Divergent potentials for cytoplasmic inheritance within the genus Syringa. A new trait associated with speciogenesis

Epifluorescence microscopic detection of organelle DNA in the mature generative cell is a rapid method for determining the potential for the mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. We used this method to examine 19 of the known 22 to 27 species in the genus Syringa. Organelle DNA was undetectable in seven species, all in the subgenus Syringa, but was detected in the 12 species examined of the subgenera Syringa and Ligustrina. Therefore, species within the genus Syringa display differences in the potential cytoplasmic inheritance. Closer examination revealed that the mature generative cells of the species in which organelle DNA was detected contained both mitochondria and plastids, but cells of the species lacking detectable organelle DNA contained only mitochondria, and the epifluorescent organelle DNA signals from the mature generative cells corresponded to plastid DNA. In addition, semiquantitative analysis was used to demonstrate that, during pollen development, the amount of mitochondrial DNA decreased greatly in the generative cells of the species examined, but the amount of plastid DNA increased remarkably in the species containing plastids in the generative cell. The results suggest that all Syringa species exhibit potential maternal mitochondrial inheritance, and a number of the species exhibit potential biparental plastid inheritance. The difference between the modes of potential plastid inheritance among the species suggests different phylogenies for the species; it also supports recent conclusions of molecular, systematic studies of the Syringa. In addition, the results provide new evidence for the mechanisms of maternal mitochondrial inheritance in angiosperms.     

The Genus Syringa: Molecular Markers of Species and Cultivars

RAPD analysis was carried out with 22 accessions of the genus Syringa, including six species, one interspecific hybrid, and 15 cultivars. In total, 512 polymorphic fragments were detected; species-specific and cultivar-specific markers were identified. For the first time, genetic polymorphism and genome similarity coefficients were estimated and phylogenetic relationships were established for the genus Syringa.     

木犀科丁香属的一个新等级和六个名称的模式指定

在居群取样、标本查阅、性状分析和多变量分析的基础上, 提出了丁香属Syringa一个新等级和一个新异名: 辽东丁香S. wolfii C. K. Schneid.被处理为红丁香的亚种S. villosa ssp. wolfii而不是垂丝丁香的亚种S. reflexa ssp. wolfii, 并且其后选模式被指定。同时还指定了五个异名的后选模式, 它们是S. bretschneiderii、S. emodi var. rosea、S. villosa var. hirsuta、S. formosissima和S. robusta。     

丁香属植物的地理分布及其起源演化

木犀科丁香属植物主要分布在中国、朝鲜、日本以及欧洲东南部。中国是丁香属的自然分布中心,丁香主要分布在中国西南、西北、华北、东北等地区。根据植物区系的演化规律,作者认为丁香属起源于中国西南,并以此为中心主要沿中国西南-西北-华北-东北-朝鲜半岛-日本和中国西南-中亚-欧洲的路径散布。近缘种之间存在着遥远的地理隔离,中国原产的华丁香与分布在我国西北及中亚的花叶丁香、欧洲特有种欧洲丁香均为近缘种,表明欧洲丁香的散布与中国西北的种类有着密切的联系。近年分子生物学试验表明羽叶性状是演化中的过渡类型,在研究该属系统演化中具有重要作用。化石记录华北紫丁香在中新世时的华中地区已有存在,说明该属至少在中新世时完成了由西南向华中的演化、辐射。     

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the endangered species Syringa pinnatifolia (Oleaceae)

Syringa pinnatifolia is an endangered endemic species in China with important ornamental and medicinal value, and it needs urgent protection. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome structure of S. pinnatifolia and its evolution is inferred through comparative studies with related species. The S. pinnatifolia cp genome was 155 326 bp and contained a large single copy region (LSC) of 86 167 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 17 775 bp, as well as a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 25 692 bp. A total of 113 unique genes were annotated, including 79 protein‐coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. The GC content of the S. pinnatifolia cp genome was 37.9%, and the corresponding values in the LSC, SSC and IR regions were 36.0, 32.1, 43.2% respectively. Repetitive sequences analysis revealed that the S. pinnatifolia cp genome contained 38 repeats. Microsatellite marker detection analysis identified 253 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which provides opportunities for future studies of the population genetics and phylogenetic relationships of Syringa. Phylogenetic analysis of 29 selected cp genomes revealed that S. pinnatifolia is closely related to Syringa vulgaris and all 27 Lamiales species formed a clade separate from the two outgroup species. This newly characterized S. pinnatifolia chloroplast genome will provide a useful genomic resource of phylogenetic inference and the development of more genetic markers for species discrimination and population studies in the genus Syringa.     

寄生于蜡蚧的宽缘金小蜂一新种：膜翅目;金小蜂科

本文记述了宽缘金小蜂属Ｐａｃｈｙｎｅｕｒｏｎ １新种－丁香蜡蚧宽缘金小蜂Ｐ．ｓｙｒｉｎｇａｅ,该种寄生为害北京丁香的一种蜡蚧。这种的模式标本保存于西北林学院昆虫标本室。     

中国丁香属花粉形态的研究

本文利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜,研究了丁香代表植物11种和2变种的花粉形态,并对花粉的形态特征用电子计算机进行了主分量分析,同时将计算结果作了二维与三维排序,结果表明:(1)丁香属植物花粉形态在光学显微镜下种间区别甚微,而在电镜下的区别则很明显,可做为分种的依据,尤其对形态上难以区分的种类更为适用;(2)所做花粉除欧丁香外,其余花粉均为三孔沟型,对前人的工作作了一定的修正;(3)通过主分量分析,指出了花粉孔的长宽比、沟长及网眼大小是本属花粉分类的主要成分;(4)试图通过主分量的二维和三维排序,为属下分组、分种提供新的观点和依据。     

华北紫丁香叶的生药学研究

目的:为华北紫丁香叶的鉴别、开发利用提供依据。方法:采用原植物、性状、显微结构的鉴别及紫外光谱的鉴别。结果:较为系统阐明了华北紫丁香叶的生药学理论。结论:为建立华北紫丁香叶的生药学质量标准提供依据。     

沈阳城市森林主要绿化树种——丁香的光合特性研究

应用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对城市森林典型树种丁香不同季节光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,得出净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气温、大气湿度、气孔导度等生理生态因子间的相关关系．结果表明,丁香春季和夏季光合速率呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线．春季影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射和气孔导度;夏季影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度和光合有效辐射;秋季为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,建立了相应的影响因子回归方程。     

顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱/质谱法分析河南产紫丁香挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术（HS—SPME—GC—MS）,首次分析了河南产紫丁香花营和花的挥发性成分。从紫丁香花蕾和花中共鉴定了65种组分,其中17个成分是二者共有的;酯类化合物只存在于花蕾中,而酸类和醇类化合物在花中的含量较高。这表明酯类化合物在紫丁香花开放的过程中可能逐步被植物体内的水解酶水解成酸类和醇类化合物。     

Syringa microphylla Diels: A comprehensive review of its phytochemical,pharmacological, pharmacokinetic,and toxicological characteristics and an investigation into its potential health benefits

BackgroundSyringa microphylla Diels is a plant in the family Syringa Linn. For hundreds of years, its flowers and leaves have been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of cough, inflammation, colds, sore throat, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, early liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, and oesophageal cancer.PurposeFor the first time, we have comprehensively reviewed information on Syringa microphylla Diels that is not included in the Pharmacopoeia, clarified the pharmacological mechanisms of Syringa microphylla Diels and its active ingredients from a molecular biology perspective, compiled in vivo and in vitro animal experimental data and clinical data, and summarized the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of Syringa microphylla Diels. The progress in toxicology research is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs from Syringa microphylla Diels, a natural source of compounds that are potentially beneficial to human health.MethodsThe PubMed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, SciFinder Scholar and Thomson Reuters databases were utilized to conduct a comprehensive search of published literature as of July 2021 to find original literature related to Syringa microphylla Diels and its active ingredients.ResultsTo date, 72 compounds have been isolated and identified from Syringa microphylla Diels, and oleuropein, verbascoside, isoacteoside, echinacoside, forsythoside B, and eleutheroside B are the main active components. These compounds have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, and their safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated in long-term traditional applications. Molecular pharmacology experiments have indicated that the active ingredients of Syringa microphylla Diels exert their pharmacological effects in various ways, primarily by reducing oxidative stress damage via Nrf2/ARE pathway regulation, regulating inflammatory factors and inducing apoptosis through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.ConclusionThis comprehensive review of Syringa microphylla Diels provides new insights into the correlations among molecular mechanisms, the importance of toxicology and pharmacokinetics, and potential ways to address the limitations of current research. As Syringa microphylla Diels is a natural low-toxicity botanical medicine, it is worthy of development and utilization and is an excellent choice for treating various diseases.     

木犀科系统研究中过氧化物同工酶的应用

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝电泳分析了木犀科７属５１种（亚种,变种及某些被归并的种）植物叶片过氧化物同工酶。研究结果表明,尽管个别种的种内酶谱有变化,但各个种都有能与其他种相区别的酶谱,各属也具有其特征酶谱,过氧化物同工酶适宜的作为木犀科分类的一个重要指标。根据酶谱认为不分亚科,各族独立为宜,酶谱支持雪柳属和连翘属分别从族及丁香族中独立出来单独建族;支持撤消丁香族,将丁香属并入木犀榄族而靠近女贞属,根据酶谱及     

六种木本植物水分利用效率和其小生境关系研究

北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分利用效率(WUE)与其所在地的气候条件有很密切的关系,特别是大气相对湿度、太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)和温度.辽东栎、山杏、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、荆条和核桃楸等植物在整个生长季水分利用效率的变化幅度在3.76～4.95 mmolCO2.mol1H2O之间,平均水分利用效率为4.428±0.386 mmo1 CO2.mol-1H 2O,水分利用效率以山杏最高,核桃楸最低.在整个生长季中,这些植物在早春时水分利用效率高于生长旺期.另外,同种植物生长在于旱瘠薄生境上的水分利用效率高.     

北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种叶片特点及其生理生态特性

荆条、山杏、辽东栎、北京丁香、大叶白蜡、核桃楸等６种植物在不同光照条件下的气孔导度,不同生境下叶片形态参数和叶片解剖特征进行了研究。扫描电子显微镜图片显示这片植物的气孔全着生在远轴面,气孔密度大小是：辽东栎〉山杏〉北京丁香〉核桃楸〉大叶白蜡,方差分析结果显示这５种植物叶片上气孔密度存在极显著差异,且叶片外表微观上差异比较明显。生境不仅影响叶片的气孔密度,而且也导气孔导度的差异,全光照条件下,山杏、     

Two new species of Acervus (Pezizales) with a key to species of the genus

Studies on the genus Acervus from China are reviewed briefly. Six of the seven known species of the genus are currently recorded in this country. Acervus beijingense and A. changchunense are described as new based on morphological features and molecular data, and A. flavidus with minor emendation is added to the Chinese fungus flora. Phylogenetic relationships among four of the seven species of the genus are investigated based on the 28S rDNA sequence analysis. Species of the genus formed a single clade with high bootstrap support. The sequences of A. epispartius forma epispartius and that of A. flavidus obtained from materials in different geographical regions together formed a group with 100% bootstrap support. Ascospore size and shape are important criteria in the taxonomy of the genus and are phylogenetically informative. A dichotomous key to all described species of the genus is provided.     

A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of lilacs (Syringa, Oleaceae): plastome groups show a strong correlation with crossing groups

Phylogenetic relationships and genomic compatibility were compared for 60 accessions of Syringa using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers. A total of 669 cpDNA variants, 653 of which were potentially phylogenetically informative, was detected using 22 restriction enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses reveal four strongly supported plastome groups that correspond to four genetically incompatible crossing groups. Relationships of the four plastome groups (I(II(III,IV))) correlate well with the infrageneric classification except for ser. Syringa and Pinnatifoliae. Group I, which includes subg. Ligustrina, forms a basal lineage within Syringa. Group II includes ser. Syringa and Pinnatifoliae and the two series have high compatibility and low sequence divergence. Group III consists of three well-defined species groups of ser. Pubescentes. Group IV comprises all members of ser. Villosae and has the lowest interspecific cpDNA sequence divergences. Comparison of cpDNA sequence divergence with crossability data indicates that hybrids have not been successfully generated between species with divergence greater than 0.7%. Hybrid barriers are strong among the four major plastome groups, which have sequence divergence estimates ranging from 1.096 to 1.962%. In contrast, fully fertile hybrids occur between species pairs with sequence divergence below 0.4%. Three regions of the plastome have length variants of greater than 100 bp, and these indels identify 12 different plastome types that correlate with phylogenetic trees produced from cpDNA restriction site data. Biparentally inherited nuclear rDNA and maternally inherited cpDNA length variants enable the identification of the specific parentage of several lilac hybrids.     

不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)细菌降解石油烃的研究进展

不动杆菌属细菌分布广泛,作为重要的石油烃降解者,在乳化和降解石油烃、降低石油烃生物毒性等方面有重要作用。本文概述了不动杆菌属细菌对烷烃、芳香烃等石油烃组分的降解,总结了该属细菌中已发现的烷烃氧化酶和芳香烃氧化酶,综述了该属细菌所分泌的表面活性剂的类型和乳化机理,讨论了固定化对该属细菌降解石油烃的影响,展望了该属细菌降解石油烃的应用前景。基于此,作者认为探索不动杆菌属细菌降解石油烃的详细机理和途径、发现关键酶、寻找遗传工具、构建基因工程菌、发掘环境友好的固定化材料,应是未来的研究重点及热点。     

英国的侧盘菌属:属的概况及大型孢子种的研究(英文)

对侧盘菌属在英国的研究概况进行了评述,研究侧重于Otidea apophysata和O.platyspora两个具有大型子囊孢子的种。同时,对4个错误地用于大型孢子种的名称进行了订正:O. abietina(Pseudotis属的模式种)是含糊名称(nomen ambiguum);O.cochleata也为含糊名称;O. felina是O.alutacea的同物异名,并为后者指定了选模式;将O.umbrina处理为O.bufonia的同物异名。此外,确定了Otidea violacea的分类地位。     

中国海南内生拟盘多毛孢

2004 至 2005 年期间,从我国海南地区 95 种植物中分离鉴定了 43 种内生拟盘多毛孢,包括 5 个新组合,16 个内生拟盘多毛孢新记录种。5 个原归在盘多毛孢属 Pestalotia 的种重组到拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis 中,它们是二色拟盘多毛孢 P. bicolor,金鸡纳树拟盘多毛孢 P. cinchonae,密花拟盘多毛孢P. lambertiae,草原拟盘多毛孢 P. pampeana 和露兜树拟盘多毛孢 P. pandani。对 5 个新组合进行了重新描述和图解,其它 16 个内生拟盘多毛孢新记录种列出名录。     

蜈蚣衣属地衣一新记录

报道了采自新疆的蜈蚣衣属(Physcia)地衣--中国新记录种(Phy scia a lba(Fée)Mül.lA rg.),用扫描电镜、光镜等手段对其形态结构进行了较为详尽的研究,对其化学成分和分布范围也做了描述,并与同属的相近种类做了观察比较研究。