Infraspecific chemical variability of the leaf essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata from Portugal

The essential oil composition of 68 individual plants of Juniperus phoenicea from Portugal was investigated by GC, GC-MS and ¹³C NMR. -Pinene, β-phellandrene, -terpinyl acetate and myrcene were found to be the main constituents. Botanical and chemical data as well as phytogeographical distribution indicate J. phoenicea var. turbinata as the unique subspecies occurring in Portugal. Nevertheless, this taxon exhibits chemical polymorphism. The results of the oil compositions were processed by hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis allowing to establish three groups of essential oils differentiated by the content of -pinene, β-phellandrene and -terpinyl acetate.     

Geographic differentiation of monoterpenes from Abies procera and Abies magnifica

Cortical oleoresins from 352 Abies magnifica and A. procera trees, collected in 35 localities, were analysed for composition of their monoterpene fractions. The monoterpenes were composed primarily of -pinene, β-pinene, limonene and β-phellandrene, with camphene and 3-carene appearing only sporadically in larger amounts. Limonene, β-phellandrene, -pinene and 3-cerene were used to study the transitional populations in northern California and southern and central Oregon and the transitional-like populations in southern Sierra Nevada. The populations segregated latitudinally into three related clusters—above 44° (A.procera), between 44° and 40° (transitional), and below 40° (A.magnifica). A.magnifica from southern Sierra Nevada and A.magnifica from Mtn. Shasta differed in a number of parameters, with southern Sierra Nevada populations being chemically much closer to typical A. magnifica from central and northern Sierra Nevada. While monoterpene and morphological data did not allow a clear Interpretation of the status of the transitional and southern populations, the paleobotanical evidence favored the recent evolution over introgression. The desirability of additional studies was indicated.     

Compositional characteristics of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa

The chemical variations of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa have been studied. Plant material has been harvested at each phenological status (vegetative, before anthesis, full flowering and seed-bearing). Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the essential oils have allowed to identify 51 components. The main components were γ-terpinene, capillene, 1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne, spathulenol, methyleugenol, p-cymene and β-pinene. Aromatic polyacetylens have been characterized for the first time in this species. Flowering involves an increase of these compounds in the essential oil.     

芦荟维管束的结构与芦荟素积累的相关性

应用半薄切片、组织化学、荧光显微镜观察和薄层层析 (TLC)相结合的方法研究了中华芦荟 (Aloeve-ra L.var.chinensis)、木立芦荟 (Aloe arborescens)叶和茎内维管束的结构及其与芦荟素积累的关系。结果表明 ,木立芦荟叶内维管束和中华芦荟叶内外轮的维管束中有大型韧皮薄壁细胞 ,而木立芦荟茎和中华芦荟叶中内轮维管束无大型韧皮薄壁细胞。组织化学结果表明 ,用醋酸铅处理过的上述材料 ,大型韧皮薄壁细胞内出现沉淀物 ;在荧光显微镜下经蓝光激发 ,大型韧皮薄壁细胞发出桔黄色荧光 ,都显示出芦荟素反应。薄层层析(TLC)结果证明 ,木立芦荟和中华芦荟叶含有大型韧皮薄壁细胞的维管束都含芦荟素 ,而木立芦荟茎及中华芦荟叶中内轮维管束都不含芦荟素。为此 ,维管束中的大型韧皮薄壁细胞与芦荟素的积累密切相关 ,维管束中是否有大型韧皮薄壁细胞可作为判断是否含有芦荟素的解剖学指标。     

Reciprocal interactions between the bark beetle-associated yeast Ogataea pini and host plant phytochemistry

Here we report the first experiments testing reciprocal effects between the bark beetle-associated yeast, Ogataea pini, and phytochemicals present in tree tissues (Pinus ponderosa). We tested two hypotheses: (i) tree phytochemicals mediate O. pini growth and (ii) O. pini affects chemical composition of plant tissues. We tested six monoterpenes on O. pini biomass growth in vitro and found that most monoterpenes inhibited O. pini growth; however mean O. pini biomass increased 21.5% when treated with myrcene and 75.5% when treated with terpinolene, relative to control. Ogataea pini was grown on phloem tissue ex vivo to determine whether O. pini affected phloem chemistry. Monoterpene concentrations declined in phloem over time, but phloem colonized by O. pini had significantly different concentrations of monoterpenes at two periods than phloem with no yeast. After 7 d, when O. pini was present, concentrations of the monoterpene Δ-3-carene was 42.9% lower than uncolonized phloem and concentrations of the monoterpene terpinolene was 345.0% higher than uncolonized phloem. After 15 d phloem colonized by O. pini had 505.4% higher concentrations of α-pinene than uncolonized phloem. These experiments suggest that O. pini responds to phytochemicals present in host tissues and the presence of O. pini might alter the chemical environment of phloem tissues during the early stages of beetle development. The interactions between O. pini and phytochemicals in pine vascular tissues might have consequences for the bark beetle that vectors O. pini, Dendroctonus brevicomis.     

沙地樟子松带状混交林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

探究不同沙地樟子松混交林土壤碳氮磷化学计量变化规律,为其混交经营提供科学依据.以沙地樟子松纯林为对照,在沙地樟子松×榆树及沙地樟子松×怀槐带状混交林中,沿沙地樟子松和伴生树种两个方向在距离混交中心0、1、2、3和4 m处的不同土层采集土样,分析土壤有机C、全N、全P、速效N、速效P含量及其计量比的特征.结果表明: 沙地樟子松混交林土壤有机C、全N和速效N含量高于纯林, 沙地樟子松与榆树混交主要增加了深层土壤有机C和全N含量,以及C/N和C/P, 沙地樟子松与怀槐混交提高了土壤N含量, 降低了P含量.随着远离混交林中心,沙地樟子松×榆树混交林中沙地樟子松林带的土壤C/N先升高后降低,全P和速效P含量下降,N/P增加;榆树林带土壤C/N下降,速效P含量先升高后降低.沙地樟子松×怀槐混交林土壤全N含量在沙地樟子松林带先降低后升高,在怀槐林带先升高后降低.沙地樟子松混交林提高了土壤C、N储量,沙地樟子松应与榆树行间混交,与怀槐间隔2行混交.     

不同土壤环境下黑果枸杞茎、叶形态结构比较

应用石蜡切片法对不同土壤环境下黑果枸杞的叶片和茎的形态结构进行了比较,以期为黑果枸杞在天津地区引种提供理论依据。对叶片和茎的表皮、栅栏组织、维管束、皮层、韧皮部等指标进行了测量。结果表明：黑果枸杞在天津不同土壤环境下生长状况良好。生长在碱性粘土中的黑果枸杞叶片呈长披针形,茎表皮和维管束最发达;生长在沙壤土中的黑果枸杞叶片也呈长披针形,但角质层最厚,茎的皮层最发达;长在红棕土中的黑果枸杞叶片则呈近长椭圆形且叶片较厚,叶表皮气孔密度最大,表皮最厚,叶肉的栅栏和海绵组织最发达,叶柄维管束最大,茎最粗,韧皮部最发达,髓最大。因此,生长在不同土壤环境下的黑果枸杞植株的茎、叶片的形态结构差异明显。     

长白山阔叶红松林3个主要树种的非结构性碳储存特征

非结构性碳水化合物(NSC,包括可溶性糖和淀粉)作为树木生命代谢的关键物质之一,在树木器官中的储存特征受到了广泛关注,但NSC在器官内部具有不同功能的组织间(韧皮部与木质部)的分配和权衡还不清楚.本研究以长白山阔叶红松林的3个优势树种——红松、水曲柳和紫椴为研究对象,对比分析NSC在根、树干韧皮与木质部中的浓度和分配特征.结果表明: 树木韧皮部和木质部间的NSC浓度差异显著,总体分配趋势为韧皮部以可溶性糖为主,而木质部以淀粉为主.树干外侧(以年轮划分,0～20年)、中段(20～40年)和内侧(>40年)的NSC浓度在不同树种间差异显著,而根中的差异不显著.红松和水曲柳树干韧皮部可溶性总糖浓度显著高于紫椴,在木质部中差异不显著.本研究结果表明,树体内部NSC在韧皮部和木质部上的分配存在明显分异,这与树种的演替阶段及组织的功能进化有关.研究结果对于深入理解温带树木的碳储存特征和分配机理具有参考意义.     

青藏高原岷县龙胆的遗传分化与种群动态历史分析

青藏高原是全球生物多样性中心之一,是研究物种形成和适应性进化的热点地区。岷县龙胆（Gentiana algida var. purdomii）是青藏高原地区特有植物,具有很高的药用价值。本研究以岷县龙胆种群为对象,基于不同遗传方式的分子标记,通过种群遗传结构、遗传分化、种群动态历史和物种分布模型等分析,探讨其在青藏高原的分化历史。结果表明：岷县龙胆具有高的遗传多样性,叶绿体数据表明种内遗传分化程度很高（F_ST=0.452）,但核基因数据表明种内遗传分化程度很低（F_ST=0.022）,揭示岷县龙胆种内存在强烈的基因流。种群动态历史分析表明岷县龙胆种群大小经历了近期扩张,物种分布模型的结果表明岷县龙胆在末次盛冰期以来分布范围略有扩张。分子钟模型的结果表明岷县龙胆种内的遗传分化主要发生在第四纪冰期以来。以上结果一致表明,第四纪气候波动是岷县龙胆分化的主要外部因素。本研究为龙胆属及青藏高原植物类群的物种分化、适应性研究以及资源开发与保护提供了参考。     

Odors of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) seedlings: differences due to age and chemotype

Small conifer seedlings (mini-seedlings) are less damaged by the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) compared to conventional seedlings. Chemical difference between the seedling types is one possible explanation for this phenomenon. In the present paper, the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) of 7- to 43-week-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were analyzed. Collection and identification of the volatiles was made by solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME–GC–MS). The enantiomers of α-pinene and limonene were separated in a two-dimensional GC (2D-GC). Most of the seedlings represented either a limonene- or a bornyl acetate-chemotype. Only minor changes in the volatile composition of the two types of seedlings were found during the first year. Age-related changes, however, were found in the volatiles released by wounded phloem where green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and borneol were the dominated VOC for young seedling. The attractive compound for the pine weevil, α-pinene, was first detected in the phloem emissions of 18- to 22-week-old seedlings. Different storage conditions of the seedlings during the winter/early spring-phase influenced the volatile composition in the phloem. High amount of GLVs was characteristic for the 43-week-old seedlings stored in naturally changing outdoor temperature, but not present in the seedlings winter-stored at a constant temperature of ?4 °C. The possible role of these observed differences in odor emissions between seedlings of different age and physiological status for the feeding preferences of the large pine weevil is discussed.     

Isozymal differention between two species of Prosopis

The patterns of five multilocus isozyme systems were investigated in seed, shoot and cotyledon tissue of two species of mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa and P. pallida. The isozymes of malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, esterase, alcohol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase from each of these tissues were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis and specific histochemical stains. In the case of each enzyme system examined, there were distinctly different isozymes which could be utilized to differentiate between these two species.     

薹草属少花薹草组（莎草科）小坚果形态和微形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜对少花薹草组（Carex sect. Paniceae）27种及4变种（东亚14种4变种,北美13种）小坚果形态与微形态特征进行比较观察。结果表明（：1）所有材料小坚果的形状为倒卵球形和钝三棱状,组内很一致,长度为1.53～3.59 mm,同种不同居群个体差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）表皮细胞一般为五至七边形,偶有四边形或八边形,丝柄薹草（C. rouyana）不同个体间有变异;垂周璧式样直或微波状;硅质台平,偶有凹或略凸,具1个中心体,C. filipes var. kuzakaiensis和C. filipes var. tremula中偶见2个中心体,无卫星体,这些性状种内稳定。（3）利用表皮细胞形状、硅质台凹凸情况和中心体个数对于区分近似种具有价值,如白马薹草（C. baimaensis）和线柄薹草（C. filipes）,且可以区分一些种下等级,如线柄薹草及其变种var. kuzakaiensis、var. oligostachys和var. tremula。（4）sect. Paniceae s.s.和sect. Laxiflorae小坚果形态和微形态...     

Chemical composition of essential oils of seven species of Eugenia from Monteverde, Costa Rica

The leaf essential oils of seven species of Eugenia from Monteverde, Costa Rica (Eugenia austin-smithii, Eugenia cartagensis, Eugenia haberi, Eugenia monteverdensis, Eugenia zuchowskiae, Eugenia sp. A aff. haberi, and Eugenia sp. B aff. oerstediana) have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The seven species were compared to determine the similarities and differences among their volatile chemical compositions. The major component in each of the seven species was as follows: E. austin-smithii and E. cartagensis was trans-2-hexenal, E. haberi and E. zuchowskiae was -pinene, E. monteverdensis was linalool, Eugenia sp. A was zingiberene, and Eugenia sp. B was 1,8-cineole. The following six components were present in all seven species: -copaene, β-caryophyllene, -humulene, δ-cadinene, trans-nerolidol, and torreyol. The complex array and differing abundances of these compounds among the Eugenia species studied suggest that they may provide useful characters in understanding the phylogenetic relationships among closely related species.     

河南木札岭温带落叶阔叶林群落特征及主要乔木空间分布格局

以木札岭世界地质公园3 hm²的温带落叶阔叶林为研究对象, 分析了群落的物种组成、胸径结构、群落分类和主要物种的空间分布格局。结果显示: 样地内共有木本植物31科52属85种, 以蔷薇科、桦木科、卫矛科、忍冬科、杨柳科和槭树科为主, 锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)和华山松(Pinus armandii)为群落内优势种, 稀有种和偶见种分别占总物种数的20.0%和28.24%。物种径级分布遵从典型的倒“J”型, 植物群落更新状况良好。多元回归树经过交叉验证认为可将该样地划分为4个群落类型: 1)锐齿槲栎+华山松+秦岭木姜子(Litsea tsinlingensis) +微毛樱桃(Cerasus clarofolia) +三桠乌药(Lindera obtusiloba)群落; 2)锐齿槲栎+腺柳(Salix chaenomeloides) +湖北花楸(Sorbus hupehensis)群落; 3)锐齿槲栎+臭椿(Ailanthus altissima) +微毛樱桃+秦岭木姜子群落; 4)锐齿槲栎+白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis) +秦岭木姜子+山梅花(Philadelphus incanus)群落。在完全随机分布模型下, 样地中主要物种在整个研究尺度中全部呈聚集分布, 并且这些物种主要聚集分布在不同的生境中, 具有明显的地形生境偏好;在异质性泊松分布模型下, 这些物种在不同尺度上主要呈随机分布或规则分布。该研究结果表明地形生境异质性是影响木札岭样地物种空间分布的重要因素。通过该研究可增加对木札岭世界地质公园植物组成、群落结构和群落分布的认识, 同时可为该区域生物多样性保护和森林管理提供参考。     

利用RAPD技术对葱属品种遗传关系的分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分析了我国栽培的几个主要葱属品种。所用的20个引物,有11个能扩增出重现性好且稳定的谱带,10个品种共扩增出102条带,其中68条具多态性。根据DNA谱带计算的10个品种相似系数范围为0.571～0.947。对10个品种的UPGMA聚类分析表明,章丘大葱(Allium fistulosum var. gigantum cv. Zhangqiu Welsh onion)、天津五叶齐（A. fistulosum var.gigantum cv. Tianjin Wuyeqi Welsh onion）、上海分葱（A. fistulosum var. caepitosum cv.Shanghai Spring onion）、南京冬葱（A. fistulosum var. caepitosum cv. Nanjing Winter onion）和韩国大葱（A. fistulosum var .gigantum cv. Korea Welsh onion）关系较近。根据聚类结果,将章丘大葱、天津五叶齐、上海分葱、南京冬葱、韩国大葱、细香葱（A. schoenoprasum）以及楼葱（A. fistulosum var. viviparum）归为葱组;而将胡葱（A. ascalonicum）、洋葱（A. cepa）及洋葱和大葱的杂交种归为洋葱组。最后根据RAPD标记,讨论了各品种之间的亲缘关系。     

Geographic variability of monoterpenes from cortex of Abies concolor

Cortical oleoresin from 351 Abies concolor trees collected in 43 localities was analyzed for composition of its monoterpenoid fraction. The populations could be segregated into three geographic groups: (1) Northern and Central California (equivalent to var. Iowiana), producing camphene and 3-carene in trace to small amounts; (2) Southern California (the Cuyamaca race), producing camphene in trace to small and 3-carene in larger amounts; and (3) states to the east of California (equivalent to var. concolor) producing camphene and 3-carene in larger amounts. California populations from the southernmost Sierra Nevada and Northern Transversal Ranges were found to be chemically intermediate between var. Iowiana and var. concolor. Statistical analysis indicated the presence of additional second-order segregations in each of the four population groups, The results are explained on the basis of existing paleobotanical records.     

Diminution of preprosomatostatin-mRNA in cerebral cortex of the aged rat

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of normal aging on somatostatin neurotransmission. Somatostatin gene expression was analysed in several regions of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in 3, 7 and 21 month-old Sprague-Dawley rats using quantitative in situ hybridization with a 48mer oligodeoxynucleotide antisense probe. Furthermore the distribution of ¹²⁵I-Tyr¹¹ somatostatin receptor binding sites was studied using quantitative receptor autoradiography. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of preprosomatostatin-mRNA in the frontal cortex of the aged (21 month) group compared with the young (3 month) and the middle-aged (7 month) groups. The receptor binding densities of the aged (21 month) group tended to be lower, compared to the other groups although no significant region-specific changes were evident. These results indicate neurochemical changes in somatostatin-containing neurons in the frontal cortex during aging.     

石蒜Lycoris radiata(L'Her.)Herb.及其矮小变种var.pumila Gery染色体核型的分析

据Inariyama^[5,6]与Bose和Flory^[4]报道,石蒜Lycoris radiata(L'Her.)Herb。染色体的数目为2n=33,都是R(棒)形染色体。如果把11作为石蒜属染色体的基数,那么具2n=33的石蒜显然是个三倍体,而且也是属内染色体的总数和R形染色体的数目最多者。     

Comparison of gibberellin-like substances from cotyledons and phloem exudate collected from cotyledons of Pharbitis nil in relation to photoperiodic flowering

Gibberellin (GA)-like substances were analyzed in extracts from cotyledons and phloem exudate collected from cotyledons in photoinduced and vegetative seedlings of the short-day plant Pharbitis nil Chois. var. Violet, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the dwarf rice bioassay, to see whether any specific GA-like substances were transported from the photoinduced cotyledons via phloem. Cotyledon extracts exhibited five peaks of free GA-like activity in HPLC, whereas only one or two active peaks were detected in phloem exudate extracts. The level of free GA-like activity was considerably lower in phloem exudate than in the cotyledons. In five out of six analyses of cotyledons and phloem exudate, there were substantially higher levels of free GA-like substances in photoinduced plants. Conjugated GA-like substances were present in much higher levels than free GA-like substances in the cotyledon extracts but the levels were not influenced by daylength. In phloem exudate extracts there was no conjugated GA-like substances. The free GA-like substances that are transported via phloem cochromatographed with GA_5/20 and GA₁₉ on HPLC. These were significantly higher in photoinduced plants and thus could have some influence on the photoperiodically-induced flowering in P. nil.     

Community characteristics and spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a deciduous broad-leaved forest of Muzhaling,Henan, China

Aims The objective of this paper is to quantify the species composition and spatial distribution pattern in a deciduous broad-leaved forest in temperate to subtropical ecological transition zone.
Methods In this study, a 3-hm² forest was selected in the temperate to subtropical ecological transition zone to analyze the community species composition, structure of diameter at breast height, community classification and spatial distribution pattern of dominant tree species.
Important findings Our results showed that in the plot there were 85 species, 52 genera and 31 families, mainly composed of Betulaceae, Celastraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Salicaceae and Aceraceae. Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata and Pinus armandii are dominant species of the community tree layer. The rare species and occasional species accounted for 20.0% and 28.24% of total species respectively. Size distribution of all species showed an invert J-shape, which indicates that the community is in a stable and normal growth status. Using multiple regression trees, the community in this plot can be divided into four categories: 1) Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata + Pinus armandii + Litsea tsinlingensis + Cerasus clarofolia + Lindera obtusiloba; 2) Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata + Salix chaenomeloides + Sorbus hupehensis; 3) Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata + Ailanthus altissima + Cerasus clarofolia + Litsea tsinlingensis; 4) Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata + Fraxinus chinensis + Litsea tsinlingensis + Philadelphus incanus. Under the completely random distribution model, the main species in the plot display clustered distributions, with the different species occurring in different habitat types, showing obvious terrain habitat preferences. However, under the heterogeneous Poisson distribution model, these species at different scales are distributed randomly or regularly. This study helps to understand the plant community species composition of the Muzhaling World Geopark, community structure and community distribution. The results show that the terrain habitat heterogeneity is an important factor influencing the spatial distribution of the species. The present work improves the understanding of plant community in Muzhaling World Geopark, and provides technical reference for biodiversity conservation and forest management of this area.