益生菌在炎症性肠病中的治疗作用

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)。随着对肠道微生物群在IBD发病机制中作用的认识不断深入,近年来益生菌广泛应用于IBD治疗。大量临床试验结果表明,益生菌治疗IBD的疗效主要体现在对UC和贮袋炎的治疗,对CD的疗效不明确。益生菌治疗IBD可能通过促进肠道微生物群平衡、改善肠道屏障功能、调节肠道黏膜免疫及营养物质代谢等途径。     

肠道菌群及其代谢物与溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是慢性炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)的一种主要类型,其具有发病率高、病程复杂等特点。目前,临床治疗手段主要以抗炎治疗、免疫调节为主。虽然这些治疗手段能改善UC的症状,但临床疗效有待提升。因此,寻找更有效的治疗方式是十分必要的。肠道菌群的代谢通过调控炎症、细胞生长、内环境稳态等方式在UC的发生、发展中发挥重要作用。现就肠道菌群结构变化和肠道菌群代谢物(短链脂肪酸、色氨酸、胆汁酸和三甲胺氮氧化物)对UC发生、发展的可能机制,以及菌群移植、益生菌、益生元和合生元疗法应用于UC的防治作用作一概述。     

儿童重症手足口病肠道菌群和肠道黏膜通透性的研究进展

手足口病是由肠道病毒引起的儿童常见的传染病,有研究显示肠道病毒进人消化道后在肠黏膜内复制繁殖并持续释放到血液而发病,肠道黏膜是病毒人侵和增殖的主要场所。肠道菌群能防御感染和增强肠道屏障功能,肠道屏障功能在防御外源性和内源性感染方面发挥重要作用,同时在维持肠道免疫稳定和平衡方面也有重要的作用。益生菌是指数量适当时对宿主健康有利的活微生物,有研究报道益生菌在辅助治疗手足口病上是有效的。开展这方面的研究,对于探索手足口病的发病机制和益生菌防治手足口病有十分重要的意义。     

黏质阿克曼菌及其代谢物短链脂肪酸与溃疡性结肠炎肠黏膜屏障的相关性研究

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)已成为当今世界范围内的发病率高、患病人数多、病程缠绵的终身难治性疾病。而黏质阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila,A.muciniphila)及其代谢物短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acid, SCFA)是近年来发现的对UC肠黏膜屏障具有保护作用的益生菌及代谢物,但其具体作用机制有待归纳和总结。因此本文从肠黏膜机械、化学、免疫及生物屏障这四个角度综合分析近年来的相关研究,试图探讨A. muciniphila和SCFA对肠黏膜屏障的具体作用机理,为研究UC的发病机制、治疗手段提供新视角和新思路。     

益生菌和思密达辅助治疗溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）是一种反复发作腹痛、腹泻、黏液便和血便的直肠和结肠慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,其发病原因和致病机制仍不明确。UC尚无确切根治方案,目前临床上以维持缓解、预防复发为治疗手段。近年来研究表明,UC与肠道菌群失调、肠道屏障功能缺陷具有密切联系,于是,关于益生菌制剂及思密达对UC治疗作用的研究备受重视。本文对近年来益生菌制剂及思密达辅助治疗UC的研究进展进行综述。     

益生菌在儿童炎症性肠病中的应用

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种原因不明的慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)、克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)和未定型的炎症性肠病(IBD-unclassified,IBDU)。随着对肠道微生物与IBD关系认识的不断加深,许多研究发现肠道菌群的生态失调在IBD的发病中起着重要作用。益生菌在儿童IBD治疗中具有良好前景,但仍缺乏有效的证据来确证益生菌疗效,并指导临床对益生菌的种类和剂量等进行选择。现有研究表明,益生菌对儿童IBD的治疗具有特异性,在诱导和维持UC缓解效果明显,但在诱导CD缓解、维持CD缓解和预防术后并发症及复发方面效果并不理想。     

基于NF-κB信号通路的 益生菌治疗溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种肠道非特异性炎症性疾病,迁延不愈,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前认为,肠道菌群的改变是诱发和维持结肠炎症的主要原因。临床上应用益生菌制剂作为UC患者的辅助治疗,可平衡患者肠道菌群,减轻炎症反应。UC患者免疫调节功能紊乱,TLR4及其信号传导通路是UC发病的重要环节。易感人群肠道中的菌群突破肠上皮屏障,免疫系统被各种微生物抗原激活,炎症细胞活化从而导致结肠黏膜组织产生炎症反应,该过程可由TLR4-NF-κB信号传导通路介导。本研究就益生菌基于TLR4-NF-κB信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗进行综述。     

溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群分布的研究现状

溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)的发病被认为是宿主遗传易感性、黏膜免疫与肠道菌群共同作用的结果。许多临床研究显示,与正常人相比,UC患者存在不同程度的菌群失调。艰难梭菌、致病性大肠埃希菌等致病微生物被怀疑与UC的发病相关,但目前还未找到充分证据证明它们与UC患者肠道炎症间的因果关系。就UC患者肠道菌群分布的研究现状、肠道菌群检测方法及未来研究进展进行了阐述。     

肠道微生物群落与炎症性肠病关系研究进展

目的炎症性肠病（IBD）包括克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC）,以持续性肠道非特异性炎症为特征,通常反复发作、迁延不愈,临床上仍无特效性的治疗手段。IBD确切的发病机制尚不清楚,涉及免疫、环境及遗传等因素,这些因素共同诱导肠道炎症、黏膜损伤和修复。肠道微生物群落及其代谢产物、宿主基因易感性及肠道黏膜免疫三方面共同参与了IBD的发病机制。本文从消化道微生态角度出发,对目前IBD相关的肠道微生物群落研究现状、宿主-微生物间免疫应答及益生菌治疗等内容进行探讨。     

溃疡性结肠炎肠道菌群及其代谢产物的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种病因尚未阐明的慢性非特异性肠道炎症疾病,多认为由易感人群免疫反应紊乱所致,疾病负担重,严重影响生活质量。近年随着人们生活方式的改变与诊断水平的提升,UC发病率和患病率逐年增加。研究显示肠道菌群及其代谢产物在UC的发生发展过程中起着关键作用,包括调节免疫、参与信号转导、保护肠黏膜屏障和营养代谢等,肠道菌群代谢产物的紊乱及微生态的失衡在炎症的形成及发展、免疫应激及稳态等方面产生重要影响。该文对近年来肠道菌群及其代谢产物与UC关系的相关研究作一综述,并探讨基于肠道菌群以及其代谢产物的UC防治策略。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism