大强度去叶对棉花叶绿素和保护酶系的影响

研究了大强度去叶对棉花叶绿素和保护酶系的影响.结果表明,75%去叶和100%去叶的大强度去叶不会促使棉花产生超补偿现象,而使棉花成铃数分别减少5.4%和9.8%.在短期内大强度去叶可使棉花新生叶片增大、叶绿素含量下降.75%去叶和100%去叶处理还使得棉花叶中蛋白质含量下降,POD酶活性上升、PPO酶活性下降,但POD酶比活力和PPO酶的比活力都上升.说明大强度去叶不仅对植物造成了严重伤害,而且破坏了棉花植株的内稳态平衡.植物不能迅速调整内稳态平衡（homeostasis）恢复元气,最终棉花也不会产生超补偿现象,此时植物处于伤害状态.内稳态变化可能存在信号分子.     

硝酸银对雌性黄瓜植株三种氧化酶同工酶的影响

雌性黄瓜植株经硝酸银处理后其茎尖和真叶过氧化物酶活性极显著地增加,茎尖24小时、真叶36小时酶活性达到最大值,分别增加了178.2%和284.6%,随后酶活性逐渐下降,但酶活性仍然较对照植株高。多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶的同工酶活性也增加。同时硝酸银能诱发黄瓜植株过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶产生新的同工酶, 用等电聚焦更能有效地观察新产生的同工酶。     

硝酸银对雌性黄瓜植株三种氧化酶同工酶的影响

雌性黄瓜植株经硝酸银处理后其茎尖和真叶过氧化物酶活性极显著地增加,茎尖２４小时、真叶３６小时酶活性达到最大值,分别增加１７８．２％和２８４．６％,随后酶活性逐渐下降,但酶活性仍然较对照植株高。多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶的同工酶活性也增加。同时硝酸银能诱发黄瓜植株过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶产生新的同工酶。用等电聚焦更能有效地观察新产生的同工酶。     

丁香精油对冷藏冬枣果实腐烂及诱导抗病相关酶活性的影响

对不同浓度丁香精油处理冬枣果实在0℃贮藏期间(60d)及藏后25℃货架期(5d)的果实腐烂率、诱导抗病相关酶活性和总酚含量的变化特征进行分析,以探索丁香精油抑制冬枣果实腐烂与抗病性诱导的关系。结果表明:丁香精油处理能有效抑制冬枣贮藏期果实腐烂的发生,提高其苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,诱导总酚含量的增加。经丁香精油处理冬枣果实在贮藏60d后25℃货架期5d时的腐烂指数得到明显下降,同时保持了较高的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和总酚含量,并以0.50%丁香精油处理的效果最显著,其贮藏后货架期的果实腐烂指数较对照下降了45.5%。可见,丁香精油抑制贮藏冬枣果实的腐烂与抗病相关酶活性的升高密切相关,抗病性诱导是丁香精油处理抑制冬枣采后果实腐烂的重要原因之一。     

锌锰钛对接种放线菌剂甜瓜幼苗生长及诱导抗病性的影响

以陕甜3号甜瓜幼苗为材料,采用基质育苗、大田栽培法,研究了2种放线菌剂(Act28和康照)育苗接种和育苗移栽双重接种条件下,微量元素锌、锰、钛对甜瓜植株生长及诱导抗病性的影响.结果显示:(1)与单施菌剂相比,在育苗接种Act28并配施微量元素条件下甜瓜植株总鲜重、根鲜重和蔓叶鲜重分别显著增加31.5%、39.5%和31.5%,在双重接种Act28配施微量元素条件下分别显著增加40.5%、17.6%和40.7%.(2)与单纯菌剂接种相比,在育苗接种和双重接种Act28并配施微量元素下甜瓜叶片过氧化物酶活性分别降低4.4%和10.2%,丙二醛含量分别增加10.9%和16.6%;甜瓜叶片多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量在育苗接种康照并配施微量元素下分别较育苗接种康照降低2.2%、38.0%和5.0%,丙二醛含量增加17.7%.(3)甜瓜根系多酚氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量在育苗接种Act28配施微量元素处理下较育苗接种分别显著增加30.7%和42.6%,而在Act28双重接种配施微量元素与双重接种处理间无明显变化;甜瓜根系过氧化物酶活性在育苗接种Act28、康照与微量元素配施处理下,分别较2种菌剂育苗接种处理显著降低14.7%、34.3%,苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性分别明显降低14.9%、21.9%.研究表明,菌剂Act28育苗接种或育苗移栽双重接种条件下,锌、锰、钛溶液对甜瓜植株生长具有显著的促进作用,且微量元素效应与接入的菌剂种类及接种方式有关;微量元素溶液对甜瓜防卫酶活性及抗性物质含量等无显著影响或具有一定程度的负效应,从而导致甜瓜诱导抗病性下降.     

四棱豆不同生育期叶片中过氧化物酶活力测定

比较了四棱豆不同生育期叶片中过氧化物酶活性,结果表明：该酶活力和比活力在不同生育期存在着明显差异,蛋白质含量变化不大。在成熟期,随着植株节位升高,酶活力及比活力均呈下降趋势,蛋白质含量则呈上升趋势。     

间伐对华北落叶松人工林土壤活性有机碳含量及酶活性的影响

本研究以太岳山华北落叶松人工林为对象,研究间伐对土壤活性有机碳及相关土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明: 随着土壤深度的增加,土壤活性有机碳含量、土壤氮含量和酶活性降低;同一土层中,中度间伐下土壤碳、氮养分含量显著增加.在0～10 cm土层,轻度间伐处理下蔗糖酶和过氧化物酶活性显著增加,中度间伐处理下多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性显著增加;在10～50 cm土层,轻度间伐处理下蔗糖酶和脲酶活性降低,中度间伐处理下纤维素酶活性显著降低;冗余分析显示,溶解性有机碳在0～10和20～30 cm土层是影响土壤酶活性的主要因素;在10～20 cm土层中,土壤有机碳是影响多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的主要因素;在30～40 cm土层,微生物生物量氮主要影响多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和脲酶活性,土壤全磷和易氧化有机碳对40～50 cm土层土壤酶活性起着重要的作用.间伐对华北落叶松人工林土壤活性有机碳含量和土壤酶活性有显著影响,中度间伐处理下土壤养分含量总体最高,土壤pH、含水率、有机质含量等化学性质优于其他几种处理,能较好地改善林下植被、枯落物及养分循环过程.因此,建议对落叶松人工林进行适度密度调整(1404～1422 trees·hm^-2),以促进碳、氮养分在土壤中的固存.     

棉花对棉铃虫为害超补偿作用的生理机制

为研究棉花对棉铃虫为害超补偿作用的生理机制,作者在山东省滨州市棉田进行了模拟第二代棉铃虫为害的试验。结果表明：每株棉花摘除8个早蕾后,最终成铃数增加13.4%,其中下部第6及其上果枝的成铃数增加较多。处理组棉叶中可溶性糖和淀粉含量上升,氨基酸含量下降,光合作用强度加大(3.6%～6.7%),叶面积系数增加8.5%～28.1%,单株生产力增大,从而揭示了超补偿作用的重要机制。     

几种氧化酶活性与植物对二氧化硫抗性的研究——植物本底及受污染后酶活性大小与抗性的关系

对27种不同抗性等级植物本底(未经污染处理的正常植物)多酚氧化酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性测定结果,植物本底多酚氧化酶活性与抗性有呈负相关的趋势,抗坏血酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性大小与抗性不具规律性。 对植物受不同浓度SO_2污染后酶活性变化分析结果看出,蚬木(抗性植物)和汗斑草(敏感植物)在浓度达受阈前,多酚氧化酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶均有随浓度的升高而酶活性逐渐增大的趋势,仅是不同的酶其活性高峰在不同浓度梯度中出现迟早不同而己。在污染浓度达受伤阈后,随着浓度的继续增大,酶活性逐渐下降。而白蝉(抗性植物)和大猪屎青(敏感植物)有的酶具有规律性,有的酶不具有这种规律性。 用使可见伤害达50％的SO_2污染汗斑草后4小时(一次污染),过氧化物酶活性为0.34(未受污染的为12.69),仅为未受污染的2.68％,降低了97.32％,但24小时后为7.68,为未受污染的60.52％,比受污染后4小时提高了57.84％,72小时后为8.52,为未受污染的67.13％,比受污染后4小时提高了65.45％。多酚氧化酶亦具有这种规律性。说明二氧化硫对这两种酶的抑制作用是可逆的。     

源-库比率对蚕豆营养生长和衰老的影响

去花(荚)提高蚕豆源-库比率,加强营养生长,总干重增加5～13％,叶片叶绿素和蛋白质含量以及过氧化氢酶活性分别提高40％、22％和34％,植株推迟38天死亡。去叶降低源-库比率,削弱营养生长,株高降低20cm,叶片叶绿素和蛋白质以及过氧化氢酶活性分别减少70％,15％和50％,植株提前10天死亡。去50％叶使后期相对电导率明显上升,减产7.5％     

Mepiquat chloride (PIX)-induced changes in photosynthesis and growth of cotton

Mepiquat chloride (N, N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride), well known as PIX, is a potential systemic plant growth regulator. The effects of PIX on plant height, stem elongation, leaf area, net photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content, sucrose and starch levels, and RuBP carboxylase activity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. DES 119) plants were measured. PIX was sprayed (0, 7.65, 15.3, 30.6 or 61.2 g active ingredient ha^–1) on the plants at first square (25 days after emergence) and measurements were made at frequent intervals. Plant height was clearly reduced by PIX. The total length of vegetative branches and fruiting branches was 40% and 50% less than the control. Total leaf area in PIX treated plants was 16% less than the control. Net photosynthetic rates were 25% less in PIX-treated leaves. PIX treated leaves had more chlorophyll content. The activity of RuBP carboxylase was decreased in PIX treated plants. Starch accumulation was noticed in PIX treated leaves while sucrose content was not changed. The data reported here suggest that reduced growth responses induced by PIX results in partial loss of photosynthetic capacity in cotton at least up to 20 days after application of the growth regulator.     

Compensation to simulated insect leaf herbivory in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum): responses to multiple levels of damage and associated traits

• Identifying the mechanisms of compensation to insect herbivory remains a major challenge in plant biology and evolutionary ecology. Most previous studies have addressed plant compensatory responses to one or two levels of insect herbivory, and the underlying traits mediating such responses remain elusive in many cases.
• We evaluated responses associated with compensation to multiple intensities of leaf damage (0% control, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% of leaf area removed) by means of mechanical removal of foliar tissue and application of a caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua) oral secretions in 3‐month‐old wild cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum). Four weeks post‐treatment, we measured plant growth and multiple traits associated with compensation, namely: changes in above‐ and belowground, biomass and the concentration of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and non‐structural carbon reserves (starch and soluble sugars) in roots, stems and leaves.
• We found that wild cotton fully compensated in terms of growth and biomass allocation when leaf damage was low (10%), whereas moderate (25%) to high leaf damage in some cases led to under‐compensation. Nonetheless, high levels of leaf removal (50% and 75%) in most cases did not cause further reductions in height and allocation to leaf and stem biomass relative to low and moderate damage. There were significant positive effects of leaf damage on P concentration in leaves and stems, but not roots, as well as a negative effect on soluble sugars in roots.
• These results indicate that wild cotton fully compensated for a low level of leaf damage but under‐compensated under moderate to high leaf damage, but can nonetheless sustain growth despite increasing losses to herbivory. Such responses were possibly mediated by a re‐allocation of carbohydrate reserves from roots to shoots.

     

Growth,morphology and leaf characteristics after simulated herbivory in Chinese subtropical evergreen saplings

Growth, morphology and leaf characteristics were assessed in late spring following simulated autumnal defoliation in second-year saplings of three Chinese subtropical evergreen tree species.Castanopsis fargesii showed strong compensatory growth in terms of plant biomass after removal of both 50 and 75% of leaf biomass and slight compensatory growth after 90% defoliation. DefoliatedC. fargesii saplings had more leaves per unit shoot length than non-defoliated saplings. New leaves on defoliated plants were smaller and had higher per area nitrogen content than new leaves on non-defoliated plants.Pinus massoniana andElaeocarpus japonicus showed strong and no compensatory growth, respectively, after 50% defoliation. The strong compensatory growth inP. massoniana andC. fargesii may partly explain why these species predominate in the early and late successional phases of evergreen broad-leaved forests     

No evidence of a generalized potential ‘cost’ of apical dominance for species that have strong apical dominance

尚无证据表明顶端优势强的物种存在广义顶端优势潜在“成本”     

蕾期土壤盐度降低后棉花叶片的生理功能恢复

试验于2011—2012年在江苏南京江苏省农业科学院经济作物研究所试验田进行,采用盆栽方法,以鲁棉研37号和苏棉22号为供试材料,设置土壤盐度降低试验(初始土壤含盐量为0.2%,棉花进入二叶期后每7d加入混合盐1次,每次增加0.1%,使土壤含盐量逐渐达到0.5%,蕾期进行盐度降低处理,使土壤含盐量降低到0.2%左右),研究蕾期土壤盐度降低后棉花叶片的生理代谢动态特征。结果表明:土壤盐度降低后,棉花叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量和Chl/Car升高;净光合速率和气孔导度升高,且分别在土壤盐度降低后第14天和7天接近于低盐对照;土壤盐度降低后棉花叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,MDA含量在土壤盐度降低后第14天接近于低盐对照;土壤盐度降低后棉花叶片中可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和脯氨酸含量降低,且接近于低盐对照。上述结果表明土壤盐度降低后,棉花叶片生理功能逐渐恢复,进而实现棉花生长发育的恢复补偿。棉花叶片生理功能在土壤盐度降低后的恢复能力存在品种间差异,鲁棉研37号较苏棉22号叶片生理功能表现出更强的恢复能力。     

Response of cotton to prebloom square loss

In 1996 and 1997, various intensities of prebloom square removal were applied to three cultivars of cotton grown in Mississippi. With the exception of one cultivar in 1997, all cultivars were B. thuringiensis (Bt)-transgenic cotton. At harvest, the number of bolls and seed cotton weight was recorded for all plants in each square removal treatment. All cultivars responded similarly to square loss. A yield increase (overcompensation) was observed in the treatment where all squares were removed from the plant one week after squaring began. Only the treatment where all squares were removed before bloom significantly reduced yield and caused a large (>7 d) delay in crop maturation. Otherwise, moderate levels of square removal (approximately 20-50% of prebloom squares) had little impact on overall lint production. However, the patterns of cotton production on the plants were significantly influenced by the square removal treatments. The removal of relatively more or larger squares increased seed cotton production in late-season fruiting cohorts and on 'vegetative' branches. Compensation for square loss occurred by increasing the relative number and weight of bolls produced subsequent to early-season square removal. Typically, early-season square loss increased the value of later-season fruiting cohorts, especially the midseason cohorts and bolls on vegetative branches. The implications of prebloom square loss, including the compensatory ability of the cotton plant, on insect management are discussed.     

Cotton Leaf Curl Virus: lonic Status of Leaves and Symptom Development

In the present study, the relationship between the nutritional status of leaves and the development of symptoms of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars (i.e. CIM-240 and S-12) was investigated. The incidence of disease attack was found to be 100% in the S-12 cultivar and 16% in the CIM-240 cultivar. Geminivirus particles in infected leaves were confirmed by transmission electron microscope examination of highly specific geminivirus coat protein antisera-treated cell sap. The CLCuV impaired the accumulation of different nutrients in both cultivars. A marked decrease in the accumulation of Ca2+ and K+ was observed in infected leaves. However, the disease had no effect on leaf concentrations of Na+, N, and P. It was observed that the curling of leaf margins in CLCuV-infected plants was associated with the leaf Ca2+ content; leaf curling was severe in plants with a significant reduction in Ca2+ content.Moreover, leaf K+ content was found to be associated with resistance/susceptibility to CLCuV infection.     

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Foliar Chemistry of Transgenic Bt Cotton

A field study was carried out to quantify plant growth and the foliar chemistry of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton （cv. GK-12） exposed to ambient CO2 and elevated （double-ambient） CO2 for different lengths of time （1, 2 and 3 months） in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that CO2 levels significantly affected plant height, leaf area per plant and leaf chemistry of transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly, higher plant height and leaf area per plant were observed after cotton plants that were grown in elevated CO2 were compared with plants grown in ambient CO2 for 1, 2 and 3 months in the investigation. Simultaneously, significant interaction between CO2 level x investigating year was observed in leaf area per plant. Moreover, foliar total amino acids were increased by 14%, 13%, 11% and 12%, 14%, 10% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Condensed tannin occurrence increased by 17%, 11%, 9% in 2004 and 12%, 11%, 9% in 2005 in transgenic Bt cotton after being exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 for the same time. However, Bt toxin decreased by 3.0%, 2.9%, 3.1% and 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.9% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3months compared with ambient CO2 for same time in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Furthermore, there was prominent interaction on the foliar total amino acids between the CO2 level and the time of cotton plant being exposed to elevated CO2. It is presumed that elevated CO2 can alter the plant growth and hence ultimately the phenotype allocation to foliar chemistical components of transgenic Bt cotton, which may in turn, affect the plant-herbivore interactions.     

不同整枝方式对棉花源库关系的调节效应

以去叶枝留早果枝的正常整枝方式为对照,于2005—2006年研究了整枝对大田棉花源库关系的调节效应.结果表明：去叶枝去早果枝（Ⅰ）、留叶枝去早果枝（Ⅱ）和留叶枝留早果枝（Ⅲ）3种整枝方式都显著促进了棉花叶面积扩展,最大叶面积系数分别比对照平均提高了10.3%、28.3%和9.5%,导致叶面积载荷量减少,源库比降低.Ⅰ和Ⅱ处理显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量,降低了始絮期的黄叶率和功能叶的C/N,表现出显著地延缓衰老的作用,但Ⅱ处理易导致贪青晚熟;而Ⅲ处理对衰老的延缓作用不大.Ⅰ处理的籽棉产量与对照相当,Ⅱ处理比对照降低了6.4%~15.6%,Ⅲ处理比对照增产6.3%.表明去早果枝和留叶枝皆是调节棉花源库关系、碳氮代谢和延缓棉花早衰的有效手段.     

Effects of early-fruit removal on endogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid in relation to leaf senescence in cotton

Numerous studies have shown that early-fruit removal enhances vegetative growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). However, few studies have examined changes in leaf senescence and endogenous hormones due to fruit removal. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between some endogenous phytohormones, particularly the cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA), and leaf senescence following fruit removal. Cotton was grown in pots and in the field during 2005 and 2006. Two early-fruiting branches were excised from plants at squaring to form the fruit removal treatment while the non-excised plants served as control. Plant biomass, seed cotton yield, cytokinins and ABA levels in main-stem leaves and xylem sap as well as main-stem leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration were determined after removal or at harvest. Fruit removals increased the leaf area, root and shoot dry weight and plant biomass at 35 days after removal (DAR), whether in potted or field-grown cotton; under field conditions, it also improved plant biomass and seed cotton yield at harvest. The Pn and Chl concentration in excised plants were significantly higher than in control plants from 5 to 35 DAR, suggesting that fruit removal considerably delayed leaf senescence. Fruit-excised plants contained more trans-zeatin and its riboside (t-Z + t-ZR), dihydrozeatin and its riboside (DHZ + DHZR), and isopentenyladenine and its riboside (iP + iPA) but less ABA in both main-stem leaves and xylem sap than control plants from 5 to 35 DAR. These results suggest that removal of early fruiting branches delays main-stem leaf senescence, which can be attributed to increased cytokinin and/or reduced ABA. Cytokinin and ABA are involved in leaf senescence following early fruit removal.