内源性阿片肽在快速点燃模型的发生和发展过程中的变化

本实验采用快速点燃大鼠模型，分析了在点燃后不同时间内大鼠大脑皮层、海马和小脑内脑啡肽、强啡肽含量的变化规律，以探讨内源性阿片肽在快速点燃的发生和发展过程中的作用。结果：点燃后即刻，大鼠大脑皮层，海马及小脑内脑啡肽含量明显升高，至第７ｄ回到对照水平；点燃后即刻大鼠大脑皮层内强啡肽含量明显升高，２ｄ后回至对照水平，但至点燃后第７ｄ再次升高；与大脑皮层不同，海马及小脑内强啡肽含量在点燃即刻有显著下降，点燃后２ｄ海马内强啡肽含量开始回升，至第７ｄ已明显高于点燃即刻水平，但仍低于对照水平；而小脑内强啡肽含量至点燃后７ｄ回升至即刻水平。上述结果提示：脑内脑啡肽的变化与快速点燃的发生有关，而强啡肽则可能参与了点燃的发生和发展过程，且在不同时间不同脑区强啡肽的作用可能不同     

神经降压素的放射免疫测定

本工作通过戊二醛将神经降压素(NT)连接到甲状腺球蛋白(TG)分子上,免疫家兔,获得了具有较高滴度,良好亲和力和较好特异性的抗神经降压素血清。使用此抗血清建立放射免疫测定,检测大鼠垂体和部分脑区NT免疫活性物质含量,结果与国外文献相近。     

烫伤对大鼠垂体、下丘脑内强啡肽B免疫活性物质含量的影响

阿片肽对心血管活动的调节具有重要的作用,可能是休克发生视制中的一个重要环节。阻止阿片肽的释放或阻断阿片肽的作用,可能是防治休克的有效途径之一。强啡肽B(dy-norphin B)是阿片肽的一种,其生物活性相当于亮氨酸脑啡肽的55倍。据目前所知,脑内许多部位与垂体都存在有强啡肽B,其含量以垂体最高、下丘脑次之。烧伤是否引起脑与垂     

非肽类的内源性吗啡样物质

迄今为止从动物脑内发现的内源性吗啡样物质已达20余种,均为肽类物质,分属于脑啡肽、内啡肽和强啡肽三个系统。曾有报告发现了内源性非肽类的吗啡样物质(如镇痛素),但未经后人证实。1984年7月在英国剑桥举行的国际麻醉性镇痛药研究学会上,美国斯坦福大学药理系教授、成瘾药物研究所所长A.哥德斯坦报告,应用吗啡的抗体作放射免疫测定,从牛脑和垂体中检出了吗啡样活性。他们     

内源性K-阿片肽介导的缺血后处理心肌保护作用

目的：研究内源性K-阿片受体（K-OR）的激动剂强啡肽在触发缺血后处理（postconditioning,Postcon）中的抗凋亡作用及潜在机制。方法：除了假手术组,SD大鼠（每组6只）制作缺血再灌注模型,进行了左冠状动脉前降支闭合30分钟后,再灌注2小时伴有或不伴有缺血后处理。在再灌注前5分钟静脉注射选择性K-受体拮抗剂nor-binaltorphimine（nor-BNI）。氯化三苯四染色测定心肌梗死面积。用分光光度计测定血浆中肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平和心肌细胞凋亡蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）活性。TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡。ELISA法检测血清和心肌中强啡肽含量。结果：缺血／再灌注（I依组）组的梗死面积,caspase-3活性,细胞凋亡指数,CK和LDH活性等明显高于假手术组（P〈0．01）。与I／R组相比,Postcon明显减少梗死面积,caspase-3活性,细胞凋亡指数,CK及LDH活性（P〈0．01）。Postcon可使强啡肽含量显著增加（P〈0．01）。除强啡肽含量外,上述所有的作用均被nor-BNI所阻断。结论：心脏保护和后处理的抗凋亡作用是通过激活K-OR,至少部分通过增加强啡肽的水平来介导的。     

大鼠消化道内的K物质

本工作应用K物质的特异性放射免疫测定和免疫组织化学方法,研究了K物质在大鼠胃肠道内的分布、生化特点和功能。结果表明K物质样免疫活性物质广泛存在于大鼠胃肠道内,空肠含量最高,食道含量最低。K物质主要分布于胃肠道的肌间神经丛神经元内,它可促进大鼠消化道离体平滑肌收缩。外周和中枢注射K物质可抑制大鼠胃酸分泌。     

第四军医大学基础部病理学教研室

目的:研究内源性κ-阿片受体(κ-OR)的激动剂强啡肽在触发缺血后处理(postconditioning,Postcon)中的抗凋亡作用及潜在机制。方法:除了假手术组,SD大鼠(每组6只)制作缺血再灌注模型,进行了左冠状动脉前降支闭合30分钟后,再灌注2小时伴有或不伴有缺血后处理。在再灌注前5分钟静脉注射选择性κ-受体拮抗剂nor-binaltorphimine(nor-BNI)。氯化三苯四染色测定心肌梗死面积。用分光光度计测定血浆中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平和心肌细胞凋亡蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活性。TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡。ELISA法检测血清和心肌中强啡肽含量。结果:缺血/再灌注(I/R组)组的梗死面积,caspase-3活性,细胞凋亡指数,CK和LDH活性等明显高于假手术组(P<0.01)。与I/R组相比,Postcon明显减少梗死面积,caspase-3活性,细胞凋亡指数,CK及LDH活性(P<0.01)。Postcon可使强啡肽含量显著增加(P<0.01)。除强啡肽含量外,上述所有的作用均被nor-BNI所阻断。结论:心脏保护和后处理的抗凋亡作用是通过激活κ-OR,至少部分通过增加强啡肽的水平来介导的。     

P物质放射免疫测定法及在大白鼠动情周期中垂体内P物质含量的变化

本文报道了P物质放射免疫测定方法的建立。用此方法测定了大白鼠脑不同部位(下丘脑、垂体、嗅球和小脑)中P物质的含量,还测定了大白鼠不同情期垂体中P物质含量的变化,观察到间情期垂体P物质的含量最高,动情前期显著降低,动情期仍维持在低水平。因此认为P物质在垂体水平对LH和FSH的分泌有抑制性影响。     

疼痛患者脊髓脑脊液中强啡肽含量的分析

本文观察了疼痛患者脊髓脑脊液中强啡肽含量的变化。共收集３１例急性疼痛患者和１４例慢性疼痛患者的脊髓脑脊液,测定其中的强啡肽含量,与２７例无痛患者的结果进行比较,并结合被测者的性别、年龄、体重、血压、脉搏、体温等一般情况进行分析。结果表明,慢性痛患者脑脊液中强啡肽含量显著升高,而急性痛患者则略有降低。判别分析表明,急性痛患者的强啡肽含量及其他临床资料有明显的特点（判别准确率８２％）;慢性痛患者未见明显特征。作者认为,在更广泛地收集临床资料和检验结果的基础上,进一步研究不同病因的疼痛患者的临床特征,可能有助于对疼痛疾病进行鉴别诊断     

从人的胎盘中纯化并鉴定出多种形式的强啡肽

人的胎盘中含有多种垂体样激素,如绒毛膜促性腺激素、绒毛膜促甲状腺激素和绒毛膜促肾上腺皮质激素。设想这些激素在调节胎儿正常发育和调节胎盘内分泌机能中具有重要作用。最近,加拿大的Lemaire等,用放射免疫法及大鼠脑匀浆中~3H标记的纳洛酮受体替换法证明,人的胎盘中还存在强啡肽(dynorph-in)。用上述方法测定的结果,每1克胎盘中含有57.6pmol的强啡胜和134.4pmol纳洛酮受体当量,这一数值可与脑和垂体中的含量相比拟。将胎盘提取液经葡聚糖G-50层析的结果还表示,其洗脱峰主要有二个,一个与强啡肽洗脱部位一致;另一个与合成的β-内啡肽一致,表明人胎盘中内源性阿片样物质的主要存在形式为强啡肽和β-内啡肽。但作者指出,这并不排除在特殊生理条件下或某些胎盘细胞,可产生脑啡肽或     

A general procedure for analysis of proenkephalin B derived opioid peptides

Tryptic digestion followed by radioimmunoassay for (Leu)enkephalin-Arg6 has been used in this study as a general method to detect the presence of all possible products containing the enkephalin sequence from the opioid peptide prohormone, proenkephalin B. Tissue extracts of human hypothalamus and pituitary were examined. Gel filtration was used to separate the different precursor products according to molecular weight. The elution profile was also monitored with highly sensitive radioimmunoassays for dynorphin A and dynorphin B, respectively. Immunoreactive dynorphin A appeared in three peaks with the approximate molecular weight of 1000, 2000 and 5000. Immunoreactive dynorphin B partly occurred in other peaks, 1500, 5000 and 10 000 dalton. Profiles obtained by measuring immunoreactive (Leu)enkephalin-Arg6 in all fractions from gel filtration after trypsin digestion showed a more complex pattern compared to the profiles of immunoreactive dynorphin A and dynorphin B. The major peaks coincided with dynorphin A and dynorphin B but high levels of immunoreactive (Leu)enkephalin-Arg6 were also generated from higher molecular weight regions (MW greater than 5000).     

Big dynorphin as a putative endogenous ligand for the kappa-opioid receptor

The diversity of peptide ligands for a particular receptor may provide a greater dynamic range of functional responses, while maintaining selectivity in receptor activation. Dynorphin A (Dyn A), and dynorphin B (Dyn B) are endogenous opioid peptides that activate the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR). Here, we characterized interactions of big dynorphin (Big Dyn), a 32-amino acid prodynorphin-derived peptide consisting of Dyn A and Dyn B, with human KOR, mu- (hMOR) and delta- (hDOR) opioid receptors and opioid receptor-like receptor 1 (hORL1) expressed in cells transfected with respective cDNA. Big Dyn and Dyn A demonstrated roughly similar affinity for binding to hKOR that was higher than that of Dyn B. Dyn A was more selective for hKOR over hMOR, hDOR and hORL1 than Big Dyn, while Dyn B demonstrated low selectivity. In contrast, Big Dyn activated G proteins through KOR with much greater potency, efficacy and selectivity than other dynorphins. There was no correlation between the rank order of the potency for the KOR-mediated activation of G proteins and the binding affinity of dynorphins for KOR. The rank of the selectivity for the activation of G proteins through hKOR and of the binding to this receptor also differed. Immunoreactive Big Dyn was detected using the combination of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and HPLC in the human nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the ratio of Big Dyn and Dyn B being approximately 1:3. The presence in the brain implies that Big Dyn, along with other dynorphins, is processed from prodynorphin and secreted from neurons. Collectively, the high potency and efficacy and the relative abundance suggest that Big Dyn may play a role in the KOR-mediated activation of G proteins.     

Studies of Specificity and Inhibition of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynorphin Converting Enzyme

Abstract

Dynorphin-converting activity was recently discovered in human cerebrospinal fluid.¹ This enzyme (hCSF-DCE) cleaves dynorphin A, dynorphin B and alpha-neoendorphin to release Leu-enkephalin-Arg⁶. To characterize the enzyme further we used several protease inhibitors, including N-peptidyl-O-acyl hydroxylamines which are known to act as potent irreversible inhibitors of serine and cysteine proteinases.^2-4

No irreversible inactivation occurred but strong, reversible effects on the dynorphin-converting activity by some of the inhibitors tested could be observed. Although, hCSF-DCE binds its substrates (dynorphin A and B) in the μM-mM concentration range, it exhibits high specificity in recognizing and cleaving the linkage between the two basic amino acids in the substrate sequence.     

强啡肽A对烫伤大鼠免疫功能的影响

大鼠烫伤后24h血浆强啡肽A(Dyn A)的含量开始降低,120h仍未恢复到对照水平。烫伤后免疫功能也有明显的变化,表现为淋巴细胞转化功能降低,白细胞介素1,2(IL-1,IL-2)生成量减少。其变化过程与血浆Dyn A的变化基本一致。离体条件下,Dyn A与烫伤大鼠的脾淋巴细胞共同培养,可增强淋巴细胞转化及IL-2的生成。静脉注射Dyn A后,烫伤大鼠的淋巴细胞转化功能、IL-1和IL-2的生成都有不同程度的增加。本实验提示,血浆Dyn A水平的降低可能是烫伤大鼠免疫功能低下的原因之一。     

Presence of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in rat pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Using a highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for dynorphin(1-13), dynorphin-like immunoreactivity (dynorphin-LI) was detected in rat pituitary and hypothalamus. Gel chromatographic studies on Sephadex G-50 revealed three components of dynorphin-LI with molecular weights of approximately 7500-9500 (big dynorphin), 3500-5500 (intermediate dynorphin) and 1600-1900 (small dynorphin), the latter of which eluted at the same position as authentic dynorphin contamination in porcine ACTH extracts (Sigma). Dynorphin-LI in rat anterior pituitary existed mainly as big dynorphin, whereas dynorphin-LI in rat intermediate-posterior pituitary and hypothalamus eluted mainly at the position of authentic small dynorphin.     

Immunoreactive peptides related to dynorphin B (=rimorphin) in the rat brain

We have developed a radioimmunoassay for synthetic dynorphin B, a novel opioid tridecapeptide, which shares a common precursor molecule with dynorphin_1–17 (=dynorphin A) and the neo-endorphins. The levels of immunoreactivity towards this peptide in rat brain and pituitary show a pattern quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those found for dynorphin A and -neo-endorphin in earlier studies. The antiserum used was highly specific with only dynorphin-32 and dynorphin B-29, both of which contain the dynorphin B sequence, showing substantial cross-reactivity. Gel filtration of whole rat brain extracts in combination with HPLC analysis provide strong evidence for the existence of these latter two peptides in rat brain.     

A Direct Chemical Interaction between Dynorphin and Excitatory Amino Acids

The endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin A elicits non-opioid receptor-mediated neurotoxic effects. These effects are blocked by pretreatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Herein, the mechanism for the non-opioid effects of dynorphin and related peptides was studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass-spectrometry. We observed that both glutamate or aspartate bind non-covalently to dynorphin A and dynorphin 2-17. However, when dynorphin A or dynorphin 2-17 were added to an equimolar mixture of Glutamate and Aspartate, they both complexed preferentially with glutamate. These data may explain the non-opioid physiological effects of dynorphin A and related peptides and indicate that the direct chemical interaction between neurotransmitters should be monitored when studying interactions between different neurochemical systems.     

Increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in spinal cord after traumatic injury

Opiate antagonists, at high doses, have been shown to improve physiological variables and outcome after experimental spinal injury. Dynorphin appears to be unique amongst opioids in producing hindlimb paralysis after intrathecal injection. Taken together, these findings suggest a possible pathophysiological role for endogenous opioids, particularly dynorphin, in spinal injury. In the present studies we examined the relationship between changes in dynorphin immunoreactivity (Dyn-ir) in rat spinal cord after traumatic injury and the subsequent motor dysfunction. Trauma was associated with significantly increased Dyn-ir at the injury site, but not distant from the lesion. Dyn-ir was found elevated as early as 2 h and as late as 2 weeks after trauma, and was significantly correlated with the degree of injury. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that dynorphin systems may be involved in the secondary injury that follows spinal trauma.     

Evidence for a Selective Processing of Proenkephalin B into Different Opioid Peptide Forms in Particular Regions of Rat Brain and Pituitary

The distribution of five major products of proenkephalin B [dynorphin1-17, dynorphin B, dynorphin1-8, alpha-neo-endorphin and beta-neo-endorphin] was studied in regions of rat brain and pituitary. The distribution pattern of immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin B (= rimorphin) was found to be similar to that of ir-dynorphin1-17, with the highest concentrations being present in the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. HPLC and gel filtration showed the tridecapeptide dynorphin B to be the predominant immunoreactive species recognized by dynorphin B antibodies in all brain areas and in the posterior pituitary. In addition, two putative common precursor forms of dynorphin B and dynorphin1-17 with apparent molecular weights of 3,200 and 6,000 were detected in brain and the posterior pituitary. The 3,200 dalton species coeluted with dynorphin1-32 on HPLC. In contrast with all other tissues, anterior pituitary ir-dynorphin B and ir-dynorphin1-17 consisted exclusively of the 6,000 dalton species. Concentrations of dynorphin1-8 were several times higher than those of dynorphin1-17 in striatum, thalamus, and midbrain while posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, pons/medulla, and cortex contained roughly equal concentrations of these two opioid peptides. No dynorphin1-8 was detected in the anterior pituitary. Concentrations of beta-neo-endorphin were similar to those of alpha-neo-endorphin in the posterior pituitary. In contrast, in all brain tissues alpha-neo-endorphin was found to be the predominant peptide, with tissue levels in striatum and thalamus almost 20 times higher than those of beta-neo-endorphin. These findings indicate that differential proteolytic processing of proenkephalin B occurs within different regions of brain and pituitary. Moreover, evidence is provided that, in addition to the paired basic amino acids -Lys-Arg- as the "typical" cleavage site for peptide hormone precursors, other cleavage signals also seem to exist for the processing of proenkephalin B.     

Membrane leakage induced by dynorphins

Dynorphins, endogeneous opioid peptides, function as ligands to the opioid kappa receptors and induce non-opioid excitotoxic effects. Here we show that big dynorphin and dynorphin A, but not dynorphin B, cause leakage effects in large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs). The effects parallel the previously studied potency of dynorphins to translocate through biological membranes. Calcein leakage caused by dynorphin A from LUVs with varying POPG/POPC molar ratios was promoted by higher phospholipid headgroup charges, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are important for the effects. A possibility that dynorphins generate non-opioid excitatory effects by inducing perturbations in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is discussed.