拇指掌侧动脉的解剖分型及其临床意义

目的:观察拇指掌侧动脉起源、走行及其共干情况,探讨其分型特征。方法:72例手部血管标本,其中实体标本46例(左27例,右19例),铸型标本26例(左12例,右14例),观察拇指掌侧动脉即拇指桡掌侧固有动脉和拇指尺掌侧固有动脉的起源,走行及其共干情况并统计分析。结果:根据拇指掌侧动脉即拇指桡掌侧固有动脉与拇指尺掌侧固有动脉共干情况,将其分为2型,分别是Ⅰ共干型(32例,44.44%),Ⅱ不共干型(40例,55.56%)。根据拇指掌侧动脉的血供来源,Ⅰ共干型又分为3个亚型,分别为:a.共干-掌浅弓型(3例,4.17%),b.共干-掌深弓型(26例,36.11%),c.共干-桡动脉掌浅支型(3例,4.17%);Ⅱ不共干型又分为2个亚型,分别为:a不共干-掌浅弓、掌深弓型(27例,37.50%),b不共干-第一掌背动脉、掌浅弓型(13例,18.06%)。结论:根据拇指掌侧动脉即拇指桡掌侧固有动脉与拇指尺掌侧固有动脉共干情况及其动脉来源将其分为2型5个亚型。对拇指掌侧动脉进行分型可以充分了解拇指掌侧动脉的起源及走行变异,丰富解剖学资料,为临床拇指再植再造术提供解剖学基础。     

手掌大鱼际区逆行岛状皮瓣设计的解剖学基础

目的:探索手掌大鱼际肌区桡动脉掌浅支的解剖结构,来评价用此区做逆行岛状皮瓣的可能性.方法:将灌注15%～30%过氯乙烯的手掌大鱼际肌部分为4个区.剖开手掌皮肤后,将手掌血管制成动脉铸型标本,观测桡动脉掌浅支的分支、分布及吻合情况.结果:手掌大鱼际肌近侧区的掌皮穿动脉少,数目3-9支,直径0.2±0.1mm,远侧区的掌皮穿动脉多,数目8-15支,直径0.3±0.2mm.桡动脉掌浅支的主干走行恒定,桡动脉掌浅支动脉主干与其分支的关系可分为四型,即丰字、桡侧半羽型、尺侧半羽型与Y型.结论:桡动脉掌浅支在手掌大鱼肌际区的分布恒定,以桡动脉掌浅支的主干与分支情况为基础可设计三种不同的逆行岛状皮瓣,第一种皮瓣为手掌大鱼际肌区皮瓣,第二种皮瓣为手掌大鱼际肌区近侧区皮瓣,第三种皮瓣为掌大鱼际肌区远侧区皮瓣,这些皮瓣可以用来修复重建手掌或手指掌面的软组织缺失.     

浙江地区汉族三百例手纹的分析研究

本文报道汉族正常的手纹图型。指纹的斗型、尺箕、桡箕及弓型的频率分别为51.67％、43.4％、2.83％及2.1％。t％及atd角的均值分别为17.7％及40.28°。手掌有二个掌轴三叉的占3％。ab纹嵴数均值39.03,男比女高(p<0.01)。ab间的距离为2.21cm。无a、b三叉缺失,c、d三叉缺失者10.3％。指间三叉占6.33％。A线止于鱼际的占9.33％,证明了右手掌纹比左手横向水平。鱼际区(T/I_1)及小鱼际区的真实花纹出现率分别为11.3％及20.5％。双手I_2、I_3、I_4区的花纹各为1％、4.67％及57％。正常型掌褶占88.2％。     

以乳突切迹和翼钩为基点的侧颅底分区方法

目的：探讨以乳突切迹和翼钩为基点的侧颅底分区新方法。方法：在乳突切迹后缘、翼钩、枕骨大孔前缘中点和颧根四个结构间相互连线,区分侧颅底并测量连线的长度。结果：乳突切迹与侧颅底重要结构的关系密切,切迹后缘与翼钩连线和正中线将侧颅底分成内、外侧两个大的三角区,每个区再分成前后两个三角区共四个三角区,即腭和颞下三角、咽三角、关节和听三角、血管神经三角,其中血管神经三角的三边长度左右侧分别为（74.52±5.47）mm和（74.66±5.41）mm、（59.77±3.84）mm和（59.67±3.56）mm、（42.23±3.11）mm和（42.48±2.60）mm。结论：本研究提供了新的侧颅底分区方法,且血管神经三角的区域划分更为科学,为临床侧颅底手术入路和定位提供了解剖学参考。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者血清鸢尾素、热休克蛋白70检测及其临床意义

摘要 目的：探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化（ALS）患者血清鸢尾素（Irisin）、热休克蛋白70（HSP70）水平及其临床意义。方法：选取2017年1月-2020年12月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第904医院神经内科收治的ALS患者62例,根据E1 Escorial诊断标准分为ALS早期组（n=30）和ALS晚期组（n=32）,另选取同期在我院体检的健康志愿者58例为对照组,比较三组血清Irisin、HSP70水平,分析ALS患者血清Irisin、HSP70水平与氧化应激指标、改良后肌萎缩侧索硬化功能（ALSFRS-R）评分、爱丁堡认知行为量表（ECAS）评分和肌电图参数的相关性,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清Irisin、HSP70对ALS的诊断效能。结果：与对照组比较,ALS早期组、ALS晚期组患者血清Irisin、HSP70、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GPX）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平明显降低,且ALS晚期组低于ALS早期组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,ALS早期组、ALS晚期组患者血清8-羟基脱氧鸟苷酸(8-OHDG)、丙二醛（MDA）水平明显升高,且ALS晚期组高于ALS早期组（P<0.05）;ALS晚期组ECAS评分、ALSFRS-R评分低于ALS早期组（P<0.05）;与ALS早期组比较,ALS晚期组正中神经、尺神经、腓总神经以及胫神经的复合肌肉动作电位（CMAP）水平明显降低（P<0.05）;Pearson 检验结果显示,血清Irisin、HSP70水平与血清8-OHDG、MDA呈负相关（P<0.05）,与血清GPX、SOD水平、ECAS评分、ALSFRS-R评分以及正中神经CMAP、尺神经CMAP、腓总神经CMAP、胫神经CMAP呈正相关（P<0.05）;ROC曲线分析显示,Irisin、HSP70联合应用时曲线下面积（AUC）（0.95CI）为0.850（0.722～0.976）,诊断效能较高。结论：ALS患者血清Irisin、HSP70水平与患者体内氧化应激的过度激活、认知功能及神经功能的损害相关,血清Irisin、HSP70有可能成为ALS诊断和病情评估的生物标记物之一。     

腹侧被盖区多巴胺神经元全脑神经环路示踪

摘要 目的：研究小鼠中脑腹侧被盖区（VTA）多巴胺能神经元接受的全脑输入性上游投射及其输出性下游投射,解析其全脑上下游神经环路连接。方法：用立体定位仪将辅助病毒AAV-EF1a-DIO-GT和AAV-EF1a-DIO-G的混合液（1：1）注射到DAT-cre转基因小鼠的VTA脑区,2周后将重组狂犬病毒（RV）EnVA-RV-mCherry微注射到VTA脑区,1周后RV病毒完成逆向跨突触感染并充分表达荧光蛋白,全脑冰冻切片,用全自动扫描荧光显微镜全脑拍片。用立体定位仪将顺行示踪病毒AAV-EF1a-DIO-GFP微注射到DAT-cre转基因小鼠的VTA脑区,2周后待病毒及荧光蛋白充分表达后,全脑冰冻切片,VTA区脑片用TH抗体行免疫荧光染色,全自动扫描荧光显微镜全脑拍片。结果：狂犬病毒逆向跨单级突触示踪结果显示,全脑许多脑区核团神经元表达RV病毒携带的红色荧光蛋白,主要包括前脑皮层、纹状体、伏隔核、下丘脑视前区、外侧下丘脑、下丘脑室旁核、杏仁核、腹侧被盖区、黑质、中缝背核、臂旁核、缰核。顺行示踪病毒结果显示,表达绿色荧光蛋白的纤维投射主要集中在内侧前额叶皮层、纹状体、伏隔核、背外侧隔核、杏仁核、外侧下丘脑几个脑区。结论：VTA多巴胺能神经元的上游输入性投射广泛的分布于全脑,包括前脑皮层、基底神经节区、下丘脑区、边缘系统、中脑的许多核团都向其发出纤维投射。VTA多巴胺神经元的下游输出性投射主要集中在基底神经节的伏隔核和纹状体,内侧前额叶皮层及下丘脑也有一定投射。     

云南省棒腹蜂属一新种(蜜蜂总科,隧蜂科)

本文记述云南省产棒腹蜂属Rhopalomelissa一新种。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,部分副模保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所。 云南棒腹蜂 Rhopalomelissa (Trichorhopalomelissa) yunnanensis Wu et He,新种。 体长4—6毫米,黑褐色;腹部棒状。头扁平,宽大于长;复眼内侧稍凹入;上颚细长,具二齿,基半部深褐色,端半部黄褐色;颅顶后缘稍圆;额区中央具一明显纵脊;触角黑褐色,鞭状,长稍超过后胸,第一节最长,等于第三、四两节总长,第二节近球形,其余各节几等长;唇基及颜侧区密被褐黄色毛;侧单眼距稍短于复眼至单眼距离;胸部黑色;前胸、中胸背板、小盾片、后盾片被金黄色短毛,后盾片毛较密,小盾片上者混有少量金黄色长毛;颅顶后缘被少量金黄色毛;腹部黑褐色,第一、二及第三     

云南昭通发现红点齿蟾

2019年8月,在云南省昭通市威信县徐家坝一溶洞中发现齿蟾雄性成体1只,并采集到12只蝌蚪标本。雄性成体标本形态特征与红点齿蟾（Oreolalax rhodostigmatus）模式产地标本相符：即鼓膜明显,有鼓环,雄性第一、二指上婚刺粗大,内外掌突长椭圆形,极显著,排成倒“八”形;体侧有10余个极显著的橘红色或浅黄圆疣;腋腺及股后腺大而圆,橘红色。蝌蚪体形肥大,紫色或无色透明,第一行短唇齿的下方,又有一行短唇齿位于左、右第一和二行唇齿之间,两口角处副突多,且有小齿。故鉴定为红点齿蟾,为云南省两栖动物分布新记录种。     

新型小鼠跨区供血耳瓣模型的构建

目的：建立一个实时活体观察血管形态学变化小鼠跨区供血耳瓣模型。方法体重25～30 g清洁级ICR小鼠30只,双耳脱毛后,观察其血管分布情况。小鼠麻醉后,用眼科剪从尾侧向头侧剪断鼠耳基底部尾侧2/3,保留头侧1/3,形成耳前血管蒂跨三个血管体、二个choke区的耳瓣模型。将小鼠侧卧置于二维图像采集系统的动物承载台上,调节体视显微镜物镜并固定为25倍,设置步进参数,“弓”型路线渐次、局部采集造模后0,1,2,3,5,7,10,14,21,30 d的时间点图像,合成鼠耳全景图。重点观察皮瓣的坏死率、皮瓣内choke血管的形态学变化。结果 ICR小鼠耳有三个恒定的血管体来供养,从内到外依次为头侧血管体、中间血管体及尾侧血管体。术后5 d,耳瓣坏死面积趋于稳定,坏死率为（15±7）％。内侧血管体与中间血管体之间的choke动静脉的管径出现快速扩增,两者都在第10天左右达最大,choke静脉管径最高峰可达到原来的（3.9±0.5）倍,choke动脉管径最高峰可达到原来的（3.5±0.7）倍。10 d后,choke静脉管径开始减小,21 d后逐渐平稳,而choke动脉管径于术后10 d左右开始平稳,之后无明显减小。结论①跨区皮瓣切取后,静脉扩张是被动扩张,而动脉扩张是主动增值;②跨区皮瓣切取后血流动力学供区与潜力供区之间的choke区参与扩张的choke血管数量及扩张度均小于解剖供区与血流动力学供区之间的choke血管;③小鼠耳瓣模型为研究血管扩张机制及遴选促皮瓣存活药物的理想动物模型。     

瘤背石磺的形态、习性和生殖行为

2003年5月～2004年5月研究了上海崇明瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)的形态特征、生活习性,分别对其消化、呼吸、循环、排泄、生殖、神经等六大系统进行了阐述。结果表明,瘤背石磺生活在潮间带高潮区滩涂的芦苇丛里,摄食泥滩上的有机质和单胞藻类;雌雄同体、异体交配、卵生。生殖系统包括生殖器和雌、雄交接器三部分：生殖器由两性腺、卵黄腺和蛋白腺组成;雄性交接器由输精管、附性腺、阴茎、刺激器等组成,雄性生殖孔位于右侧第一触角中部;雌性交接器由输卵管、受精囊、阴道等组成,雌性生殖孔位于肛门右侧约5．0mm处的腹足与外套膜的交界处。本文并详细描述了石磺的交配行为。     

Pattern formation of the sensible nerves in the hand of mouse embryos with special reference to the posterior-anterior developmental gradient

The development of the sensible innervation of the hand was investigated. For this reason normal forelimbs and limb bud cultures from 12- to 14-day-old mouse embryos were stained in toto using the cholinesterase technique. The dorsal side of the hand is mainly innervated by sensible branches of the radial and the musculocutaneous nerve, which penetrate the fascia in the region of the elbow. From here they grow in a distal direction forming the dorsal digital nerves. On the ventral side the median nerve grows in a subfascial compartment towards the palmar side of the hand. While passing the wrist the median nerve exhibits a frayed appearance. A net of branching and anastomosing small nerve fibre bundles is visible. This implies that on the palmar side of the metacarpal region of the hand-plate no specific highways for the growing nerve fibres exist. From late day 12 to early day 14 of embryonic development this diffuse nerve net is organized. In a posterior-anterior (ulnoradial) developmental gradient the common palmar digital nerves were formed, and these nerves divide at their tip into the proper digital nerves. However, the proper digital nerves again follow special pathways during their outgrowth.     

Selectivity of attenuation (i.e., gating) of somatosensory potentials during voluntary movement in humans

Attenuation of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPS) recorded from the scalp during voluntary movement occurs for specific combinations of the finger moved and the peripheral nerve stimulated. The cerebral potential component occurring at a latency of 27 msec (P27) evoked either by stimulation of median nerve at the wrist or by stimulation of 1st and 2nd digit nerves in the fingers were selectively attenuated during movement of 1st digit but were not altered during movement of 5th digit. By contrast, the cerebral P27 component evoked by stimulation of ulnar nerve at the wrist or by stimulation of 5th digital nerve were attenuated during movement of that digit but were not altered during movement of 1st digit. Gating of somatosensory activity is a selective phenomenon occuring when movement involves the areas being stimulated.     

Differential growth and tissue shifts in the developing neck of the chick embryo. An experimental study

The differential growth of the neck was studied by means of linear marks in the chick embryo. The marks were inserted into 3 different zones: Zone I, between the level of 1st and 2nd branchial cleft, zone II, between the level of the 2nd and 3rd branchial cleft, and zone III, between the level of the 3rd branchial cleft and the Cuvier duct. The deformation and dispersion of marks after further incubation of labelled embryos indicate: 1. A caudocranially oriented growth of axial and paraaxial structures causing the displacement of branchial to axial and paraxial structures, 2. an extent growth in the region of the 3rd branchial arch in contrast to other branchial arches with 2 exceptions: the extent craniocaudal growth of the operculum (2nd branchial arch) and the extent caudocranially oriented growth of the hypobranchial region. On the base of our findings the differences in the topography of some neck organs of birds and mammals could be explained.     

Study of arterial patterns of the hand in primates. Deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in Macaca fuscata

Study of the arterial patterns of the hand in Macaca fuscata, especially those of the deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries, by three-dimensional arteriographic analysis revealed the following: (1) The deep palmar arterial arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery, and they are usually composed of two proximal arches (catella volaris proximalis and arcus volaris profundus) and one distal arch (catella volaris distalis). (2) In the 3rd and 4th metacarpal interosseous spaces, the intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis, and the arcus volaris profundus has palmar metacarpal arteries which descend along the palmar side of each metacarpal bone. (3) There is a definite regularity in the formation of the intermetacarpal arteries between the catella volaris proximalis and the catella volaris distalis and of the palmar metacarpal arteries between the arcus volaris profundus and the catella volaris distalis.     

Anatomical consideration of reverse-flow island flap transfers from the midpalm for finger reconstruction.

Primary soft-tissue coverage for large palmar defects of the fingers is a difficult problem for cases in which homodigital or heterodigital flaps cannot be used. The aim of this study was to explore the vascular and neural anatomy of the midpalmar area to assess the possibility of reverse island flaps from this area. In 24 cadaver hands perfused with a silicone compound, the arterial pattern of the superficial palmar arch and common palmar digital artery was examined. The cutaneous perforating arteries and nerve branches supplying the midpalmar area were dissected, and the number, location, and arterial diameter of these branches were measured. In six other specimens, the common palmar digital artery was injected to determine the skin territory supplied by the artery. The superficial palmar arch contained the three common palmar digital arteries and its terminal branch coursed along the radial margin of the index metacarpus. This terminal branch had three to six cutaneous perforators (diameter range, 0.1 to 0.5 mm) and supplied the radial aspect of the midpalmar area located over the ulnar half of the adductor pollicis muscles. The midpalmar area was divided into two regions-the proximal and distal-according to the vascular distributions. The proximal region contained dense aponeurosis and thin subcutaneous tissue, and the cutaneous perforators were rather sparse (between three and nine) and had a small diameter (0.1 to 0.3 mm). The distal region, which had loose aponeurosis and abundant subcutaneous tissue, had a rich vascular supply from the common and proper digital artery. Perforating arteries of this region coursed frequently in an oblique fashion and the number of perforators (between eight and 15) and their arterial diameters (diameter range, 0.1 to 0.5 mm) were higher than those of the proximal region. The area of skin perfused by the common palmar digital artery was 5 x 3 cm at the distal midpalmar region. There were three to five cutaneous nerve branches from the palmar digital nerve supplying the midpalmar area. From this study, two different reverse flaps were proposed. First, a 5 x 2 cm flap from the distal midpalmar region was elevated on the basis of the common and proper palmar digital artery. Measurement of the rotation arc revealed that the pivot point of this flap was located at the proximal interphalangeal joint level and could cover the finger pulp of the digits. The second flap candidate was that from the radial aspect of the midpalm, which was supplied by the terminal branch of the superficial palmar arch. In studies with cadaver hands, connection of this artery with the deep arterial system enabled this flap to reach the thumb pulp. These flaps may be a useful reconstruction option for significant palmar soft-tissue loss of the fingers.     

Compensatory regeneration of antennae after removal of the distal segment in Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Heteroptera : Alydidae)

In Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Heteroptera : Alydidae), growth and development of cuticular structures were compared between normal antennae and the antennae whose distal (4th) segment had been amputated during the 1st instar. The total length of the remaining 3 segments was 51% of the normal antenna. From the 2nd ecdysis onwards, the 2nd and 3rd segments grew excessively, and after adult emergence, the length of the operated antennae was 84% that of a normal antenna, although a typical 4th segment, separated from the 3rd segment by an intersegmental membrane, never developed. On the new distal (3rd) segment of operated antennae, long fine sensory hairs and grooved pegs, which characterize the normal distal (4th) segment, began to appear at the 2nd ecdysis, and successively increased in number between molts. Thus, when the distal segment was removed, the remaining segments tended to gradually compensate for the loss, both in terms of length and cuticular structures.     

Innervation of the dermatomes in the neck of the mouse

The dorsal rami of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves were investigated using both the in situ cholinesterase staining technique and cholinesterase staining on serial sections of plastic-embedded embryos. In most cases only the dorsal rami of the 2nd to 5th cervical spinal nerve possess cutaneous branches. The area innervated by the cutaneous branch of the dorsal ramus of the 5th spinal nerve borders on an area innervated by the cutaneous branch of the dorsal ramus of the 1st thoracic spinal nerve. The dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves 6-8 show no cutaneous branches. Therefore the gap in the series of the dorsal cutaneous branches is due only to the middle part of the nerves of the brachial plexus, which range from the 5th cervical nerve to the 1st thoracic nerve.     

Comparative anatomical study of arteriographs of the hand of primates. Deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in cercopithecidae, pongidae and hominidae

A three-dimensional angiographic analysis of the deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in Cercopithecidae, Pongidae and Hominidae revealed the following features. In Cercopithecidae, 3 deep palmar arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery: 2 proximal arches (the catella volaris proximalis and the arcus volaris profundus) and 1 distal arch (the catella volaris distalis). The intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis and the palmar metacarpal arteries arise from the arcus volaris profundus. In Pongidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they are composed of only the catella volaris proximalis and catella volaris distalis. In Hominidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they consist of the arcus volaris profundus and an incomplete catella volaris distalis.     

On the taxonomy and distribution of the leaf-beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macroplea japana</Emphasis> Jacoby, 1885 (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae)

The species rank of Macroplea japana (Jacoby, 1885) is confirmed based on examination of the holotype. The main characters distinguishing this species from M. mutica are as following: the 4th antennomere is as long as the 3rd segment and somewhat longer than the 2nd segment; the pronotum is smooth, shining, with 3 black longitudinal stripes on the bottoms of 3 longitudinal impressions; the femora and tibiae black apically; the 1st metatarsomere is as long as the 2nd and the 3rd tarsomeres combined and is almost twice as long as the 2nd tarsomere; the claws bear no triangular projection near the bases; the aedeagus forms a shorter apical projection. Macroplea japana is found in Russia (Primorskii Territory) for the first time.