生物芯片与分子生物学

生物芯片（Ｂｉｏｃｈｉｐ）的概念源于计算机芯片,是近十年来才发展起来的一项分子生物学技术。目前的ＤＮＡ芯片有两类①片上原位合成寡核苷酸点阵芯片（ＯＮＡ）;②用微量点样技术制成ｃＤＮＡ点阵芯片（ＣＤＡ）。生物芯片广泛应用遗传病的早期诊断、肿瘤癌基因突变、病原体基因变异和多态性分析以及耐药试验等。本文就生物芯片的原理及其应用前景作一综述。     

生物芯片技术

生物芯片技术近年来发展极为迅速。生物芯片这一概念出现在２０世纪８０年代初,９０年代以来随着人类基因组计划研究的深入,生物芯片技术也得以飞速发展。本文将对生物芯片的概念、发展做一全面的叙述,并详细地介绍最新的生物芯片,如ＤＮＡ芯片等的基本原理、分类、制备,以及生物芯片的发展动向和应用前景。     

小鼠细胞因子相关基因表达检测寡核苷酸芯片的制备及分析

生物芯片技术用于基因表达谱研究是近年来发展起来的一项新技术 ,该方法本质上是基于对一玻璃片或膜表面上固定的ｃＤＮＡ或寡核苷酸的分子杂交 ,这一新技术可同时测定成千上万个基因的作用方式 ,几周获得的信息用其它方法可能要几年才能得到 ,是以定量方式同时监测大量基因相对表达的强有力的新方法[1 ,2 ] 。国内外目前主要采用ｃＤＮＡ芯片进行基因表达的检测 ,芯片制备所用的ＤＮＡ探针一般为已知基因ｃＤＮＡ克隆的ＰＣＲ扩增产物或ＥＳＴ的扩增产物[3～ 8] 。对基因的表达检测来说 ,ｃＤＮＡ芯片技术是一条非常适用的检测方法 ,但在有…     

生物芯片技术专利计量研究

生物芯片的研究始于80年代中期,是现代生物学技术与计算机等其他领域高新技术相结合的产物,在基因、蛋白质等生命领域研究中起到至关重要的作用。本文对Derwent数据库中收录的有关生物芯片的专利数据进行分析,从多个专利计量指标入手,分析生物芯片技术领域的研究现状及发展动态。通过计量研究发现生物芯片技术领域自21世纪以来发展迅猛,发达国家占据主动,而我国在该领域的科研水平也处于世界前列。     

生物芯片技术研究进展

生物芯片主要包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、组织芯片等。利用生物芯片技术可以从整个基因组的水平上对基因进行快速分析、筛选。本文主要概述了生物芯片技术的最新研究进展及在各个领域内的应用 ,并对生物芯片技术面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向作了讨论。     

生物芯片技术与食品分析

生物芯片检测技术是一种全新的微量分析技术。本文综述了生物芯片基本技术流程包括方阵构建、样品制备、化学反应和结果检测 ;探讨了生物芯片技术在食品分析中的应用前景 ;分析了生物芯片应用的技术障碍 ,旨在为生物芯片应用发展提供理论基础。     

生物芯片技术在血栓研究中的应用

基因多态性是促进血管性疾病发生和发展的重要因素之一。血栓是血管性疾病的一种,其形成和发生是由多种遗传和环境因素共同作用的结果。通过生物芯片技术,对血栓相关基因的表达及调控网络进行研究,为进一步探讨血栓形成机制提供了新思路。本综述总结和分析了近年来生物芯片技术在血栓研究领域的应用科研成果,并对生物芯片技术在这一领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

生物芯片研究进展

生物芯片是便携式生物化学分析器的核心技术。通过对微加工获得的微米结构作生物化学处理能使成千上万个与生命相关的信息集成在一块厘米见方的芯片上。采用生物芯片可进行生命科学和医学中所涉及的各种生物化学反应,从而达到对基因、抗原和活体细胞等进行测试分析的目的。生物芯片发展的最终目标是将从样品制备、化学反应到检测的整个生化分析过程集成化以获得所谓的微型全分析系统（ｍｉｃｒｏｔｏｔａｌａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌｓｙｓ－ｔｅｍ）或称缩微芯片实验室（ｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｎａｃｈｉｐ）。生物芯片技术的出现将会给生命科学、医学、化学、新药开发、生物武器战争、司法鉴定、食品和环境卫生监督等领域带来一场革命。本文阐述了生物芯片技术在加工制备、功能和应用方面的近期研究进展。     

生物芯片研究进展

生物芯片是便携式生物化学分析器的核心技术,通过对微加工获得的微束结构作生物化学处理能使成千上万个与生命相关的信息集成在一块厘米见方的芯片上,采用生物芯片可进行生命科学与医学中所主的各种生物化学反应,从而达到对基因、抗原和活体细胞等进行测试分析的目的。生物芯片发展的最终目标是将从样品制备、化学反应到检测的整个生化分析过程集成化以获得所谓的微型全分析系统或称缩微芯片实验室。生物芯片技术的出现将会给     

基因靶位操作的原理与策略

基因靶位操作（ｇｅｎｅｔａｒｇｅｔｉｎｇ）是８０年代发展起来的一项重要分子生物学技术,是通过外源ＤＮＡ与染色体ＤＮＡ间的同源重组,定点修饰、改造基因组特定位点的技术。１同源重组同源重组是基因靶位操作技术的分子生物学基础。ＤＮＡ同源重组在基因转化和遗传...     

粪便DNA分析技术在动物生态学中的应用

粪便DNA分析是一项新发展起来的从粪便中获取动物DNA并用于相关研究的技术,该技术有助于分子生态学研究中所遇到的取样难题。通过对粪便DNA分析的研究方法、研究内容以及研究进展情况的介绍,提供了该技术不仅能用于分子生态学的许多研究领域,而且还能够提供诸如种群数量估计、领域边界划定等生态生态学信息,这是对分子生态学的重要补充。     

Study on gene sensor based on primer extension

Based on the fact that the resonant frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is the function of its surface deposit, and that the primer extends after it hybridizes with the template, the primer extension gene sensor technique was developed. The prominent feature of the technique is that fast and sensitive frequency signals are used as the monitoring system of gene hybridization and primer strand extension. Results show that this technique may be used in homologous analysis of nucleic acid, trace DNA detection, and determining the integration of DNA. It may also be used for isolation of target gene, gene mutation analysis, and predicting the location of a gene in its genome.     

The use of high-resolution melting analysis for genotyping Symbiodinium strains: a sensitive and fast approach

High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis is a closed-tube, rapid and sensitive technique able to detect DNA variations. It relies on the fluorescence melting curves that are obtained from the transition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as a result of temperature increase. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of HRM as a tool to rapidly and precisely genotype monotypic Symbiodinium populations using the internal transcribed spacer, region 2, ribosomal DNA (ITS2 rDNA). For this, Symbiodinium denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles, where gel bands were excised and sequenced, were compared to HRM genotypes. Results showed that twenty cultures were correctly genotyped in <2 h using HRM analysis with a percentage of confidence >90%. Limitations of the technique were also investigated. Unlike other techniques used for genotyping Symbiodinium, such as DGGE and other fingerprint profiles, HRM is a technique of great advantage for field coral reef ecologists and physiologists as no expertise in advanced molecular methods is required.     

小麦双引物RAPD分析方法的研究

ＲＡＰＤ标记是近几年迅速发展的一种新型分子标记,标准的ＲＡＰＤ的反应是以１０个寡聚核苷酸作引物,通过ＰＣＲ反应扩增出基因组的部分片段,我们在研究外源ＤＮＡ导入小麦后外源遗传物质的追踪时,对这个方法进行了改进,采取了双引物进行扩增,结果双引物反应能够比单引物反应扩增出更多的多态性片段。分子杂交结果表明,双引物扩增出的新片段与单引物扩增片段无同源性,并对双引物扩增出的多态性片段产生的可能原因进行讨论。     

Partial characterization of the human beta-myosin heavy-chain gene which is expressed in heart and skeletal muscle

A human myosin heavy-chain gene, cloned in gamma Charon 4A phage (and as a clone designated lambda gMHC-1), was shown to code for a cardiac myosin heavy chain of the beta-type. The 5' end of the 14,200-base-pair genomic DNA clone is located in the head region of the myosin chain. The 3' end was shown to extent to the COOH terminus and includes the 3'-nontranslated sequence of the corresponding mRNA. The identification of lambda gMHC-1 as coding for a cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain was achieved by heteroduplex mapping using genomic cardiac myosin heavy-chain DNA of rabbit as a probe and, furthermore, by DNA sequence analysis of three selected subregions of the clones DNA including the 3'-nontranslated sequence. It was demonstrated by the S1 nuclease protection technique that the beta-myosin heavy-chain gene is transcribed in human heart muscle. In addition, we have found by the same technique that it is also expressed in human skeletal muscle.     

Isolation of high molecular weight eukaryotic DNA with the use of potassium acetate

The simple technique for isolation of high-molecular eucaryotic DNA has been proposed. It includes cell or nuclei lysates by sodium dodecylsulfate in the presence of pronase, proteins precipitation by potassium acetate, DNA precipitation by ethanol. The DNA isolated by this technique is easily cleaved by restriction endonucleases and can be used for analysis of the unique genes by blot-hybridization. The yield of DNA is similar or somewhat higher than that in case of using the standard methods including phenol extraction or phenol-chloroform extraction.     

酶标DNA探针与Y染色体DNA的探测

 用辣根过氧化物酶标记DNA的技术,制备了酶标基因探针。研究了酶标过程和产物的电泳行为;用斑点杂交和southern印迹杂交探测了单链、双链DNA,灵敏度可达pg水平,以此酶标的Y染色体特异的DNA片段作探针,进行了DNA杂交的性别分析,证明该探针能清楚地区别两性基因组DNA,这对基因的研究和诊断有一定实用价值。     

Comparison between slide and flow cytophotometric DNA measurements in breast tumors

Nuclear DNA analysis was performed in 37 human mammary adenocarcinomas in order to elucidate the difficulties and pitfalls connected with the interpretation of DNA histograms obtained using different methodologic approaches. For each tumor, DNA profiles were obtained by means of slide microspectrophotometry on a fine needle aspirate, slide cytophotometry on a 4-micron histologic section and flow cytometry on a suspension prepared from a cube of fresh tissue. When the DNA histograms were interpreted according to criteria usually applied to discriminate low-grade malignant tumors from high-grade malignant tumors, some tumors classified as euploid by one method were classified as aneuploid by another method. The main reasons for this weak correlation seem to be in specimen preparation and in tumor cell representation within the specimen between the methods. Another reason is that slide and flow techniques exhibit different sensitivities for malignancy-associated nuclear DNA changes: minor alterations of the DNA content of the tumor stemlines seem to be more exactly reported by means of the flow technique whereas structural alterations of the nuclear chromatin seem to be more sensitively recorded by means of the slide technique. It is suggested that thorough control of each step of the various DNA analysis procedures and the use of information obtainable by slide and flow techniques taken together may significantly improve the prognostic value of DNA measurements.     

Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content differences in blood samples obtained by leucoconcentration

The leucoconcentration technique allows rapid obtainment of cellular suspensions from total blood or bone marrow for flow cytometric analysis. The technique is based on picric acid in ethyl alcohol fixation and saponin red cell lysis, followed by mithramycin staining for DNA. It gives a good resolution of DNA distributions that allow detection of slight variations in DNA content. These results were obtained with cellular suspensions differing only in one X or Y chromosome (male, female, Klinefelter and Turner syndromes). In these studies the ratio of the DNA content of X and Y chromosomes agrees with the chromosomal mass ratio already reported by other authors, but the "absolute values" are 10-fold more compared to these same works. Our conclusion is that leucoconcentration technique followed by DNA staining with mithramycin increases the difference in the dye's penetration and binding between X and Y chromosomes.