盘基网柄菌细胞分化和凋亡中酸性磷酸酶的定位

利用电镜酶细胞化学方法,观察盘基网柄菌细胞分化和凋亡过程中酸性磷酸酶的变化。在细胞丘阶段,酶反应颗粒出现在线粒体内自噬空泡内,随着内自噬空泡的逐渐增大,线粒体内的酶反应颗粒逐渐增多,线粒体内嵴结构不断破坏,直至遍布整个空泡化的线粒体内;当细胞发育至前孢子细胞时,由于嵴结构被完全破坏,酶反应颗粒主要集中在前孢子细胞空泡的单层膜上,空泡化的线粒体内酶反应颗粒逐渐消失。在凋亡的柄细胞中,自噬泡内酶反应强烈,凋亡中期的前柄细胞的细胞核中出现酶反应颗粒,均匀分布在细胞核中,直至细胞核与自噬泡融合。在孢子细胞外被与质膜间也观察到非溶酶体酸性磷酸酶。所得结果证实:线粒体内自噬小泡具有消化功能;自噬泡内酶活性与细胞器消亡有关;细胞核中的酸性磷酸酶可能作为一种非溶酶体酸性磷酸酶参与细胞核中核蛋白的脱磷酸化过程,与发育相关基因表达有关     

魏氏拟尾柱虫休眠包囊细胞器的电镜酶细胞化学研究

为研究纤毛虫在休眠状态下细胞生命活动的特征及细胞器的功能,应用电镜酶细胞化学方法显示,魏氏拟尾柱虫（Ｐａｒａｕｒｏｓｔｙｌａ ｗｅｉｓｓｅｉ）休眠包囊中,在自噬泡位置,酸性磷酸酶反应颗粒形成多种形态的泡状体,ＡＴＰ酶反应颗粒聚集形成泡状体或球状体,在分散分嘏的线粒体中于内膜位置形成少数琥珀酸脱氢酶反应颗粒。由所得结果推测,纤毛虫休眠包囊中的自噬泡消化现象是细胞在特殊生理条件下的重要生命活动,是休眠     

盘基网柄菌细胞分化和凋亡的形态特征

本文用透射电镜和DAPI荧光染色法研究了盘基网柄菌(Dictyosteliumdiscoideum)细胞分化和柄细胞的凋亡特征,结果显示:细胞丘中绝大部分细胞的线粒体内出现一小空泡,随着发育进程,空泡逐渐增大,线粒体的嵴随之变少,直至线粒体完全空泡化,最后形成单层膜的空泡。据此我们推测前孢子细胞特有的空泡来源于线粒体,并且这种细胞器水平上的内自噬现象与前孢子细胞分化密切相关。在前柄细胞分化阶段,前柄细胞中出现数个自噬泡,最初吞噬的线粒体嵴结构完整;随着前柄细胞进一步分化,部分线粒体内出现类似于前孢子细胞中的内自噬现象,并且自噬泡只吞噬这种线粒体。在凋亡后期,细胞核内核仁消失,染色体固缩形成高电子密度斑块,自噬泡采用与细胞核膜融合的方式来完成核的清除,最后柄细胞完全空泡化且包被一层纤维素壁。作者认为前柄细胞凋亡过程实质上是一种分化过程,所以有其鲜明特点:细胞出现自噬泡,标志着凋亡开始,用自噬而不是凋亡小体来清除胞内各种细胞器,直到分化最后阶段才清除细胞核和形成纤维素壁。这些特点不仅是前柄细胞凋亡的形态学指标,也和细胞发育和分化相关。     

日本鬼鲉背鳍棘毒腺中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型毒腺细胞关系的探讨

日本鬼背鳍棘毒腺中有两种类型毒腺细胞———Ⅰ型细胞和Ⅱ型细胞。两种细胞结构明显不同。本文用形态学方法探讨Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型细胞的关系。结果表明 :毒腺组织中Ⅰ型细胞光镜下有的胞质内可见浅染点样结构 ,并且在不同的细胞内其浅染点状结构的多少有差异 ;电镜下Ⅰ型细胞膜结构差异较大 ,有的Ⅰ型细胞的脂质双层膜性结构清楚 ;有的细胞膜外侧可见膜包小泡 ;有的细胞内侧面也见小泡形成、融合 ,使脂质双层膜间隙变宽 ,其内可见膜包样物质 ,其电子密度中等或较高 ,结构类似于Ⅱ型细胞的囊泡样物质。不同的Ⅱ型细胞其胞质内颗粒大小及电子密度不一 ,囊泡状物多少也不一。含较小而密集颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞胞膜的脂质双层膜的外侧面较规则 ,与Ⅰ型细胞相似 ;脂质双层膜的内侧面出现许多扩张的大囊泡 ,其内含物电子密度高或中等 ,与胞质内含的颗粒状物质相同 ;位于扩张的囊泡与胞膜之间的胞质结构有的与I型细胞的胞质内的某些结构相似。含大而稀疏颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞其颗粒数量少、电子密度差异大 ,并且囊泡样物质增多。推测Ⅱ型细胞可能由Ⅰ型细胞转化而来     

日本鬼()背鳍棘毒腺中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型毒腺细胞关系的探讨

日本鬼()背鳍棘毒腺中有两种类型毒腺细胞--Ⅰ型细胞和Ⅱ型细胞.两种细胞结构明显不同.本文用形态学方法探讨Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型细胞的关系.结果表明:毒腺组织中Ⅰ型细胞光镜下有的胞质内可见浅染点样结构,并且在不同的细胞内其浅染点状结构的多少有差异;电镜下Ⅰ型细胞膜结构差异较大,有的Ⅰ型细胞的脂质双层膜性结构清楚;有的细胞膜外侧可见膜包小泡;有的细胞内侧面也见小泡形成、融合,使脂质双层膜间隙变宽,其内可见膜包样物质,其电子密度中等或较高,结构类似于Ⅱ型细胞的囊泡样物质.不同的Ⅱ型细胞其胞质内颗粒大小及电子密度不一,囊泡状物多少也不一.含较小而密集颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞胞膜的脂质双层膜的外侧面较规则,与Ⅰ型细胞相似;脂质双层膜的内侧面出现许多扩张的大囊泡,其内含物电子密度高或中等,与胞质内含的颗粒状物质相同;位于扩张的囊泡与胞膜之间的胞质结构有的与I型细胞的胞质内的某些结构相似.含大而稀疏颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞其颗粒数量少、电子密度差异大,并且囊泡样物质增多.推测Ⅱ型细胞可能由Ⅰ型细胞转化而来.     

运用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术研究大草履虫口胞器与消化胞器

本文利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术(Laserscanningconfocalmicroscopy,LSCM)对大草履虫(Parameciumcaudatum)口胞器及消化胞器进行了再观察,通过连续断层扫描和三维重建技术,清晰地显示出草履虫口胞器中前庭、口腔、内口膜、四分膜、背咽膜、腹咽膜等结构,它们的位置和形态与前人的工作结果基本一致,并给出口胞器结构的三维立体构象。观察了虫体内的食物泡及其形成过程。看到胞咽在摄食并形成食物泡时其直径变大的现象,表明Allen(1974)有关消化后期食物泡产生的微小泡回到胞咽处与胞咽膜融合的时间应该是在胞咽直径扩大时,此时微小泡参与到胞咽膜上,进而再参与到新食物泡膜的形成过程中,由此完成膜的循环再利用。在样品制备中采用KMnO4替代了免疫荧光技术中传统的固定剂,固定效果很好,清楚地显示了胞咽膜、纤毛以及食物泡膜的结构     

纤毛虫念珠异列虫射出胞器的超微结构观察

应用扫描电镜术和透射电镜术显示,纤毛虫念珠异列虫(Anteholosticha monilata)的射出胞器早期发生在细胞质深处,附近有不同类型的囊泡结构。成熟后射出胞器向表膜迁移,结构由不同电子密度片层的体部、结晶状的中心轴杆部和多层膜的帽部组成。受外界刺激时胞器冲破皮层射出,形态呈"蘑菇"状。据上述观察结果推测:该射出胞器具有防御作用,它可能起源于高尔基体活动产生的小泡;在亲缘关系较近的纤毛虫中,其射出胞器可能具有相似的分化特征。     

“Becn1-BCL2-Klotho轴”——自噬抗衰老新机制

正细胞自噬(autophagy)是胞内物质周转的重要环节;一般指营养缺乏、缺氧等应激时,部分胞浆内物质被双层膜自噬小泡包裹、送入溶酶体降解,并循环利用以维系细胞稳态的过程。同时,根据被包裹物质运送至溶酶体腔内的方式,自噬可分为巨自噬(macroautophagy)、微自噬(microautophagy)、分子伴侣介导的自噬(chaperone-mediated autophagy,CMA);近年来,根据被自     

AMPK和mTOR的自噬姻缘

自噬(autophagy)最初认为是在营养匮乏时细胞将自身的胞质成分、细胞器消化转化成能量以便自身生存。自噬产生过程一般分为以下几个阶段:自噬诱导(autophagy induction)、孤膜产生(isolationmembrane)、自噬小泡生长(vesicle elongation)、自噬体形成(autophagosome)、自噬溶酶体融合(autolyso-     

盘基网柄菌细胞发育过程中尿囊酸酶的亚细胞定位

利用胶体金免疫电镜技术,观察了盘基网柄菌细胞分化与凋亡过程中胞内尿囊酸酶的位置变化。结果表明,在细胞聚集期细胞产生的尿囊酸酶主要分布于线粒体及周围细胞质内。到了细胞丘时期,尿囊酸酶只特异地存在于发生内自噬的线粒体内,且仅局限于线粒体因内自噬产生的空泡区域,这些发生线粒体内自噬的细胞将分化成前孢子细胞。随着前孢子细胞分化的进行,尿囊酸酶颗粒在细胞内分布逐渐减少,在靠近质膜处的空泡内还能观察到一些酶颗粒;而另一些细胞内,几乎所有的胞器内都能观察到酶颗粒,一直延续至柄细胞形成。从中可以看到尿囊酸酶在将发育成孢子细胞和柄细胞两种类型细胞内的分布位置明显不同,结果提示了尿囊酸酶蛋白与盘基网柄菌细胞分化和凋亡调控途径有密切关系。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细