0.0005 to 0.0044 g, and valine 0.0061 to 0.0222 g. Regression equations had high R² values (ranging from 0.50 to 0.99 for different estimates), low coefficients of variation, low variance of error estimates and the coefficients were highly significant (P < 0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. As the new standards derived in the present study are based on a thorough analysis of a larger database than previous Indian standards, the new feeding standard seems to be more appropriate for India and other tropical countries.     

Therapeutic activities of PHA-L4, the mitogenic isolectin of phytohemagglutinin

Evidence is presented that suggests that PHA-L4 may exert the therapeutic effects of a theoretical ideal biological response modifier through its ability to do the following: to assist remission induction in certain malignancies, to exhibit direct antitumor cytotoxic effects, to enhance antineoplastic effect of radiation and chemotherapy, to decrease the liability to malignant transformation, to promote differentiation and restore normal growth responses in neoplastic cells, to manifest minimal liability to suppressor activity that would inhibit tumor rejection or antitumor cytotoxicity, to repress graft rejection and graft-versus-host responses and amplify the immunosuppressive effects of other agents in allograft transplantations, to display a direct protective effect against damage from radiation and chemotherapy, to stimulate normal myelopoiesis, to reinforce responses against various infections, to amplify tumor immunogenicity, and to attract mononuclear cells to sites of injection or local application.     

An Analysis of Hamster Afferent Taste Nerve Response Functions

Sensitivities to moderately intense stimuli representing four taste qualities to man were determined for 79 hamster chorda tympani fibers. Some fibers were very sensitive to sucrose, sodium chloride, or hydrochloric acid, but none were very sensitive to quinine. These sensitivities were not randomly distributed among fibers: the sucrose sensitivity was separated from and negatively correlated with the other sensitivities which were associated and positively correlated with each other. Moreover, there were a limited number of sensitivity patterns: (a) fibers responding best to sucrose responded second-best to salt, less to acid, not to quinine; (b) fibers responding best to salt either responded second-best to sucrose and not to acid or quinine; or second-best to acid, less to quinine, and not to sucrose; and (c) fibers responding best to acid responded second-best to salt, more to quinine, and less to sucrose than other fibers. Therefore, if four stimuli of different taste qualities are ordered from acceptable to unacceptable, neural response functions of most hamster chorda tympani taste fibers peak at one point. Sensitivities to nine other moderately intense stimuli which vary in quality to man were also determined for 46–49 of the fibers. Sensitivities to sweet stimuli were always associated with each other and separated from sensitivities to nonsweet stimuli. Sensitivities to nonsweet stimuli were all associated with each other; however, the strongest correlations were between sensitivities to stimuli of like quality, e.g., the three acids or the two sodium salts.     

Role of the adaptor protein CIKS in the activation of the IKK complex

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular processes, including stress response, inflammation, and protection from apoptosis. Therefore, the activity of NF-kappaB needs to be tightly regulated. We have previously identified a novel gene, named CIKS (connection to IkappaB-kinase and SAPK), able to bind the regulatory sub-unit NEMO/IKKgamma and to activate NF-kappaB. Here, we demonstrate that CIKS forms homo-oligomers, interacts with NEMO/IKKgamma, and is recruited to the IKK-complex upon cell stimulation. In addition, we identified the regions of CIKS responsible for these functions. We found that the ability of CIKS to oligomerize, and to be recruited to the IKK-complex is not sufficient to activate the NF-kappaB. In fact, a deletion mutant of CIKS able to oligomerize, to interact with NEMO/IKKgamma, and to be recruited to the IKK-complex does not activate NF-kappaB, suggesting that CIKS needs a second level of regulation to efficiently activate NF-kappaB.     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

Community response grids: using information technology to help communities respond to bioterror emergencies

Access to accurate and trusted information is vital in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from an emergency. To facilitate response in large-scale emergency situations, Community Response Grids (CRGs) integrate Internet and mobile technologies to enable residents to report information, professional emergency responders to disseminate instructions, and residents to assist one another. CRGs use technology to help residents and professional emergency responders to work together in community response to emergencies, including bioterrorism events. In a time of increased danger from bioterrorist threats, the application of advanced information and communication technologies to community response is vital in confronting such threats. This article describes CRGs, their underlying concepts, development efforts, their relevance to biosecurity and bioterrorism, and future research issues in the use of technology to facilitate community response.     

Specificity of the binding of trifluoperazine to the calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase and to a series of other calcium-binding proteins

Trifluoperazine inhibits the activation of phosphodiesterase by binding to the calcium-dependent activator. To determine further the specificity by which trifluoperazine binds to activator, we compared the binding of trifluoperazine to activator prepared from several species and tissues and to a number of other calcium-binding proteins devoid of activator activity.Trifluoperazine binds to activator prepared from human, bovine, rat and rabbit brain and from chick embryo fibroblasts. In each case, the binding of trifluoperazine to activator was qualitatively similar and related quantitatively to the ability of the preparation to activate phosphodiesterase.Of the other calcium-binding proteins examined, namely, troponin-C, S-100 protein, phospholipase A, phospholipase B and myosin light chain, only troponin-C displayed any significant calcium-specific binding of trifluoperazine. The binding to troponin-C, however, appeared to be different from the binding to activator; whereas the binding of trifluoperazine to actovator showed no cooperativity, the binding to troponin-C showed positive cooperatively.These results and earlier data showing that trifluoperazine fails to bind to a variety of other proteins, indicate that the binding of trifluoperazine to the calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase is selective and suggest that this binding may explain some of the biochemical and pharmacological actions of this antipsychotic agent.     

Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and 0X174 DNAs by electron microscopy.

Complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and bacteriophage S13 and phage phiX174 replicative form III DNAs have been shown to form at specific locations on the phage genomes. The major locations on S13 have been mapped at 8 to 10 and 92 to 96% of the genome length, starting from the unique Pst I cleavage site. The locations correspond to the beginnings of genes D and B, respectively. Four minor locations map at 18 to 22, 28 to 32, 50 to 56, and 70 to 74% of the genome. The 70 to 74% site corresponds to the beginning of the A gene. The major locations on phiX174 are at 8 to 10, 50 to 54, and 92 to 94% of the genome. The 50 to 54% site is at the start of the H gene and has an equivalent minor site on S13, but it is not a promoter site. Three minor sites on phiX174, at 20 to 24, 26 to 32, and 68 to 74% of the genome, correspond to sites on S13. The data confirm the locations of sites identified by restriction fragment binding experiments (E. Rassart and J. H. Spencer, J. Virol. 27:677--687, 1978) and the assignment of putative promoters at the start of genes A, B and D.     

槐属分类系统的修订

自《槐属的研究》一文发表后,作者对本属植物的地理分布特点、主要形态特征和某些化学物质的演化趋势及其与临近属的相互关系等作了综合分析研究。结果表明:本属植物的演化趋势是由乔木→灌木或亚灌木→草本;羽状复叶→近掌状复叶或单叶;托叶有逐步退化趋势,小托叶有→无;顶生圆锥花序→多种着生的总状花序;花萼裂片连合程度逐步增加,小苞片有→无;荚果果皮构造及质地也呈进行性退化趋势,即果皮从三层完整果皮向二层过渡,质地肉质→木质→革质或近革质,开裂方式由不开裂→豆科典型的二瓣开裂→本属特有的四瓣开裂。金雀花碱在本属植物中出现较早,在肉果亚属已有较多种类含有此碱,并随着植物的进化而含有种类在逐步减少,而苦参碱在本属植物中出现的较晚,肉果亚属的植物只有少数种类含有此碱,裂果亚属含此碱的种类较多,并随着植物的进化而含有种类在逐步减少。据此,作者提出了本属植物的系统树,并对本属各分类群的系统位置作了全面修订与补充。     

湖北省褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮及氟虫腈的抗药性监测

采用稻茎浸渍法监测湖北省武穴、天门、监利、通城、孝感、公安及枣阳七地褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Sta1)田间种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、氟虫腈的抗药性。结果表明:2006、2007和2008年3年7地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗性分别为98.89～389.19倍、69.00～153.33倍和56.32～116.89倍,达高水平至极高水平抗性,但3年期间总体抗性水平呈现一定程度的下降趋势;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性分别为13.39～41.06倍和6.94～20.44倍,达低水平至高水平抗性;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对氟虫腈抗性分别为0.97～2.64倍和0.63～1.42倍,为敏感阶段。此外,还对褐飞虱的治理进行讨论。     

Urinary oligosaccharides of GM1-gangliosidosis. Different excretion patterns of oligosaccharides in the urine of type 1 and type 2 subgroups

Oligosaccharide patterns obtained by gel filtration of the urine of GM1-gangliosidosis Type 1 patients are quite different from those of GM1-gangliosidosis Type 2. By studies of oligosaccharides in the four major peaks obtained from the Type 1 subgroup using sequential exoglycosidase digestion, methylation analysis, and periodate oxidation, the structures of 15 oligosaccharides: Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2)Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2)Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc NAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2)Man alpha 1 leads to 6[Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2)Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6, and 3(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3 and 6)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, (formula see text) were elucidated. The amounts of total oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of the Type 2 subgroup were approximately one-tenth of those of Type 1. Moreover, the last eight oligosaccharides shown above, which have a Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to outer chain, were completely missing in the urine of Type 2.     

The patterns and transmissibility of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Four hundred and ninety-eight predominantly pyocin-type 10 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed for resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin. Based on NCCLS-recommended MIC breakpoints, 245 strains were found to be resistant, of which 41.6% were resistant to carbenicillin, 38% to gentamicin, 37.8% to netilmicin, 26.3% to cefoperazone, 17.9% to cefotaxime, 0.6% to amikacin and none to ceftazidime. Quadruple resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, gentamicin and netilmicin was the most frequent pattern observed. Resistance to older antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline) and to mercuric chloride were also common. Conjugation experiments suggested that self-transmissible and non-transmissible plasmids occurred in at least 66 strains.     

Susceptibility of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci to Lysostaphin and Other Antibiotics

In general, coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be relatively less susceptible to the lytic action of lysostaphin than coagulase-positive staphylococci. To achieve, arbitrarily, a lysis greater than 75%, it was necessary to use an increased concentration of enzyme or a longer incubation period than that usually required with coagulase-positive strains. For the most part, the cultures studied were sensitive to oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, ancillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, fusidic acid, lincomycin, novobiocin, and neomycin [median minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 1.56 mug/ml or less]. Some degree of resistance (median MIC values of 12.5 mug/ml or greater) to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, tetracycline, chloretetracycline, erythromycin, ristocetin, and lysostaphin was found. Ten methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococal strains were found to be cross-resistant to all nine of the penicillins tested, but much less resistant to the two cephalosporin analogues. In several instances, some of these strains seemed to be more sensitive to benzylpenicillin and to certain of the semisynthetic penicillins than to methicillin. Of the 18 antibiotics tested with the viable plate count method, the methicillin-resistant strains were found to be the most sensitive to lincomycin and novobiocin.     

Chemical control of plant growth

The latest applications of physiologic principles to the solution of agricultural and horticultural problems involve the use of synthetic hormones to stimulate rooting of cuttings, to effect blossom thinning in fruit production, to prevent pre-harvest fruit drop, to produce seedless fruit, to achieve control of weeds, to break as well as to prolong dormancy, and to bring about other economically important controls of plant growth.     

Major trends of evolution in palms

From the diversity found among palms the following evolutionary trends are suggested:habit: from sympodial to monopodial;size: from moderate toward large and also toward small;stem: from unbranched to dichotomously branched, from little to much sclerenchyma, from short to elongate internodes;leaf: from an undivided eophyll to a palmate, costapalmate, pinnately ribbed or pinnate blade; from undivided and plicate to divided along the adaxial rib (“induplicate”) or along the abaxial rib (“reduplicate”); from pinnate to bipinnate or to pinnae onceor twicedivided longitudinally; from sheath split opposite the petiole to sheath tubular; from marcescent to deciduous; from central vascular bundles of the petiole with a single phloem strand to two phloem strands;inflorescence units: from moderately branched to spicate or less frequently to more diffusely branched, from one unit per leaf axil to more than one per axil, from among the leaves to below them or to above them in a compound terminal inflorescence, from pleonanthic to hapaxanthic;prophyll: from completely to incompletely encircling the peduncle, from incompletely to completely sheathing in bud;bracts: from conspicuous to small or absent at maturity, first peduncular bract from tubular and open at the apex to completely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, and then from ungrooved to deeply plicate;flower arrangement: from solitary, pedicellate, bracteolate flowers to a sympodial cincinnus of 2 or 3 or more, or to a short monopodial axis of 2–4 or more;bracteoles: from sheathing and prophyllate to completely closed or to incompletely developed or absent;flowers: from bisexual to unisexual, then associated with polygamy or monoecism to dioecism;perianth: from trimery to dimery or tetramery to decamery or to reduced and monochlamydeous;sepals: from distinct and imbricate to connate or separated;petals: from distinct and imbricate to valvate, or strongly imbricate, or connate; from small and ovate to large and variously shaped, or to small;stamens: from 6 to 3 or to more than 6 (to 950+);filaments: from relatively slender and distinct to broad and thick, and often connate or adnate to the perianth or both;staminodes: from stamenlike with abortive anthers only, to short teeth, or to a cupule at the base of the ovary, or to absent;pollen: from monosulcate to trichotomosulcate to dicolpate to monocolpate, diporate, or triporate;gynoecium: from apocarpous to syncarpous, from thin walls to thick, variously specialized walls;carpels or locules: from 3 to 2-1 or to 4–10;ovules: from moderate to small or to large, from anatropous to hemianatropous to campylotropous to orthotropous;pistillode: from only slightly modified from the gynoecium to vestigial or lacking or rarely to prominent;fruit: from fleshy to dry and fibrous;endocarp: from little differentiated or thin, to thick and hard, and sometimes with a pore or operculum over the embryo;seed: from moderate to small or to very large, from entire to dissected, bilobed, or perforate;endosperm: from homogeneous to invaginated or ruminate;germination: from remotetubular or -ligular to adjacent-ligular;chromosome complement: fromn = 18 ton = 17, 16, 15, 14, 13.     

Quantifying Predation Risk for Refuging Animals: A Case Study with Golden Marmots

Although a variety of behaviors expose animals to some risk of predation, there is no accepted way to compare their relative risk. For animals that retreat to refugia when alarmed by predators, the proportion of time devoted to each out-of-refuge behavior multiplied by the total time required to return to a refuge can be used to compare a behavior's relative predation risk. Total time to return to a refuge is a function of both response time - the time required to respond to an increased risk of predation — and travel time — the time required to flee to a refuge once alarmed. Quantifying these components can illustrate how animals minimize exposure to predators. Golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) were a refuging prey species used to examine the utility of this measure and to understand how marmots minimized their risk of exposure to predation. Golden marmots devoted different amounts of time to looking, foraging, self-grooming, and playing. To estimate the behavior-specific time required to return to refugia, the location of different activities was noted and a behavior-specific travel time was calculated. Alarm calls were played back to marmots engaged in different behaviors to determine, in a standardized manner, if there were behavior-specific response times. Marmots appeared to minimize their predation risk by performing most behaviors close to refugia. Results suggest that foraging was the riskiest behavior, largely because marmots foraged far from refugia and spent about 30% of their time foraging. While sample sizes were small, results also suggested that play, a rare adult behavior, exposed animals to predation because of a relatively long response time.     

Zinc response in pigeon pea as influenced by genotypic variability

Seven improved cultivars of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.) were evaluated at 0 (original Zn deficient soil), 5 and 50 ppm Zn levels under greenhouse conditions. Plants were harvested at 6 weeks after sowing and at maturity. Responses to 5 ppm Zn in shoot at 6 weeks of growth, and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain at maturity ranged from 63 to 387, 37 to 116, 15 to 73,9 to 145 and 51 to 200%, respectively. Application of 50 ppm Zn in most of the cultivars did not markedly affect the yield of different plant parts. Zinc concentration at 0 Zn level in shoot at 6 weeks of growth and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain of different genotypes varied from 9.8 to 14.5, 13.7 to 21.2, 10.8 to 16.7, 4.17 to 5.83 and 9.2 to 16.7 ppm, respectively, and the increase in concentration with 5 ppm applied Zn ranged from 28 to 248, 28 to 89, 27 to 85, 20 to 142, and 105 to 254 per cent, respectively. The concentration further increased with an increase in Zn level to 50 ppm. There was less variation in the yield and tissue Zn concentration of different genotypes after Zn application. Phosphorus concentration at 0 Zn level in shoot at 6 weeks of growth, and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain of different genotypes varied from 0.50 to 0.71, 0.18 to 0.31, 0.11 to 0.24, 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.43 to 0.58% respectively. Zinc decreased P in all plant parts but relative decrease was more in vegetative parts than in grain. The variability in Zn response among pigeon pea genotypes could partly be attributed to the maintenance of proper P/Zn balance in metabolically active plant parts, such as, leaf, and partly to their capacity to exploit soil Zn and to translocate it to the above-ground parts.Contribution from the Department of Soils, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (India).