《中国植物志》(英文版)竹亚科青篱竹属和新小竹属的修订

基于最近的分子系统学研究、近期发表的新类群以及国际植物命名法规的相关条款,对《中国植物志》 （英文版）竹亚科的两个属进行了修订。中国是否有青篱竹属 (Arundinaria)的分布一直是个争论不休的问题。分子系统学不支持广义青篱竹属,因此原置于青篱竹属下的4个种应恢复到巴山木竹属 (Bashania) 中。包括近期发表的新类群在内,巴山木竹属在中国共有10种。西藏新小竹 (Neomicrocalamus microphyllus)是一个没有合格发表的裸名,其正确名称应为新小竹 (N.prainii),而云南新小竹（N.yunnanensis）则可能是梨籐竹属的成员。     

筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫寄主调查及其土壤空间分布

对安吉竹博园内筛胸梳爪叩甲Melanotus cribricolls(Faldermann)的寄主危害进行调查,主要调查竹种隶属于刚竹属(Phyllostachys)、矢竹属(Pseudosasa)、大明竹属(Pleioblastus)、唐竹属(Sinobambusa)、短穗竹属(Brachystachyum)、少穗竹属(Oligostachyum)和箣竹属(Bambusa),共7个属,包括47个竹种,其中41种寄主都不同程度地受到筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫期的危害,新发现受害寄主30余种。据筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫在5个竹种林区间的空间分布表明:筛胸梳爪叩甲较大体型的幼虫在竹林土壤中主要为聚集分布。调查过程发现,除筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫对竹种的危害以外,竹笋夜蛾Apamea spp.也是导致退笋的主要虫害之一,二者一并成为目前竹博园内竹笋退笋的主要害虫。此外,园内竹种也受到浙江栉蝠蛾Bipectilus zhejiangensi、叶甲、白蚁和腐生蝇的侵害。鉴于筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫危害的竹种范围比以往报道的有扩大的趋势,在竹种移植、土壤改良及敏感品种的选育应考虑到这些方面。     

城市绿化竹子生态适应性评价

针对城市绿化竹种要求,选择生长和抗性指标,用集对分析方法,分析和评价华安竹种园200个丛生竹和散混生竹种（或变种）生态适应性,结果表明：丛生竹种中,黄竹、小叶琴丝竹、糯竹、花竹、乡土竹、妈竹、青竿竹、泰竹等在华安生态适应性好,银丝大眼竹、孟竹、大绿竹、麻竹、白节勒竹、撑篙竹、石角竹、大木竹、小刺竹、勃氏甜龙竹、鱼肚腩竹等竹种生态适应性较差,其它竹种适应性中等.而散混生竹种中,衢县苦竹、实心竹、南平倭竹、矮若竹、乌哺鸡竹、毛竹、高节竹、红哺鸡竹、毛环水竹、斑苦竹、满山爆竹、斑箨茶秆竹等竹种适应性较好;缅甸方竹、四季竹、玉山竹篌竹、花毛竹、金镶玉竹等竹种适应性较差,其它竹种适应性中等.     

竹亚科分类的若干方法问题—兼论牡竹属的范畴

中国竹亚科分类自70年代末以来取得了长足进展,但在高山竹类的属名、种类处理,青篱竹属在中国是否存在,以及丛生竹的属级界线等问题上,国内学者间,以及国内学者与国外学者间存在不同意见。读了林万涛关于中国牡竹属的两篇文章后,认为有必要就牡竹属的范畴作一讨论,其中也涉及国内竹亚科分类的若干方法论问题。根据分支系统学的原理,“广义牡竹属”是一个单系类群。参照Clayton对属级分类阶元提出的几条原则,特别是性状的选择,讨论了椅于竹属与碟环慈竹属的归属问题。笔者认为,数量分类学并不探讨类群的起源问题,研究系统发育则需要多学科的证据,因而单从营养体个别性状的相似性来推测系统发育是不可取的。最后本文归并了椅子竹属和碟环慈竹属。     

4个观赏竹种的光合特性及其影响因子分析

本研究以白纹阴阳竹( Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura )、鼓节竹( Bambusa tul doides‘Swolleninternode')、花秆早竹( Phyllostachys violascens f. viridisulcata P. X. Zhang et W. X. Huang)和美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus Q. H. Dai)4个观赏竹种为供试材料,分析了各竹种的光响应和CO2响应曲线及参数、光合和气体交换参数以及相关环境因子的日变化规律,并通过相关性分析、逐步多元回归分析和通径分析探讨了影响4个竹种叶片净光合速率( Pn)的主要因子。测定结果表明：随光合有效辐射强度( PAR)或胞间CO2浓度( Ci)的提高,各竹种叶片的Pn值均逐渐增大,但增幅有一定差异;各竹种的光响应和CO2响应参数均有较大差异,其中,白纹阴阳竹叶片的表观量子产量( AQY)最低,CO2饱和点( CSP)和CO2补偿点( CCP)也较低,其他参数均最高;而花秆早竹叶片的AQY和CCP值均最高,而其他参数总体上均最低。4个竹种的光合及气体交换参数日变化曲线均有一定差异;美丽箬竹叶片Pn值日变化曲线呈“双峰型”;白纹阴阳竹、鼓节竹和花秆早竹叶片的Pn值日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,峰值分别出现在14：00、10：00和12：00;总体上看,4个竹种叶片的气孔导度( Gs)、Ci、蒸腾速率( Tr)和水分利用效率( WUE)总体上具有相似的日变化趋势。分析结果表明：按照总影响效应由高至低进行排序,对白纹阴阳竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、大气CO2浓度( Ca)、Ci,对鼓节竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、Ca、Gs,对花秆早竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、Gs、气温( Ta)、Ci,对美丽箬竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、空气相对湿度( RH)、Ta、Ca、Tr、Gs。综合分析结果显示：4个竹种中,白纹阴阳竹光合能力最强,但对弱光的适应和利用能力较弱,CO2同化能力强且适应范围广;鼓节竹和美丽箬竹对光和CO2的利用能力和适应范围均居中;花秆早竹光合能力和CO2同化能力最差,但对弱光的适应和利用能力较强,CO2适应范围较窄。     

3种林下灌木竹种地上竞争的可塑性响应

林下灌草层物种种群内竞争是森林生态系统发育和演替研究的重要组成部分。通过模拟去除边缘效应, 对3种赤竹属灌木竹种——铺地竹(Sasa argenteastriatus)、菲黄竹(S. auricoma)、菲白竹(S. fortunei)3种植物对地上竞争的可塑性响应研究。研究发现: (1)3种赤竹属竹种的垂直结构和器官(根、茎和叶)表征了在进化尺度上3种植物内源的相似性和表型可塑性差异; (2)根冠比表明在高密度条件下菲黄竹投入到地上部生物量大于低密度条件, 菲白竹类似, 铺地竹则相反, 3物种在向最大生长速率进化的过程中, 遇到生理(光合)和分配之间的交换关系而产生的矛盾选择; (3)菲黄竹与菲白竹较慢的光合速率, 表明在生理上已经对高密度处理产生可塑性变化, 并且这种可塑性是以缩短叶寿命为代价的。     

竹亚科lea3基因的进化分析

选取竹亚科中两个超族、六个族和三个亚族的10个竹种为材料,分别是泰竹、凤尾竹、青皮竹、大叶慈、慈竹、野龙竹、毛竹、香竹、苦竹、菲白竹,分离克隆了它们的lea3基因,并将它们与外类群物种水稻进行序列比对和进化分析。结果发现在分支模型与分支位点模型的检测中,不同竹种所含lea3基因承受了不同的正选择压力,清除选择作用在lea3基因编码区中占主导地位（ω<1）。在位点模型的检测中,共检测出了18个显著性正选择位点,占总氨基酸数目的111%。对这18个显著性正选择位点进行定位后,发现其中的15个位于11个氨基酸串联重复序列附近。这说明lea3基因中的11个氨基酸串联重复序列区比基因其它区域更容易受自然选择作用影响。同时,在位点模型检测结果的基础上,通过对强烈清除选择位点的定位,发现在11个氨基酸串联重复序列区内存在一长段无强烈清除位点的序列区。     

基于ITS序列对中国簇毛黄耆亚属(黄耆属)系统学问题的初步研究

测定了簇毛黄耆亚属(Pogonophace)4组8种和外类群Caragana roborovskyi的ITS序列,从GenBank中调出相关12属47种的ITS序列,组成数据距阵,应用PAUP程序中的最大简约法构建了系统发育树状图.扁荚组(Sect. Sesbanella)与亚属其余类群在系统树上处于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远,这个亚属不是一个单系类群;膨果组(Sect. Bibracteola),背扁组(Sect. Phyllolobium)和袋果组(Sect. Trichostylus)作为一个单系类群能得到ITS序列的支持,但与鱼鳔槐亚族比与黄耆属其他类群的关系更近; Astragatus complanatus和A. tribulifolius可能为一对替代种;亚属下的分组以及膨果组下系的划分都得不到ITS序列分析的支持.     

根据ITS序列证据重建防己科蝙蝠葛族的系统发育

研究了国产防己科蝙蝠葛族tirb．Menispermeae9属20种和外类群青牛胆族trib．Tinosporeae 2属3种植物完整的ITS(包括5.8S rDNA)序列。trib．Menispermeae的ITS长527～601 bp,排序后长667bp。当gap处理为missing时具281个有信息位点。PAUP软件分析结果表明：①trib．Menispermeae是一个单系类群,该分支得到hootstrap l00％的支持;②确定了存疑种Pachygone valida的系统学位置,该种是Coc—culus属的成员;③Sinomenium和Menispermum两属有很近的系统学关系,组成族内稳定的一支,它们的ITS序列同源性极高,ITS1比族内其它属长41～73bp;④Stephania和Cyclea也是系统发育关系很近的两个类群。前者具两个主要分支,其IIS1、ITS2的G+C含量差异较大,在种类组成上,该两大支与传统上Stephania属内处理的2个亚属——千金藤亚属subgen．Stephania和山乌龟亚属subgen．Tuberiphania基本一致;Cyclea属内种间的ITS序列差异小,同源性极高。     

用核糖体DNA的ITS序列探讨裂叶沙参的系统位置——兼论ITS片段在沙参属系统学研究中的价值

本文采用PCR直接测序方法,对来自沙参属全部2组7亚组的10个种和作为外类群的风铃草属2个种的核糖体DNA　ITS片段进行了序列分析。在重点探讨裂叶沙参分类地位的同时,分析了ITS片段序列在沙参属系统发育重建中的价值。结果表明,在沙参属中,ITS片段在长度、GC含量和位点变异量上均比较一致;长度539bp～541 bp,GC含量57％～60％,信息位点只占总位点的3．9～6％。采用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析表明,裂叶沙参A．lobophylla与大花盘亚组的A．himalayana组成一支,而不是象以往形态学和杂交试验所推断的与泡沙参A．potaninii或A．stenanthina近缘。可见,ITS序列进一步支持将裂叶沙参移出泡沙参复合体甚至移出有齿亚组的推论,但同时也表明将其作为A．stenanthina的近缘种是不适宜的。尽管本研究所测定的类群已涵盖了整个沙参属,但种间序列的两两比较表明,沙参属种间在ITS片段上的分化很小(0.0～3.9％),相比之下,沙参属类群与风铃草属类群间的分化却很高(17.8％～19.2％)。这大概和沙参属起源较晚、遗传分化较小有关。本文还就ITS片段在沙参属和桔梗科系统学研究中的价值进行了讨论。     

On the Numerical Classification and Determination of Taxa of Chinese Bamboos with Leptomorph Rhizomes

In this paper, 21 species representing 13 genera were studied by means of humerical taxonomic methodes. One geographical and 52 morphological characters were used. The correlation coefficients were computed by standardized data, and the various clustering methods were performed on the correlation matr x. The UPGMA clustering method was selected as the optimal one and its results were shown in the form of dendrograms. We present a simple method to construct the joint and broken lines by which the boundary of the genera, subtribes and tribes in the dendrogram is determined. By means of numerical taxonomic methods, we can easily work out a systematic dendrogram and the following taxonomic treatments are easily proposed: (1) Sasamorpha sinica (Keng) Koidz. should be reffered to the genus Sasa Makino & Shibata. (2) Pseudosasa amabilis (McClure) Keng f. should belong to the genus Pseudosasa Makino and should not be referred to the genus Arundinaria Michaux. (3) The genus Brachystachyum Keng should be considered as a separate one. (4) The genus Pleioblastus Nakai should not be combined with the genus Arun-dinaria Michaux, but kept as an independent one.     

A Revision of Subtribe Pleioblastinae Keng & Keng f.

This paper deals with the taxa of tribe Arundinarieae Steud. subtribe Pleiobalastinae Keng and Keng f. which comprised three genera (Pseudosasa Makino, Pleioblastus Nakai and Brachystachyum Keng) when it was established in 1957. With the analysis of morphological characters and geographical distribution, a number of revisions connected with the taxon are made as follows: (1) Genus Brachystachyum Keng is transferred to the tribe Shibataeeae Nakai according to its false inflorescence. (2) Genus Pseudosasa Makino is transferred to subtribe Sasinae Keng f. according to our study on the numerical taxonomic method. (3) Some species of Pleioblastus Nakai established by Keng and Keng f. should be revised. Pleioblastus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) Keng f. should be Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S. L. Chen, T. H. Wen and G. Y. Sheng in subtribe Thamnocalaminae Keng f.; Pleioblastus dolichanthus (Keng) Keng f. is the synonym of Sinobambusa tootsik (Sieb.) Makino, belonging to tribe Shibataeeae Nakai. The rest species remain in this genus. Since the genus Pleioblastus is related to genus Arundinaria Michaux., subtribe Pleioblastus Keng and Keng f. does not seem to have a reason to be retained as a subtribe in tribe Arundinarieae Steud., according to the newest Code (1978). A part of it should be a synonym of subtribe Arundinariinae and we may cite it as follows: Subtribe Arundinariinae——Subtribe Pleioblastinae Keng and Keng f. pro parte, syn. nov. The other parts of it should be transferred to other subtribes or tribes. In addition, one new variety in Branchystachyum, two new species, one new variety in Pseudosasa and six new species, three new varieties in Pleioblastus, are described in this paper.     

Shade tolerance of temperate Asian bamboos: a harbinger of their naturalization in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests?

Bamboos native to temperate East Asian coniferous forests arrive with increasing frequency in the United States as horticultural imports, and some are becoming naturalized locally. Given the strong floristic and physiognomic similarities between East Asian and western North American coniferous forests, we asked whether these introduced bamboos could tolerate the varied light regimes within coniferous forests in their new range. Seven temperate Asian bamboos and one North American bamboo (Arundinaria gigantea) were grown within shade structures in an experimental garden; these structures reduced ambient light to three light levels (50, 70, 90 % shade) that occur routinely within coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest. Species’ responses under these light levels were measured by their light response curves to photosynthesis, resource allocation to light or carbon harvesting centers inferred by CO₂ response curves, and shifts amongst forms of leaf Chlorophyll. Bashania fargesii has lower chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates under high shade (90 %) relative to other Asian species and to B. fargesii grown in 50 and 70 % shade. Bashania fargesii, Sasa kurilensis and A. gigantea also displayed lower photosynthetic rates under 90 % shade compared to plants grown in 50 and 70 % shade and lower electron transport capacity under 70 and 90 % shade compared to plants grown in 50 % shade. In contrast, Pleioblastus chino, Pleioblastus distichus, Pseudosasa japonica, Sasa palmata and Sasaella ramosa display strong tolerance of low light. Our results indicate these five Asian bamboos (and others yet to be introduced) could skirt a major environmental barrier to new species establishment in these North American forests. Measuring a species’ light response curve offers a reliable, rapid means to assess an immigrant species’ potential to tolerate forests’ varied light regimes.     

Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization among the North American woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Arundinaria)

In spite of the ecological and economic importance of temperate bamboos, relatively little is known about their population biology or evolutionary history. Recently, hybridization has emerged as a potential source of diversity in this group, as well as an underlying cause of taxonomic problems. As part of a broader phylogenetic study of the temperate bamboos, we report the results of an analysis of the North American Arundinaria gigantea species complex, including estimates of genetic variation and molecular evidence of natural hybridization among A. gigantea, A. tecta, and A. appalachiana. The study involved a comparative analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and chloroplast DNA sequences representing diversity within and among all three species plus individuals with intermediate or unusual morphological characteristics (putative hybrids). Molecular results support the recognition of three species previously defined on the basis of morphology, anatomy, and ecology, with most of the molecular variance accounted for by among-species variation. Molecular evidence also demonstrates that A. tecta and A. appalachiana are sister species, forming a clade that is significantly divergent from A. gigantea. The role of hybridization in the phylogenetic history of Arundinaria is discussed along with implications for the evolution and taxonomy of the temperate woody bamboos.     

四种竹子的花器官形态描述

近几年来南京林业大学竹种园中4种竹子出现开花现象.首次描述了鹅毛竹(Shibaoea chinensis)和异叶苦竹(Arundinaria simonii f.heterophylla)的花部形态特征,补充描述了月月竹(Chimonobambusa sichuanensis)和福建茶秆竹(Arundinaria amabilis var.convexa)的花部形态特征.     

On the problems of the classification of Chinese bamboos with creeping rhizomes

So far, the 15 genera of bamboos with creeping rhizomes in China have been known. Based on the types and evolution of inflorescence, which have been discussed in the paper, and other criteria of classification, the opinions are given as follows: 1. Some species of Semiarundinaria spp. McClure and Sinobambusa spp. McClure should be separated and regarded as representing a new genus, because the racemes of the some species are different from false inflorescence (indeterminate infl.) of the type species of the two genera, and some other species should be transfered to the genus Pleioblastus. 2. On account of the similarities in the type of inflorescence and pistil, Brachystachyum may be combined with Semiarundinaria. 3. As the inflorescence, pistil and rhizome of Sinarundinaria are similar in those of Fargesia, the two genera should be combined. Due to the inflorescence of Fargesia is different from that of Thamnocalamus, therefore, these two genera must be kept separating. 4. Key to the Genera of Chinese bamboos with creeping rhizomes is provided inthis paper. But the key is available to flowering materials only, because the construction of it is mainly based on reproductive organs.     

基于nrDNA ITS 序列数据的兰属系统发育关系的初步分析

现存的兰属分类系统是基于宏观形态学性状、尤其是花粉块的数目以及唇瓣与蕊柱的愈合程度而建立的.兰属因此而划分为3个亚属:兰亚属 (subgenus Cymbidium),大花亚属(subgenus Cyperorchis) 和建兰亚属 (subgenus Jensoa).本文运用PCR扩增和直接测序的方法分析兰属 (Cymbidium) 27种、3个栽培品种以及3个外类群的核DNA ITS 区段序列.通过最简约性分析产生的ITS系统发育树表明,兰属的3个亚属均可能为不自然的类群.大花亚属表现为一复系群,兰亚属的冬凤兰 (C.dayanum) 隐藏于其中;建兰亚属为一并系群,它的成员之一兔耳兰 (C.lancifolium) 偏离出去而成为兰属一最基部的分支;兰亚属为一复系群,它分为几支而分别与另两个亚属组合在一起.由于兰属ITS序列位点变异率较低,最简约性分析产生的几支主要分支均得不到Bootstrap分析的高度支持,各亚属内组之间的关系也不明确.研究兰属的系统发育关系还需要新的数据.     

基于nrDNAITS序列数据的兰属系统发育关系的初步分析(英)

现存的兰属分类系统是基于宏观形态学性状、尤其是花粉块的数目以及唇瓣与蕊柱的愈合程度而建立的。兰属因此而划分为 3个亚属 :兰亚属 (subgenusCymbidium) ,大花亚属 (subgenusCyperorchis)和建兰亚属 (subgenusJensoa)。本文运用PCR扩增和直接测序的方法分析兰属 (Cymbidium) 2 7种、3个栽培品种以及 3个外类群的核DNAITS区段序列。通过最简约性分析产生的ITS系统发育树表明 ,兰属的 3个亚属均可能为不自然的类群。大花亚属表现为一复系群 ,兰亚属的冬凤兰 (C .dayanum )隐藏于其中 ;建兰亚属为一并系群 ,它的成员之一兔耳兰(C .lancifolium)偏离出去而成为兰属一最基部的分支 ;兰亚属为一复系群 ,它分为几支而分别与另两个亚属组合在一起。由于兰属ITS序列位点变异率较低 ,最简约性分析产生的几支主要分支均得不到Bootstrap分析的高度支持 ,各亚属内组之间的关系也不明确。研究兰属的系统发育关系还需要新的数据。     

泡桐叶片蛋白质多态性及其聚类分析

研究了9种泡桐叶片蛋白质的多态性,并根据其叶片蛋白质聚丙烯酰胺凝胶单向和双向电泳结果,将它们聚类为白花泡桐组[白花泡桐（Paulownia fortunei）和白花兰泡桐（P.elongata f.allba）]、南方泡桐组[南方泡桐（P.australis )和成都泡桐（P.albiphloea var.chengtuensis)]和毛泡桐组（毛泡桐（P.tomentosa）、川泡桐（P.fargesii）、鄂川泡桐（P.albiphloea）、山明泡桐（P.lamprophylla）和兰考泡桐（P.elon-gata）]。该结果可为了解泡桐属植物的亲缘关系和种的鉴定提供参考依据。