洞庭湖不同生态类型区黑线姬鼠消化道重量和长度的季节变化

对洞庭湖3种不同生态类型区(农区、林区、农林交错区)不同季节黑线姬鼠消化道各器官长度、鲜重和干重的测量表明,在3种生态类型区中,黑线姬鼠消化道各器官鲜重和干重季节变化显著。农区和林区消化道各器官的鲜重和干重在春季和冬季显著重于夏季和秋季,农林交错区消化道各器官鲜重和干重在春季显著重于夏季和秋季,这可能与春季和冬季黑线姬鼠能量需求增加、食物缺乏和食物质量下降有关。在同一季节,3种生态类型区之间消化道各器官长度、鲜重和干重均无显著性差异。这与3种生态类型区间黑线姬鼠食物变化较小有关。关于消化道各器官长度变化方面,除了农区的大肠长度有显著季节性差异外,其它指标均无显著季节性差异。以上结果表明黑线姬鼠消化道各器官在外界环境因素的影响下能产生不同的反应,消化道形态的变化是黑线姬鼠面临外界胁迫因子时的一种消化对策。     

7种荒漠啮齿动物食物组成与消化道长度的比较

对荒漠地带几种啮齿动物在自然环境中夏季主要食物组成以及消化道长度的适应性变化进行了比较。三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Allactage sibirica)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)和红耳鼠兔(Ochotona erythrotis)胃内的主要食物成分为当年生植物嫩茎、叶和部分灌木韧皮部分，灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius)及黑线仓鼠(C．barabensis)食物组成中种子、花和浆果以及昆虫出现较高的频率，小家鼠(Mus musculus)的食物构成以种子类为主，与食物组成相适应，总消化道和各器官长度存在明显的种间差异，而且各器官间盲肠和大肠长度的种间差异明显大于小肠的种间差异，胃和盲肠及其内容物的重量也存在显著的种间差异，但小肠和大肠及其内容物重量的种间差异则不显著。其结果验证了下述假设：栖息于同一生境的植食性小哺乳类具有不同食物资源利用模式，而同域共存物种消化道形态结构的差异是对食物资源利用种间权衡的功能反应[动物学报49(2)：171—178，2003]。     

黑线仓鼠的食物与食量

作者从1983年至1989年,在河北省三个不同的气候区,对农田中的黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus,bara-bensis)的食物与食量进行了调查。结果表明,黑线仓鼠主要取食农作物种子。同时取食草籽和根、茎、叶、花、果实及动物性食物。不同地区、不同作物地、不同季节和年度、不同性别鼠的食物差异显著。食物差异与鼠的种群繁值及数量动态有关。月夹捕率与颊囊中食物的总检出率和种子检出率正相关非常显著。直线回归方程式分别为y=38.388+2.866x n=60 r=0.343>r_(0.01)=0.325和y=29.734+2.669x r=0.394>r_(0.01360)=0.325。黑线仓鼠对食物的选择,主要受到食物质量的影响,同时也受到食物频度、作物的物候变化、动物的群落结构、种群密度、种内与种间竞争等多种因素的综合影响。在不同的时间和栖息地影响它食物选择的主要因素不同。日食量4-5g。     

神农架地区4种啮齿类食性及脏器形态差异比较

生活在同一地域的物种,会因强烈的资源竞争而产生生态位重叠与分离,从而实现相互共存。以神农架地区啮齿动物为研究对象,比较分析不同啮齿类食性、脏器重量及消化道形态差异,探索其共存机制及其生理生态学上的适应策略。食性上,安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni)、社鼠(N.confucianus)、高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)、中华姬鼠(A.draco)均为杂食者,但各自喜食偏好不同,安氏白腹鼠的食物组成以植物枝叶和种子为主,社鼠、高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠的食物组成均以种子和动物性食物为主。与各自生态习性及其食性相适应,不同啮齿动物的脏器重量及消化道形态发生相应的变化。脏器重量上,不同啮齿动物心鲜重、肺鲜重、脾鲜重和干重无显著差异,其它指标差异显著。安氏白腹鼠的心干重、肺干重、肝鲜重和干重、肾鲜重和干重显著大于社鼠、高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠。消化道形态上,不同啮齿动物盲肠长、净鲜重和干重无显著差异,其它指标差异显著。其中,胃含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重,盲肠含内容物鲜重,大肠长、含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重均以安氏白腹鼠具较大值,但各自变化趋势不同;小肠长、含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重则以社鼠具较大值。且同属姬鼠属的高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠脏器重量及消化道形态各指标间均无显著差异。由于小泡巨鼠和猪尾鼠数量较少,未进行统计分析。以上结果显示:食物资源利用上的分化有利于安氏白腹鼠与其近缘物种社鼠及其他鼠类的同域共存,且为适应不同的食物资源利用模式,其脏器及消化道形态也发生了适应性的变化;同域分布的近缘物种高山姬鼠、中华姬鼠则有可能采取其它策略而非食物资源分化模式实现共存。     

蜂桶寨自然保护区中华姬鼠和社鼠食性的季节变化及与肠道长度的关系

为揭示啮齿动物食性及其对消化道肠道长度的影响,我们于2008 年在四川省宝兴县蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区内以中华姬鼠和社鼠为对象展开了研究。结果发现社鼠和中华姬鼠均以摄食种子为主,食谱中各食物成分在性别之间无显著差异,但季节变化明显。在各食物成分中,摄入种子百分比与中华姬鼠及社鼠小肠长之间呈显著正相关,而昆虫成分则相反。分析认为,中华姬鼠和社鼠取食食物成分的季节变化,可能与不同季节中食物资源可获得性的不同有关,消化道长度的变化可能体现了对季节性食物资源和能量需求的适应.     

鲁西、南平原农作区小型兽类群落组成及季节变化

作者于１９９２年３月至１９９３年３月在鲁西和鲁南平原农作区对小型兽类群落进行了调查,其群落组成以啮齿动物为主,可划为６类群落：河滩高他的黑线仓鼠群落,河滩高地人房附近的黑线仓鼠＋小家鼠群落,缓平坡地的黑线仓鼠＋黑线姬鼠群落,浅平洼地的黑线姬鼠＋黑线仓鼠＋大仓鼠群落,洼地农作区的黑线仓鼠＋黑线姬鼠＋大仓鼠群落和洼地蔬菜种植区的黑线姬鼠＋黑线仓鼠群落。群落的季节变化明显,１１月至次年２月以黑线仓鼠为优势种,其它月份则黑线姬鼠或大仓鼠较多;人房附近农作区小家鼠也有季节性迁移现象。     

洞庭湖区黑线姬鼠食性调查

于2009年4月至2011年6月,在洞庭湖区湖滩、滨湖农田、防洪堤坝3种生境中捕捉黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)223只,观察胃内容物,分析了洞庭湖区黑线姬鼠的食性。结果表明:洞庭湖区3种生境中黑线姬鼠的食物组成都以植物种子为主,总计达(66.55±2.37)%,其次为植物茎、叶,其比例为(19.01±2.13)%,植物根所占比例为(8.27±1.05)%,动物性食物为(6.05±0.97)%。但黑线姬鼠的食物组成会随着不同生境、季节而有一定的变化。种子资源相对较少的季节和生境,相应的黑线姬鼠的食物组成中的种子所占比例就会较低。同一生境中,幼年鼠和亚成年鼠的食物组成与成年鼠、老年鼠区别较大,孕期雌鼠与同季节、同生境的非孕期雌鼠相比也有较大差异。说明尽管黑线姬鼠以取食植物种子为主,但其食性会随着生境可获得资源的不同而有所调整。     

安徽淮北农区三种鼠的种群数量动态与年龄结构的关系

本文对安徽省淮北农业区的黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠的种群数量及与年龄组成变化的关系进行探讨。结果表明,其各鼠的年龄组成在每年的不同时段内的变化有一定的规律:各鼠主要繁殖群体的年龄组也是有区别的,如黑线姬鼠和黑线仓鼠主要是成年Ⅱ组,大仓鼠主要是成年Ⅰ组。如果种群中幼年组+亚成年组+成年Ⅰ组的比例高时,则当年数量就可能较高,如果种群中成年Ⅱ组和老年组的比例较高时,当年数量则低。     

温度对黑线仓鼠能量代谢及开场行为的影响

形态、生理及行为的季节性变化是动物生存和繁殖的适应性策略。温度可能是影响啮齿动物季节性繁殖和种群波动的重要气候因子。为了验证环境温度能诱导鼠类体重、能量代谢及行为产生适应性变化的假设,并探究其中的相互关系和意义,通过不同温度处理模拟四季温度,以野生雄性黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)为研究对象,检测其体重、日食量、静止代谢率(RMR)及开场行为的变化。结果显示:随着处理温度的下降,黑线仓鼠的体重、日食量及静止代谢率均出现显著性或极显著性地增加趋势(P0.05或P0.01);以体重为协变量的协方差分析表明,日食量和静止代谢率的增加不完全是由体重增加而造成的;高温处理降低了黑线仓鼠的爬行格数(P0.01),低温处理降低了黑线仓鼠的爬行格数和后肢站立次数(P0.01或P0.05),并产生明显的颤抖现象。以上研究结果支持环境温度能诱导鼠类体重、能量代谢及行为产生适应性变化的假设。低温同时增加黑线仓鼠能量的摄入水平和维持基本生长的能量支出水平,同时降低动物在陌生环境中的自发活动与探索行为。高温则降低黑线仓鼠能量的摄入和支出水平,同时减少自发活动与探索行为。体重、能量代谢和行为学特征的变化有利于仓鼠度过寒冷的冬季和干热的夏季,同时也与仓鼠的季节性繁殖现象相一致,因此这些特征可能是黑线仓鼠对其寒冷的冬季及干热的夏季生存环境的适应。     

山东部分地区小兽类寄生恙螨的群落结构

用鼠笼捕捉活鼠,收集体外恙螨,分类计数,定量分析小兽类体外寄生恙螨的群落结构。探讨山东小兽类体外寄生恙螨群落结构及其与疾病的关系。结果表明,当地5种小兽类体外共有6种寄生恙螨。黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠体外寄生螨种较丰富,各有5种寄生螨。小盾纤恙螨宿主范围广,在4种小兽的体外均有发现。大仓鼠体外太平洋无前恙螨的带螨率和带螨指数最高(72．73％、52．00),临淮岗纤恙螨、泰山纤恙螨、须纤恙螨普遍寄生于黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠体外。黑线姬鼠与大仓鼠寄生螨群落多样性指数相对较高。黑线姬鼠寄生螨群落与大仓鼠的相似系数最大(39．2)。黑线姬鼠体外恙螨群落结构随季节变化而发生变化,恙螨群落的丰富度和多样性指数以冬季(12～2月)最低,春、秋季较高。     

西藏高原鳅、细尾高原鳅和异尾高原鳅消化道结构的比较

运用解剖学、组织学方法比较研究西藏高原鳅(Triplophysa tibetana)、细尾高原鳅(Triplophysa stenura)和异尾高原鳅(Triplophysastewarti) 3种高原鳅的消化道结构。结果表明: (1)3种高原鳅的消化道均由口咽腔、食道、胃、肠组成。胃“U”型, 无幽门盲囊, 肠道短, 可分为前、中、后三个部分。异尾高原鳅胃长与消化道长比值最大, 比肠长最短, 为0.51±0.07, 与西藏高原鳅比肠长0.64±0.08和细尾高原鳅比肠长0.70±0.06, 差异显著。(2)异尾高原鳅胃黏膜层相对高度大于西藏高原鳅和细尾高原鳅, 肌肉层相对厚度也比其他2种鱼厚。前肠黏膜层为异尾高原鳅相对高度最大, 肌肉层为西藏高原鳅相对最厚。中肠与后肠黏膜层相对厚度由大到小为异尾高原鳅>细尾高原鳅>西藏高原鳅。综上所述, 3种高原鳅的消化道结构均符合肉食性鱼类特征, 推测异尾高原鳅的结构特征适于消化更多的动物性饵料。     

Syringeal anatomy and allometry in murres (Alcidae: Uria)

Species and sexual differences in vocalizations and the vocal tract are widespread. We studied the vocal tract of Common (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed (U. lomvia) Murres. We predicted anatomical or allometric differences in adults between species and sexes due to vocal differences related to social behavior (Common Murres nest at higher densities; males are the more aggressive sex, etc.). The vocal tract was anatomically simple and similar between species and sexes. The trachea was mainly cartilage, but the posteriormost 4–6 tracheal rings were calcified and fused as the tympanum, as part of the syrinx. The syrinx included the (unfused) first bronchial semirings, which were enlarged and calcified beneath the insertion of M. tracheolateralis. Weak bilateral asymmetry (right side larger) occurred in widths of M. tracheolateralis and M. sternotrachealis. The trachea was ∼10% longer in Common Murres; the tympanum and M. sternotrachealis width were relatively larger in Thick-billed Murres. Vocal-tract morphology and size did not differ between the sexes in either species. In allometric analyses on adults, isometry characterized (1) tympanum size in relation to head + bill length, and to humerus length (respectively), in Thick-billed Murres, and (2) M. sternotrachealis width in relation to tarsometatarsal length in both species. Comparative field studies on species and sexes are needed to clarify the functional significance of our findings in relation to vocalization.     

中甸灯台报春与鹅黄灯台报春的系统演化

中甸灯台报春和鹅黄灯台报春在形态上较为相似,通常被认为是亲缘关系较近的物种。该研究选取核基因ITS序列和叶绿体trn L-F为分子标记,利用贝叶斯的方法构建系统树,在用两种分子标记构建的系统树中,两种报春均以0.81的支持率聚成一个分支,明确了两种报春的姐妹种关系。首先,通过选取两个物种的五个形态学性状,进行主成分分析,聚类结果中两种报春各自的个体分别聚在两块区域,表明两种报春的形态学性状产生了明显的分化,且中甸灯台报春的花部各性状值明显大于鹅黄灯台报春,表明花部综合征和繁育系统间的相关联系。然后,通过用8对SSR分子标记对两种报春进行STRUCTURE聚类分析,结果检测K的最适值为2,此时中甸灯台报春和鹅黄灯台报春的个体各自以不同颜色聚成界限清晰的两块区域,揭示了两种报春在分子水平上也产生了显著而稳定的分化,通过Ima2软件,依据叶绿体联合序列,计算了两种报春的分化时间大约是在更新世,推测这两个姐妹种的物种分化受更新世气候动荡和一些地质历史事件的影响。最后,运用maxent软件分析两个物种的生态位差异,结果表明最干季节降水量、年均降水量和季节性降水量对中甸灯台报春的分布有重要影响,最冷季节平均温度、最干月降水量、年均降水量和季节性降水量对鹅黄灯台报春的分布有重要影响,两个物种间的生态位产生了分化。由此推测,这种生态位的差异是物种分化的结果,同时也是物种间系统演化的重要驱动力。     

External Morphology and Muscle Arrangement of Brachionus urceolaris, Floscularia ringens, Hexarthra mira and Notommata glyphura (Rotifera, Monogononta)

We studied four monogonont rotifers (Brachionus urceolaris, Floscularia ringens, Hexarthra mira, Notommata glyphura) using two different techniques of microscopy: (1) the presence of filamentous actin was examined using phalloidin-fluorescent labelled specimens and a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM); (2) external morphology was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). B. urceolaris, F. ringens, and N. glyphura showed similar patterns of muscle distribution: a set of longitudinal muscles acting as head and foot retractors, and a set of circular muscles. However, the size and distribution of circular muscles differed among these species. H. mira differed from the other species in that it lacked circular muscles but possessed strong muscles that extended into each arm. The study showed that using both CLSM and SEM provides better resolution of the anatomy and external morphology of rotifers than using one of these techniques alone. This can facilitate better understanding of the complicated anatomy of these animals.     

中国柳属2新记录种

该文报道了中国柳属的2个新记录种——椭圆叶柳(Salix staintoniana A.K.Skvortsov)和锡金垫柳(S.pseudocalyculata Kimura)。提供了这2个新记录种的特征图片,补充描述了椭圆叶柳的雌株形态特征,并对新记录种和其近缘种的形态特征进行了比较。     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

The oral apparatus of tadpoles of Rana dalmatina, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, and Bufo viridis (Anura)

The morphology and development of the larval oral apparatus of Rana dalmatina, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, and Bufo viridis are described and compared using scanning electron microscopy. The species show different arrangements of the mouthparts. The small oral apparatus of R. dalmatina larvae has three labial tooth rows on the upper labium, while there are four tooth rows on the lower labium with a medial gap in row proximal to the mouth. The margins of the oral apparatus are defined by papillae that encircle the lower labium. B. variegata tadpoles have two upper labial tooth rows and three lower labial tooth rows that are uninterrupted, unlike the ones of R. dalmatina. The mouth is encircled by papillae that are larger than those of R. dalmatina. The oral discs of tadpoles of both B. bufo and B. viridis are similar. They are defined by two upper labial tooth rows (the second of which is interrupted by a medial gap) and by three lower tooth rows that differ in lengths in the two Bufo species. Both species develop papillae on the mouth angles and in two rows on the upper labium. Some morphological differences among the oral discs of R. dalmatina, B. variegata, B. bufo, and B. viridis tadpoles can be attributed to phylogenetic differences, but most can be related to their varying feeding habits and/or to their dietary specializations.     

不同施肥方法对马来沉香和土沉香苗期根系生长的影响

以珍贵树种马来沉香、土沉香1年生播种苗木为材料进行试验,研究指数施肥、平均施肥对2种沉香苗期根系生长动态及对N的响应特征。结果表明,经氮素处理的马来沉香、土沉香的根系生物量、根系长度、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根体积等指标均显著高于对照处理(P<0.05)。经指数施肥处理的苗木根系生长及各形态指标均高于平均施肥处理。同一时期在相同施肥处理方式下,马来沉香苗根系生长及根系形态指标值均高于土沉香。洛伦兹模型对不同施肥方法处理下马来沉香、土沉香苗木生长指标与根系生物量进行拟合,具有较高的R²(0.95-0.99)和较低的RSMD(0.538-2.352);抛物面模型对不同施肥方法处理下马来沉香、土沉香苗木生长指标与比根长进行拟合,具有较高的R²(0.92-0.99)和较低的RSMD(3.218-6.692)。     

Revision of some Thecaphora species (Ustilaginomycotina) on Caryophyllaceae

Specimens of Thecaphora saponariae s. lat. from several caryophyllacean host plants belonging to the genera Cerastium, Dianthus, Petrorhagia, Saponaria, Silene, and Stellaria were studied by means of both LM, SEM, and molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. The data show that T. saponariae s. lat. is not uniform but represents several taxa. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, correlated with morphology of the sori, spore balls, and spores, permitted the recognition of five species. Two new species, Thecaphora italica and T. cerastii are described, and two new combinations, T. alsinearum and T. melandrii are proposed. The anamorph of Thecaphora saponariae is reported for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Sorosporium silenes-inflatae. Evolutionary aspects are discussed.     

混合营养型马勒姆杯棕鞭藻的重描述及其系统发育分析

马勒姆杯棕鞭藻(Poterioochromonas malhamensis)是典型的混合营养型单细胞鞭毛藻,因个体微小且形态多变,该鞭毛藻的正确鉴定十分困难,且至今针对该物种一直没有详细全面的形态描述。从小球藻的大规模培养中分离出一株捕食性鞭毛藻P. malhamensis CMBB008,利用荧光染色、扫描和透射电镜等方法,对其形态学特征进行了详尽的描述,并获取该物种的SSU rDNA和rbc L基因序列用于探讨该物种的系统发育地位。文章在前人形态描述的基础上,详细记录了囊壳和叶绿体的形态:囊壳柄长18.3—47.5μm,杯体宽8.5—11.3μm,深6.3—10.7μm;叶绿体1—2个,为中间桥接的二裂片状。文章还结合光镜和电镜观察首次报道了该物种的硅质胞囊,发现其具有独特的三层领状结构和顶端孔塞结构,并揭示了其主要细胞器的超微结构及重要代谢产物,如油滴和金藻昆布多糖液泡等。通过不同种株间的比较研究发现,作为Poterioochromonas属重要形态特征的囊壳和叶绿体,由于形态变异性高,不适合用于P. malhamensis的鉴定,而胞囊形态很可能作为Poterioochromo...