塔里木板块塔中区上奥陶统良里塔格组的生物礁类型

塔里木板块塔中Ⅰ号坡折带附近上奥陶统良里塔格组取芯井段中可识别多种生物礁灰岩类型,包括珊瑚骨架/障积岩、海绵骨架/绑结岩、苔藓虫绑结岩、钙藻障积岩、钙质菌藻障积/绑结岩等礁灰岩类,藉此可归纳出珊瑚礁、珊瑚-钙藻礁、层孔虫礁、层孔虫-钙藻礁、珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁、苔藓虫礁丘、钙藻礁丘、灰泥丘和微生物礁等生物建造单元。这些礁体的时空分布模式与古环境分异相关联,纵向上具有灰泥丘向珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁至苔藓虫礁丘和钙藻礁的群落结构更替趋势;空间分布则向台地北缘,即I号坡折带延伸显示由低能带灰泥丘向高能带珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁的相变,而且高能带珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻主体礁和环其周缘相对低能带的钙藻礁丘、灰泥丘等在一定范围内构成造礁群落结构分异。     

塔中隆起上奥陶统凯迪阶良里塔格组生物群及其古生态特征

塔中隆起区的良里塔格组含菌藻类微生物岩、植物类的钙藻、原生动物中的有孔虫、后生动物中的海绵、珊瑚、苔藓虫、介形类、三叶虫、腹足类、腕足动物、棘皮动物等化石门类。根据其生物成分的埋葬学特征,分为原地或近源成分占优势的群落和远源异地成分占优势的组合,群落和组合的类型展布受水深、水动力、坡折带地貌等因素控制。     

新疆塔里木中央隆起区中2井上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩沉积相和测井参数

塔里木中央隆起区中2井位于塔中南坡台缘带,上奥陶统凯迪阶良里塔格组频繁出现浅水粒屑滩沉积,以及由蓝藻、钙藻兼以少量珊瑚、苔藓虫等造礁生物以不等含量分别构成生物障积或粘结型礁灰岩,棘皮类、腕足类和三叶虫等壳相生物碎屑丰富。可分出数层典型的生物礁、滩组合序列,总体显示为原地生长和近源搬运的生物礁滩复合体建造。环境的动能条件略有变化,但皆属浪基面之上的沉积深度。礁、滩储层形成模式主要受于沉积相带、成岩改造的控制,储层以生屑灰岩、藻粘结灰岩、障积灰岩及砂屑灰岩为主,储集空间类型包括次生溶蚀孔隙、晶洞与裂缝,同时伴随少量的白云岩化作用,且孔隙以深埋藏溶蚀成因为主,次生胶结作用也十分强烈,礁相储层潜力好于滩相。     

中国新疆塔里木盆地上奥陶统良里塔格组的钙藻化石

钙藻是可以发生生物钙化作用形成钙质"骨骼"的分属多个门类的藻类的俗称。钙藻最早出现于寒武纪,奥陶纪发生第一次辐射演化。本文系统讨论了绿藻门绒枝藻目(Dasycladales)、羽藻目钙扇藻科(Udoteaceae)的科和属级分类标准和红藻门珊瑚藻科、管孔藻科(Solenoporaceae)属级分类标准及其中各属分类中存在的问题。塔里木盆地晚奥陶世在塔中—巴楚台地和塔北台地发育了一套礁滩相良里塔格组碳酸盐岩,其中含有丰富的钙藻化石。本文系统描述了来自塔里木盆地塔中、巴楚、塔北地区取心井上奥陶统良里塔格组岩层中的钙藻化石11个属15个种。包括绿藻门绒枝藻目西莱特藻科(Seletonellaceae)的Dasyporella,Kazakhstanelia,Vermiporella,Aphroporella,Arthroporella,绿藻门的羽藻目Bryopsidales(siphonales)的钙扇藻科的Dimor phosiphon,Palaeo porella,红藻门珊瑚藻目(Corallinales)的管孔藻科的Solenopora,Parachaetetes及Corallinales incertus familiae的Petro-phyton,以及分类位置不明的Monili porella。其中绒枝藻Ajakmalajsoria被视作Kazakhstanelia的同义名。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陕西陇县晚奥陶世背锅山组生物礁

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘的陕西陇县李家坡晚奥陶世背锅山组生物礁为典型的台地边缘礁,包括层孔虫礁、珊瑚礁、钙藻礁等几种类型,主要为层孔虫礁。经过系统古生物学研究,鉴定出层孔虫有5个属,分别为Ecclimadictyon(蜂巢层孔虫)、Clathrodictyon(网格层孔虫)、Tuvaechis(图瓦层孔虫)、Rosenella(罗森层孔虫)、Labechiella(小拉贝希层孔虫)等;珊瑚有6个属,分别为Tetradium(四分珊瑚),Hemiagetolitella(拟半阿盖特珊瑚),Plasmoporella(似网膜珊瑚),Eofletcheria(始弗莱契珊瑚),Catenipora(镣珊瑚),Reuschia(劳氏珊瑚);钙藻以Vermiporella(蠕孔藻)和Solenopora(管孔藻)为主。礁发育早期以层状层孔虫包卷砂屑、单体珊瑚、管状海绵、块状钙藻等形态为主要特征,礁发育中后期以块状和球状的层孔虫以及大型的床板珊瑚形成格架为主要特征。礁体发育过程中居礁生物都很丰富,有三叶虫、腕足类、介形类、大棘皮类和丛状的蓝细菌等。通过与塔中台地以及扬子台地的晚奥陶世台缘礁对比,发现造礁生物的属种和礁岩类型均有相似之处,说明中国晚奥陶世生物礁的分布具有等时性。     

浙赣交界地区上奥陶统三衢山组礁灰岩的分类

本文讨论了礁灰岩的分类历史,特别对Ｔｓｉｅｎ,Ｈ．Ｈ．的礁灰岩分类系统进行了介绍．浙赣交界地区上奥陶统三衢山组生物礁发育良好,通过对其所含造礁生物的形态及功能分析,区分出五大类礁灰岩,即格架岩、障积岩、盖复岩、绑结岩和生物粘结岩,并指出生物礁礁核相主要由以上各种礁灰岩的复合类型所组成．     

塔里木盆地晚奥陶世良里塔格型生烃母质生物

本文描述塔里木盆地晚奥陶世塔中北斜坡带良里塔格组的生烃生物组合特征。指出缓斜坡背景下与灰泥丘有关的良里塔格组的生烃母质生物先质以混合型母质为特征。其组成主要有底栖宏观藻类、线叶植物、隐孢子、疑源类和几丁虫等。这是一类区别于世界上其它奥陶纪烃源岩Guttenburgen型的一类与灰泥丘有关的烃源岩的生烃母质生物类型。     

新疆轮南油田上奥陶统良里塔格组生物类群和古生态地层学*

南疆塔里木板块北部轮南油田在上奥陶统良里塔格组沉积期显示大致由东向西加深的陆表海缓坡地貌,19口钻井岩芯灰岩中可鉴定出钙质微生物Renalcis、Girvanella、Wetheredella、Garwoodia、Phacelophyton yushanensis、Hedstroemia?和Halysis;钙藻类Vermiporella、Dasyporella、Plexavaria和Solenopora;后生动物类型含海绵、珊瑚、苔藓虫、三叶虫、腕足动物、棘皮动物、腹足类、介形类等。不同钻井之间的古生态地层单元对比显示生物礁和灰泥丘主要发育于轮南油田西部井区,而东部井区则多为台内碎屑滩相沉积;海底地貌差异,特别是向西水深加大可视为控制轮南油田良里塔格组生态组合展布的主要因素。     

宁强广元地区志留系宁强组灰岩的微相研究

志留纪时期在扬子地台西北缘宁强湾沉积的宁强组,是一套巨厚的泥页岩夹小型局限台地相灰岩。局限台地相灰岩的沉积类型主要有生物礁、生物层和灰泥丘三种,按岩性可分为灰泥岩、颗粒岩、障积岩、粘结岩、格架岩、漂浮岩、灰砾岩等类型。岩石的微相分析和宏观相带的识别相结合,能指示各种沉积类型不同部位的环境和形成机制。     

泥质对志留系礁滩生长的抑制作用:黔北桐梓韩家店组的例证

黔北桐梓的戴家沟剖面和狮溪剖面志留系兰多维列统特列奇阶下部的韩家店组出露完好,该组泥岩、粉砂岩中夹有厚度1—3m、直径4—7m的小型点礁。礁核相多具典型的障积格架岩特征,但生长时限短暂,群落分异度低,仅见床板珊瑚、单体四射珊瑚、苔藓虫和海百合茎,礁间为珊瑚、苔藓虫和海百合茎碎片堆积的滩相,伴生丰富的遗迹化石。在陆源碎屑快速沉积的背景下,浑浊海水频繁的富营养化过程限制了礁体纵横向生长和朝高分异度群落发展的可能性。     

Establishment and development of patch reefs in the intracratonic Ordovician sequence near Chicoutimi, Quebec

Patch reefs occur near the top of the transgressive sequence of Ordovician Trenton Group limestones in the Chicoutimi area of Quebec, eastern Canada. Despite their small sue, these reefs comprise diverse assemblages dominated by bryozoans, corals, stromatoporoids and receptaculitid algae. Pelmatozoans and gastropods are also conspicuous. The reefs were initiated and grew in a fully marine, open shelf setting. Available substrates varied from loose skeletal lenses to soft, firm or hardened bioturbated wackestones, and the earliest stages of reef growth reflect this heterogeneity. Loose or less firm substrates were colonised by bryozoans and pelmatozoans and/or by receptaculitids, which, together with accessory organisms, stabilised the sediments and provided the basis for further reef development. The resultant firmer, slightly elevated substrates provided sites for attachment of stromatoporoids and colonial corals which spread over earlier reef organisms and sediments and dominated the later stages of reef growth. On hardened areas of sediment, stromatoporoids and corals colonised the surface directly and the early stabilising stage of reef growth is absent. The compositions and developmental stages of these Trenton Group reefs are comparable with those seen in broadly contemporaneous and often larger reefs elsewhere, and are among the earliest in which corals played an important role.     

The history of Devonian-Carboniferous reef communities: Extinctions,effects, recovery

Summary Analysis of the taxonomic composition, diversity and guild structure of five “typical” reef and mud mound communities ranging in age from Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous indicates that each of these aspects of community organization changed dramatically in relation to three extinction events. These events include a major or mass extinction at the end of the Frasnian; reef communities were also effected by less drastic end-Givetian and mid-late Famennian extinctions of reef-building higher taxa. Peak Paleozoic generic diversities for reef-building stromatoporoids and rugose corals occurred in the Eifelian-Givetian; reef-building calcareous algal taxa were longranging with peak diversity in the Devonian. These three higher taxa dominated all reef-building guilds (Constructor, Binder, Baffler) in the Frasnian and formed fossil reef communities with balanced guild structures. The extinction of nearly all reef-building stromatoporoids and rugose corals at the end of the Frasnian and the survival of nearly all calcareous algac produced mid-late Famennian reef communities dominated by the Binder Guild. Despite the survival of most calcareous algae and tabulate corals, the mid-late Famennian extinction of all remaining Paleozoic stromatoporoids and nearly all shelf-dwelling Rugosa brought the already diminished Devonian reef-building to a halt. These Devonian extinctions differ from mass extinctions by the absence of a statistically significant drop in taxonomic diversity and by their successional and cumulative effects on reef communities. Tournaisian mud mounds contain communities markedly different from the frame-building communities in Late Devonian and Visean reefs. Mound-building biotas consist of an unusual association dominated by erect, weakly skeletonized members of the Baffler Guild (chiefly fenestrate Bryozoa; Pelmatozoa) and laterally expanded, mud-binding algae/stromatolites and reptant Bryozoa. The initial recovery to reefs with skeletal frameworks in the Visean was largely due to the re-appearance of new species of abundant colonial rugose corals (Constructor Guild) and fenestrate Bryozoa. This Frasnian-Visean evolution in the taxonomic composition and structure of the reef-building guilds is also expressed by abrupt changes in biofacies and petrology of the reef limestones they produced. Thus, “typical” Frasnian reef limestones with balanced guild structures are framestones-boundstones-bafflestones, Famennian reefs are predominantly boundstones, Tournaisian mud mounds are bafflestones and Visean reefs are bafflestones-framestones.     

Ordovician reefs of the Ural Mountains,Russia: A review

Summary The Upper Ordovician reefs of the Urals were formed at a subsiding shelf-margin during an early Late Ashgillian (Sur’ya time interval) regressive phase. Reefs of this age were studied in detail from the western slope of the Northern, the Subpolar and the Polar Urals with respect to lithofacies, biotic composition and paleogeographical patterns. The thickness of the reefs varies between 100 and 500 m. The backreef areas are characterized by lagoons with increased salinity and sabkha development. Microbial associations and a diverse algal flora (Cyanophyta, green and red algae and alga incertae sedis) are the main constituents of reefal boundstones. Tabulate and rugose corals, heliolitids, calcareous sponge-like fossils, bryozoans and problematic hydroids were also part of the reef communities. Each reef exhibits a characteristic framework-building association. Reef development was terminated by a rapid and abrupt sea-level rise at the end of the middle Upper Ashgillian connected with the global Late Ordovician glaciation.     

Upper Permian (Murghabian) rugose corals from Oman (Ba’id area,Saih Hatat): Community structure and contributions to reefbuilding processes

Summary Coral-dominated communties are rare in Upper Permian reefs. The study of Murghabian rugose and tabulate corals from allochtonous carbonates (‘Oman exotics’) of the Hawasina Complex and autochthonous carbonates of the Saih Hatat area/Arabian Platform (Oman) provides evidence for a significant contribution of rugose corals to the formation of Late Permian reefs. The corals are described with respect to taxonomy, microfacies and community structure. 8 genera and 7 species were recognized.Monothecalis minor n.sp.,Praewentzelella regulare n.sp. andWentzelella katoi magna n.ssp. are new. The corals represent three communities: (1)Praewentzelella community (Hawasina Complex), (2) cerioid coral community (Hawasina Complex), and (3)Waagenophyllum community (Hawasina Complex and Saih hatat). The corals from the Hawasina Complex and the Saih Hatat flourished in significantly different environments: Rugosa from the Hawasina Complex are representatives of reefs, whereas their counterparts from the Saih Hatat lived in level-bottom communities. Coral-bearing reefal boundstones are characterized by a diverse assemblage of sphinctozoans, inozoans, chaetetids, bryozoans, crinoids,Tubiphytes, Archaeolithoporella and algae. These communities produced bafflestones or framestones and were part of a sponge reef complex. The level-bottom community of the Saih Hatat is low-diverse only comprising rugose and tabulate corals. These of isolated colonies locally acted as bafflers.     

黔西北桐梓水坝塘下奥陶统桐梓组碳酸盐岩微相

黔西北桐梓水坝塘剖面下奥陶统特马豆克阶桐梓组沉积时位于上扬子区陆表海极浅水区,抑或部分时段存在盐度异常的云坪,与下伏寒武系第四统娄山关群和上覆下奥陶统红花园组均呈整合接触。桐梓组岩性多为灰色、深灰色灰岩,后生动物大化石和陆源碎屑岩含量显然偏低。常见内碎屑滩相堆积,偶见含砾屑滩,砾屑边缘弱磨圆,属非强水流的近源搬运颗粒类型;少许鲕粒灰岩层。微生物岩颗粒丰富并作为碳酸盐岩的主要供物来源,部分微生物群落形成的细纹层粘结岩属小型叠层石礁相单元,表明在贵阳乌当和桐梓红花园剖面的叠层石可北延超过100km到达水坝塘地区,构建了狭长的叠层石礁相带。黔西北桐梓组部分碳酸盐岩层中出现单一而广适性的钙质微生物造礁群落,与特马豆克阶全球生物礁演化发展阶段相吻合,在奥陶纪生物大辐射的初期,生物礁具有地理分布局限、低生物多样性以及钙质微生物占主导地位的特征。     

Paleoecology of Middle Ordovician stromatoporoid mounds in Vermont

Fossiliferous mounds of carbonate mud are a distinctive facies in the middle Chazy Group (Crown Point Formation) at Isle La Motte, Lake Champlain. The mounds are surrounded by bedded calcarenite of spar-cemented pelmatozoan debris. Channels which cut into the mounds during mound growth are filled with the same calcarenite. The mud-free intermound rocks and the mound biota suggest agitated, normal marine shallow-water environments. The principal lime-secreting organisms within the mounds are stromatoporoids, calcareous algae, tabulate corals, sponges, and bryozoans. Each mound is dominated in terms of biomass by one of three groups: stromatoporoids, calcareous algae, and bryozoans. Most of the mound biota first appear at the base of the Crown Point Formation. In the lower Crown Point Formation the organisms increase in number and species. Both changes in the biota are related to periods of shallowing of the Chazy sea which are also reflected in the character of the carbonate sands.     

Paleoecology of a low-diversity silurian community from the tofta beds of Gotland

The Silurian (Wenlockian) Tofta Beds at Galgberget 1, Gotland, Sweden, formed in a protected intertidal setting. Massive fenestral limestone at this locality contains a low diversity community dominated by stromatoporoids, calcareous algae, and ostracods, with less common rugose corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, and trilobites. Abundance of stromatoporoids, which form about 40% of sediment volume, suggests reef-like conditions. The Tofta community differs from typical Silurian reef communities, however, in its low diversity, very limited tiering, and absence of groups such as crionozoans and tabulates. These differences are possibly due to intertidal conditions which precluded upward growth of a mound structure and subjected the community to periodic desication.     

Middle Ordovician reefs of Norway

The Middle Ordovician reefs of Norway were the first to develop in the western part of the Balto-scandian epicontinental sea and are the earliest coral-stromatoporoid reefs so far reported in Europe. Small patch reefs in the Steinvika Limestone, Langesund-Skien district, consist mainly of algae, echinoderms, corals and stromatoporoids. Bryozoans, molluscs, arthropods and brachiopods are also present. The reefs developed on pelmatozoan-rich substrates and are organically zoned, consisting of a pioneer community of stemmed echinoderms and sheet algae, a high-diversity intermediate community dominated by fasciculate corals and a low diversity climax community of massive corals and stromatoporoids. These communities are interpreted as the seral stages of an autogenic ecological succession. Small patch reefs are also present in the laterally equivalent Mjøsa Limestone, Toten and Nes-Hamar districts. These are organically very similar to those in the Steinvika Limestone and developed in an identical way. A large complex, consisting of several reefs, is also present in the Mjøsa Limestone. Unlike the reefs elsewhere, which developed within shallow inshore areas, this complex developed at the outer edge of the inshore shelf. The outstanding feature of the complex is the main reef forming the offshore limit which is totally dominated by stromatoporoids and lacks a sequential development. This is due to the influence of the harsher environment at the shelf edge.     

A late Devonian (Frasnian) coral-bafflestone reef at Houshan in Guilin, South China

Summary Givetian to early Carboniferous sediments of South China are characterized by carbonates. Middle and Late Devonian strata are best developed in the Guilin area. Reefs and organic shoals are recorded by various lithofacies types indicating the existence of an extended carbonate platform and a change of the composition of reef communities in time. Starting in the late Devonian, stromatoporoids and corals were replaced by algae that subsequently played an important role together with stromatoporoids, receptaculitids and fasciculate rugose corals in reef communities. In Houshan, 5 km west of Guilin, a coral-bafflestone reef occurs in the Frasnian strata, situated near an offshore algal-stromatoporoid reef. The coral reef was formed in a back-reef area adjacent to the inner platform margin. The coral-bafflestone reef is unique among the late Devonian reefs of South China with regard to the biotic composition. The reef is composed of fasciculate colonies ofSmithiphyllum guilinense n. sp. embedded within in packstones and wackestones. The height of colonies reaches 1 m. The community is low-diverse. The species ofSmithiphyllum occurring in the Frasnian reef complexes of Guilin exhibit a distinct facies control:Smithiphyllum guilinense occurs in or near to margin facies and formed bafflestone, constituting a coral reef whereasSmithiphyllum occidentale Sorauf, 1972 andSmithiphyllum sp.—characterized by small colonies with thin corallites—are restricted to the back-reef and marginal slope facies. The bush-like coral colonies baffled sediments. Algae and stromatoporoids (mainlyStachyodes) are other reef biota. Reef-dwelling organisms are dominated by brachiopods. The reefs are composed from base to top of five lithofacies types: 1) cryptalgal micrite, 2) peloidal packstone, 3) stromatactis limestone, 4) coral-bafflestone, and 5) pseudopeloidal packstone. The reef complex can be subdivided into back-reef subfacies, reef flat and marginal subfacies, and marginal fore-slope subfacies. The Houshan coral-bafflestone reef is not a barrier reef but a coral patch reef located near the inner margin of a carbonate platform.