太宽河自然保护区板栗群落数量分类与排序

根据野外调查数据,对太宽河自然保护区野生板栗群落进行TWINSPAN等级分类和DCA排序。结果表明:TWINSPAN将群落42个样方划分为11个群丛,分类结果很好地反映了群落类型与环境梯度的关系;DCA排序揭示了群落在该区的分布格局与环境梯度的关系;DCA样方排序图第一轴反映了群落生境中坡度与坡向的变化,从左至右坡度逐渐增大,而坡向由阴坡逐渐向半阴坡、半阳坡、阳坡转变;第一轴同时反映了群落受人为干扰情况;第二轴反映的群落与环境关系不太明显,但对角线较好地反映了植物群落与死地被层厚度的变化情况;37个优势种的DCA物种排序图第一轴从左至右,坡度逐渐增大,坡向由阴坡、半阴坡向半阳坡、阳坡转变,排序图从左下方到右上方反映出群落死地被层盖度逐渐减小。     

藏北高原草地群落的数量分类与排序

采用TWINSPAN数量分类和DCA、CCA排序的方法,对藏北高原草地29个样点进行统计分析。结果显示:(1)TWINSPAN数量分类将藏北高寒草地群落划分成10种类型。(2)样点DCA排序第一轴基本反映了水分环境梯度,第二轴基本反映了热量梯度。(3)TWINSPAN分类所划分的各群落在DCA排序图上都有各自的分布范围和界限,说明DCA排序能较好的反应各优势群落与其环境资源之间的关系。(4)样点CCA排序表明,影响群落分布的首要环境因子是水分因子(年均降水量)和空间因子(经度),其次是热量因子(年均温度),CCA排序进一步阐明了群落分布决定于水分和温度等环境因子,并间接验证了TWINSPAN的分类结果。(5)物种CCA排序和TWINSPAN分类结果表明:植物群落中物种的分布格局与植物群落类型的分布格局存在一定的相似性。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈栎群落的数量分析

应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)方法对桂林岩溶石山青冈栎群落进行数量分类与排序。通过TWINSPAN分类,将青冈栎群落60个样方划分为8个群丛类型,探讨了各群丛类型的基本特征。结果表明:DCA排序与TWINSPAN分类结果较一致,DCA排序较好地体现了各群丛类型与环境因子的相互关系,DCA第一排序轴主要反映了坡度的变化梯度;DCA排序图的对角线基本体现了坡向的变化梯度。坡度的变化是影响岩溶石山青冈栎群落物种组成与分布的重要生态因子。     

拉萨河谷植物群落分类与排序及物种丰富度与环境的关系

以拉萨河谷区域的植物群落为研究对象,设置30个样地、90个植物样方,运用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)进行群落的分类分析,运用除趋势对应分析法(DCA)进行群落的排序分析,运用广义可加模型(GAM)进行转换后的物种丰富度(TSR)与海拔、覆盖度、纬度、经度的关系分析。TWINSPAN分类将拉萨河谷的植物群落分为8组,即落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛、根茎苔草草甸和丛生嵩草草甸、常绿针叶灌丛草甸和落叶阔叶灌丛草甸、落叶阔叶灌丛草原、丛生禾草荒漠、落叶阔叶灌丛荒漠、小半灌木荒漠,很好地反映了群落的间断性;DCA排序的样方排序结果与TWINSPAN数量分类结果基本一致,很好地反映了群落的连续性及其生境的异质性,DCA排序结果表明,湿度是拉萨河谷植物分布的主导因素;GAM拟合模型显示,TSR沿海拔梯度的分布格局为低-高-低-高-低的双峰格局。     

庞泉沟国家自然保护区森林群落的数量分类和排序

根据84块样方资料,对庞泉沟国家自然保护区的森林群落进行TWINSPAN分类和DCA、DCCA排序.结果表明：（1）TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为7个类型;（2）样方与物种的DCA排序及样方的DCCA排序较好地揭示了该区森林群落的分布格局与环境梯度的关系：DCCA第一轴明显地反映出森林群落的海拔梯度,即热量因子,沿DCCA第一轴从左到右,海拔逐渐升高,森林群落对热量的要求降低;DCCA第二轴主要表现出森林群落的坡向、坡度变化趋势,即水分和光照因子,沿DCCA第二轴,从下到上,坡向由阴坡向阳坡变化,坡度由平缓变陡峭.其中海拔梯度是环境因子中对森林群落分布起决定性作用的因子.（3）与DCA相比,DCCA的排序轴更有利于生态意义的解释,后者能同时反映样方间在种类组成上及环境因子组成上的相似性,表现在排序图中样方较集中,群落间的界线变得较模糊,因此如果同分类结合使用,DCA的效果要好于DCCA.（4）TWINSPAN分类与DCA和DCCA排序的结果,同时表明了该地区森林群落的垂直分布格局.     

山西芦芽山植物群落的数量分类

本文在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）对山西芦芽山植物群落进行数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN等级分类将芦芽山82个样方分为28类,可归属于7个植被型,分类结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在 DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证。DCA排序轴对角线基本反映了海拔、温度和湿度的梯度变化,表明群落生境所在地的海拔、温度和湿度是决定群落分布的主要因素。     

亚热带峰丛洼地恢复演替植物群落的数量分类和排序——以广西马山弄拉峰丛洼地为例

采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对弄拉峰丛洼地恢复演替植物群落进行数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN将20个样方分为10个组,根据植被分类的原则划分为10个群丛,论述了各群丛的群落学特征。20个样方的DCA排序结果反映了恢复演替群落与环境梯度的关系,表明影响群丛分布格局的主导生态因子为恢复时间、人为干扰及露石率。DCA排序将53个种分为4个种组,影响峰丛洼地恢复演替群落及其物种分布格局的主导生态因子为恢复时间、岩性和水分等。各物种在排序轴上的位置反映了种组成员的生态适应性及其在群落中的重要性和更新生态位。     

山西芦芽山植物群落的数量分类

本文在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）对山本芦芽山植物群落进行数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN等级分类将芦芽山82个样方分为28类,可归属于7个植被型,分类结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证,DCA排序轴对角线基本反映了海拔,温度和湿度的梯度变化,表明群落生境所在地的海拔,温度和湿度是决定群落分布的主要因素。     

拉萨河谷草地群落的数量分类与排序

采用TWINSPAN数量分类和DCA、CCA排序的方法,对拉萨河谷草地23个样点进行统计分析。结果显示:(1)TWINSPAN数量分类将拉萨河谷草地群落划分成8种类型,拉萨河谷的草地群落分布呈现明显的垂直地带性分布格局。(2)TWINSPAN分类所划分的各群落在DCA排序图上都有各自的分布范围和界限,说明DCA排序能较好的反应各群落与其环境资源之间的关系,同时,TWINSPAN的分类结果也在排序图上得到较好的印证。(3)样点DCA排序的第一轴基本反映了海拔高度的变化梯度,第二轴基本反映了坡向的变化。(4)样点CCA排序表明,影响群落分布的主要环境因子是海拔,其次是坡向。CCA排序进一步阐明了拉萨河谷草地群落分布决定于海拔和坡向等环境因子,并间接验证了TWINSPAN的分类结果。(5)物种CCA排序和TWINSPAN分类结果表明:植物群落中物种的分布格局与植物群落类型的分布格局存在一定的相似性,物种的分布格局在很大程度上影响着群落的分布格局。     

锦屏水电站植被数量分类与排序

以锦屏梯级水电站大河湾段植被为研究对象,以河流流向为基础布置样方,将50个样方物种重要值及其环境因子进行TWINSPAN数量分类和DCA排序,结果显示:(1)由TWINSPAN数量分类将植被划分为7种类型,雅致雾水葛(Pouzolzia elegans)灌草群落为该区域的主要群落.(2)以TWINSPAN数量分类为基础的DCA二维排序图将样方分为6个生态类型,DCA 二维排序图横轴从左至右海拔高度逐渐降低;排序纵轴由下至上坡度逐渐升高.(3)以TWINSPAN数量分类在DCA排序图中有明确的分布范围和界限,DCA排序与TWINSPAN数量分类结合使用,能很好反映群落与环境因子间的生态关系.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.