准分子激光的医学应用

由于准分子激光对生物组织作用的独特机理─光化学分解作用,解决了许多临床治疗难题。近年来,难分子激光在激光医学中得到较广泛的应用。医用准分子激光种类主要有XeCl,308nm;ArF,193nm;KrF,248nm。本文介绍了准分子激光在医学中的几种典型应用。     

准分子激光表层无痕术治疗近视患者的临床疗效分析

目的:研究准分子激光表层无痕术治疗近视患者的临床疗效。方法:选择2014年6月~2015年11月在我院进行准分子激光表层无痕术治疗的近视患者110例(198眼),根据眼屈光度数分为低(-1.00~-3.00 D)、中(-3~-6 D)、高(≥-6 D)度近视组。应用准分子激光对上皮层、前弹力层和前部基质层采取屈光性的切削,使眼球的表面稍微变平,角膜曲率进而改变。于术后复查眼部症状、上皮愈合情况、裸眼视力、矫正视力和屈光度。结果:仅少数患者于术后有不同程度的异物感,182眼(91.92%)角膜上皮在3天内愈合;术后所有患者的眼部均出现了不同程度的疼痛,但随着时间的增长逐渐好转,术后6 d疼痛感消失;与术前裸眼视力相比,三组在术后1天、1周、2周、1月和3月视力均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);高度近视组在术后各时期的视力均明显低于低度近视组(P0.05);随着术后时间的延长,三组术后不同时间残余屈光度≤±1.00 D的百分比均有不同程度的升高,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);高度近视组在术后不同时间残余屈光度≤±1.00 D的百分比均明显低于低度近视组(P0.05);所有患者均无严重并发症发生,在随访期间无一例发生高眼压。结论:准分子激光表层无痕术能做到角膜无创口,有较高的预测性、安全性及有效性,且术后并发症少,有较好的应用前景。     

应用Nd：YAG激光消除晶体后囊膜皱褶

目的：观察应用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光,消除人工晶体植入术后,影响视力的后囊膜皱褶之效果。方法：国产ＪＹＺ－１Ａ型ＹＡＧ激光眼科治疗机。用单脉冲能量０．３５ｍＪ－１．５ｍＪ,治疗总能量１１．２ｍＪ６４．５ｍＪ击射晶体后囊膜皱褶深处,形成３４ｍｍ孔径管亮区。     

XeCl准分子激光消融几种生物组织的实验结果

本文报道了３０８ｎｍＸｅＣｌ准分子激光对人牙硬组织和猪肉软组织消融的实验研究结果,在国内首次开展了ＸｅＣｌ准分子激光牙科应用的基础研究,为准分子激光在牙科的临床应用提供了实验依据。     

人眼波前像差表示、测量及矫正研究

目的:波前像差引导的准分子激光角膜消融是屈光手术的新方法,研究人眼波前像差的测量原理、方法、表示、人眼波前像差准分子激光矫正的原理,以此理论用于准分子激光人眼像差矫正系统。方法:采用理论研究、计算机模拟、实验室实验等手段。分析人眼像差的概念和产生的原因,用数学的Zern ike多项式来表示像差,理论上定量分析Zern ike多项式表示的波前像差与角膜切削深度的关系,研究准分子激光切削角膜的机理,研究准分子激光进行矫正人眼像差的原理框图。结果:通过计算机模拟和实验室实验,用准分子激光矫正低阶和高阶像差是可行的。结论:用波前像差来引导屈光手术,使人眼的视力能够达到20/10上,并能避免当前PRK、LASIK屈光手术前后像差增大而引起的对视觉质量的影响。     

LASIK治疗高度近视的护理配合

目的:对高度近视患者行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶手术进行术前、术中和术后护理,观察高度近视患者LASIK手术矫治前后视功能的变化,评价LASIK矫治高度近视的疗效.方法:对90例(162眼)屈光度在-6.00 D以上的高度近视患者进行散瞳眼底检查,并就患者高度近视程度、眼底病变程度与患者手术后视力进行比较分析.结果:所有患者(162只眼)都接受了LASIK手术治疗.①手术后超高度近视组的矫正视力低于普通高度近视组,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05).②手术前及手术后较严重眼底病变组的矫正视力均低于普通眼底病变组,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05).结论:LASIK手术矫治高度近视眼是安全有效的,但其高度近视程度和眼底病变程度会影响手术疗效.     

PRK,LASIK技术在中国的应用

准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术（ＰＲＫ）和准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（ＬＡＳＩＫ）是一种治疗眼球屈光不正的新技术,美国、德国、日本和中国（台湾）等国发展了多种准分子激光屈光治疗机以及相应的手术器械及软件,我国从１９９３年引进第一台ＰＲＫ机以来,已引进近百台机器,治疗屈光不正病例已超过十万。作者通过问卷调查和专家访问,对ＰＲＫ、ＬＡＳＩＫ技术在中国的应用状况进行了调查,在调查的基础上进行了分析,并对ＰＲＫ     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术患者的护理干预研究

目的:研究并探讨护理干预在准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术患者治疗中的应用与价值.方法:以我院2011年6月-2012年3月期间共收治进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的800例患者为研究对象,并运用随机分组的方式将所有的患者分成两组,即治疗组和对照组分别由400例进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的患者组成,对照组的患者在手术治疗之后进行常规的护理即可,而治疗组的患者则在手术之后进行必要的护理干预,对比两组患者的临床治疗效果.结果:治疗组患者的临床治疗效果明显优于对照组患者,治疗组的400例进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的患者中,显效的为341例,有效的为39例,治疗的总有效率为95％,对比P＜0.05,具有显著的统计学意义.结论:在患者进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的治疗之后,对其进行必要的护理干预,不仅能够使其更加积极的配合治疗,更加有助于临床治疗效果的提高,值得在现代的临床中进行大力的推广与应用.     

角膜屈光手术消融精度影响因素的分析

论述了眼球角膜屈光不正和准分子激光消融角膜的原理,分析了Lasik屈光手术中角膜消融精度的一些关键影响因素,并结合自己研制的准分子激光眼科治疗仪的特点,逐一对这些影响因素加以分析和解决。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的护理体会

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）是目前安全性、准确性、稳定性以及疗效的预测性都较好的一种屈光不正矫治术．是目前治疗近视及近视散光首选的屈光手术之一。其原理是用显微板层成形系统掀开一个角膜瓣．在瓣下角膜基质层上用准分子激光根据近视、远视和散光度数进行精确切削。我院于2008年2月从德国引进世界上先进的第八代爱丽丝智能高速扫描准分子激光治疗系统。自4月份开展该术以来。共有212例（408只眼）患者要求手术,通过术前资料评估及术前检查．筛查确定出198例进行LASIK术。通过术前的心理护理、术中密切配合以及术后的详细指导及定期复查随访．疗效满意．现将护理体会总结如下。     

One-Step Transepithelial Topography-Guided Ablation in the Treatment of Myopic Astigmatism

Purpose

To evaluate one-step topography-guided transepithelial ablation in the treatment of low to moderate myopic astigmatism using a 1KHz excimer laser.

Methods

Retrospective study of 117 consecutive eyes available for evaluation 12 months after surgery. Pre- and post-operative visual and refractive data as well as post-operative pain and haze were analyzed. A novel technique integrating custom refractive- and epithelial- ablation in a single uninterrupted procedure was used.

Results

The mean pre-operative spherical equivalent (SE) and the mean cylinder were: –3.22 diopters (D) ±1.54 (SD) (range –0.63 to –7.25 D) and –0.77 D ±0.65 (range 0 to –4.50 D), respectively. At 12 months after surgery: no eyes lost ≥2 lines of corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA). Safety and efficacy indexes were 1.27 and 1.09, respectively. Uncorrected distant visual acuity (UDVA) was ≥20/20 in 96.6% of the eyes. Manifest refraction spherical equivalent was within ±0.5 D of the desired refraction in 93.2% of the eyes. Average root mean square (RMS) wavefront error measured at central 6 mm, increased from 0.38 pre-operatively to 0.47 µm post-operatively. Refractive stability was achieved and sustained 1 month after surgery. No visually significant haze was registered during the observation period. Post-operative pain was reported in 4.5% of patients.

Conclusions

One-step transepithelial topography-guided treatment for low to moderate myopia and astigmatism performed with a 1 KHz laser, provided safe, effective, predictable and stable results with low pain and no visually significant haze.     

Q 值调整个体化准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术术后角膜

目的:观察Q值调整非球面切削与标准化LASIK术后不同角膜直径下的角膜的非球面变化来分析Q值引导个性化切削技术的临床效果。方法:前瞻性研究。随机选取2010年至2011年来我院就诊的准分子手术患者35例68眼,分别进行标准化LASIK(S组:17例34眼)和Q值调整个体化LASIK(Q组:18例34眼)矫治。术前2组各项指标均相似,差异无统计学意义。术前屈光度数分别为标准组球镜平均值为-4.76±2.02D(-1.5D～-9.75D),柱镜平均值为-0.71±0.7D(0～-2.5D)和Q值个体化组球镜平均值为-4.78±2.21D(-1.5～-9.5D),柱镜平均值为-0.84±0.55D(0～-2.5D)两组,对比两组非球面切削与标准化LASIK术后1个月不同角膜直径下的Q值及△Q。结果:两组术前Q10、Q15、Q20、Q25、Q30平均值分别为标准组:-0.12、-0.17、-0.20、-0.25、-0.30,Q值个体化组:-0.14、-0.19、-0.22、-0.27、-0.32.。术后一个月两组的△Q(△Q=Qpost-Qpre)△Q10、△Q15、△Q20、△Q25、△Q30分别为标准组:0.58、0.88、1.08、1.10、0.85,Q值个体化组,0.39、0.75、1.03、1.10、0.84。△Q10和△Q15术前术后变化在角膜直径为3.5mm之内时的差异有统计学意义。结论:Q值调整的个体化准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术术后角膜非球面变化与标准组相比皆由术前的长椭圆型Q值向扁椭圆型变化,但Q值调整的个体化组在角膜中央区的扁椭圆变化小于标准组,尤其在角膜中央3.5mm。说明Q值调整的个体化LASIK组在角膜中央区比标准组具有优势。     

Laser Refractive Surgery: Technological Advance and Tissue Response

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), using an excimer laser, are the currently popular techniques of correcting refractive errors. Since these techniques work by selective ablation of corneal stroma, the tissue healing response plays a great role in the ultimate outcome of surgery. Also, various methods of wound healing modulation can be used to achieve better results. While these procedures do lead to a decrease in dioptric power and increase in unaided visual acuity, higher visual functions like contrast sensitivity can sometimes be compromised after the surgery.     

Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review of 61 patients

The outcome of traumatic optic neuropathy was evaluated following penetrating and blunt injuries to assess the effect of treatment options, including high-dose steroids, surgical intervention, and observation alone. Factors that affected improvement in visual acuity were identified and quantified. Sixty-one consecutive, nonrandomized patients presenting with visual loss after facial trauma between 1984 and 1996 were assessed for outcome. Pretreatment and posttreatment visual acuities were compared using a standard ophthalmologic conversion from the values of no light perception, light perception, hand motion, finger counting, and 20/800 down to 20/15 to a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (log MAR). The percentage of patients showing visual improvement and the degree of improvement were calculated for each patient group and treatment method. Measurements of visual acuity are in log MAR units +/- standard error of the mean.Patients who sustained penetrating facial trauma (n = 21) had worse outcomes than patients with blunt trauma (n = 40). Improvement in visual acuity after treatment was seen in 19 percent of patients with penetrating trauma compared with 45 percent of patients with blunt trauma (p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients with penetrating trauma improved less than those with blunt trauma, with a mean improvement of 0.4 +/- 0.23 log MAR compared with 1.1 +/- 0.24 in blunt-trauma patients (p = 0.03). The patients with blunt trauma underwent further study. There was no significant difference in improvement of visual acuity in patients treated with surgical versus nonsurgical methods; however, 83 percent of patients without orbital fractures had improvement compared with 38 percent of patients with orbital fractures (p < 0.05). The mean improvement in patients without orbital fractures was 1.8 +/- 0.65 log MAR compared with 0.95 +/- 0.26 in patients with orbital fractures (p = 0.1). Twenty-seven percent of patients who had no light perception on presentation experienced improvement in visual acuity after treatment compared with 100 percent of patients who had light perception on admission (p < 0.05). The mean improvement in patients who were initially without light perception was 0.85 +/- 0.29 log MAR compared with 1.77 +/- 0.35 in patients who had light perception (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in improvement of visual acuity when analyzing the effect of patient age and timing of surgery. Patients who sustain penetrating trauma have a worse prognosis than those with blunt trauma. The presence of no light perception and an orbital fracture are poor prognostic factors in visual loss following blunt facial trauma. It seems that clinical judgment on indication and timing of surgery, and not absolute criteria, should be used in the management of traumatic optic neuropathy.     

Comparison of different presbyopia treatments: refractive lens exchange with multifocal intraocular lens implantation versus LASIK monovision

There are several methods for presbyopia treatment. Refractive lens exchange (RLE) followed by multifocal intraocular lens (MFIOL) implantation enables high rate of spectacle independence but have some visual disturbances. Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) monovision gives patient ability to have good distant vision with dominant eye and good near vision with nondominant eye. In this prospective randomized study we wanted to compare clinical outcomes in patients who underwent either of the mentioned procedures. The first group included 50 patients (N = 100 eyes) who underwent RLE with MFIOL implantation and the second group included 50 patients (N = 100 eyes) who underwent LASIK monovision as presbyopia treatment. Uncorrected distant, near and intermediate visual acuity, patient's subjective satisfaction and visual disturbances were measured. Follow up was 6 months. Patients in RLE group had better near uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and patients in LASIK monovision group had better distant and intermediate vision. Patients in RLE group reported visual disturbances (halo, glare). Patients satisfaction and spectacle independence was high in both groups. Refractive lens exchange with multifocal intraocular lens implantation and LASIK monovision are effective methods for presbyopia treatment. LASIK monovision with -0.50D - 1.25D of residual dioptry at nondominant eye in patients under 50 years enables good vision at all distances without affecting stereovision. Patient selection and preoperative counseling are key to success.     

Complications after primary and secondary transsclerally sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation

This retrospective study analyses and compares early complications during the first month after primary and secondary posterior chamber implantation of transsclerally sutured IOL. The analysis covered medical records of 65 patients who underwent posterior chamber implantation of transsclerally sutured IOL at the Eye Clinic in Rijeka between 1998 and 2003. In 30 patients (group 1) lenses were implanted in one eye during complicated cataract surgery (primary implantation), whereas 35 patients (group 2) had lenses implanted afterwards (secondary implantation). There were 77 early complications, equally represented in both groups, i.e. 40 in (51.9%) the first and 37 (48.1%) in the second group. The most frequent complications were: vitreous hemorrhages 24.7% (14.3% and 10.4%), cystoid macular edema 19.5% (9.1% and 10.4%), keratopathy 14.3% (6.5% and 7.8%), pupil distortion 11.7% (9.1% and 2.6%), IOL decentration and tilt 10.4% (6.5% and 3.9%), high intraocular pressure 9.1% (2.6% and 6.5%), inflammation 6.5% (2.5% and 3.9%). Retinal and choroidal detachment had low incidence: 2.6% (1.3% and 1.3%) and 1.3% (0% and 1.3%) respectively. As concerns early complications, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, except for pupil distortion, which was more frequent in primary IOL implantation (p = 0.045). After primary implantation of IOL, the average visual acuity was 0.38 +/- 0.27, whereas after secondary implantation visual acuity was 0.52 +/- 0.21. The difference was not statistically significant.     

Prostaglandin E1 infusion therapy in dry age-related macular degeneration

OBJECTIVE: The pilot study is intended to show whether prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusions are able to stop the gradual vision loss in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and, further, to stabilize or improve visual acuity. METHODS: With PGE1 infusions 11 patients with different forms of dry AMD were treated and compared with a control group of 10 untreated patients with dry AMD. The target parameter was the visual acuity, as determined with the ETDRS logMAR charts. Other examinations performed during the study were tests of contrast vision, colour vision and central visual fields, as well as autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography and multifocal electroretinography. RESULTS: On termination of the infusions, six patients showed an increase in visual acuity by at least one line, an improvement that was seen in eight patients 2 months after the end of the infusion therapy. After 6 months, one patient exhibited an improvement of visual acuity by three lines and three patients an improvement by one line. Five patients were found to show no change of their baseline acuity values after 6 months, while two patients exhibited an impairment by one line. The visual acuity in the dry AMD control group without PGE1 treatment had decreased by 0.8 lines on the average after 6 months. Contrast vision, central visual fields and the multifocal electroretinogram showed improvements on the termination of infusions and up to 2 months later; no substantial change of these parameters, as compared with the baseline findings, was seen 6 months after the termination of infusions. SUMMARY: This pilot study suggests that PGE1 infusions have a stabilizing or improving effect on the visual acuity of patients with dry AMD. Owing to the limitations of a pilot study, these results should, however, be validated in a larger, randomized and blinded study.     

全飞秒激光与飞秒激光辅助Lasik治疗高度近视患者的效果及对角膜曲率、视觉质量的影响分析

摘要 目的：探究全飞秒激光与飞秒激光辅助Lasik治疗高度近视患者的效果,并分析治疗对患者角膜曲率、视觉质量的影响。方法：选择2020年7月至2022年7月在我院接受治疗的120例（240眼）高度近视患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法结合患者意愿的方式将其区分为研究组（n=60,接受飞秒激光辅助Lasik治疗）与对照组（n=60,接受全飞秒激光治疗）,对比两组患者术前术后调制传递函数截止频率（MTF）值及客观散射指数（OSI）、角膜曲率变化、屈光度差异、视力情况差异,统计两组患者各类并发症发生率并进行比较。结果：（1）两组患者术前MTF值及OSI组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,术后研究组患者的MTF值和OSI值均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;（2）术前、术后90 d两组患者的最佳矫正视力组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但组内前后比较两组患者的最佳矫正视力均较术前有明显提高（P<0.05）;（3）术前两组患者的角膜前表面曲率以及后表面曲率组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,术后90 d时开展组间比较,研究组患者角膜前表面曲率中K1、K2以及Km值均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）,但后表面曲率中K1、K2以及Km值组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;进一步分析显示,两组患者术前术后前表面曲率K1、K2以及Km值有明显变化（P<0.05）,后表面曲率K1、K2以及Km值前后差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;（4）统计研究组患者共出现弥漫性层间反应2例,感染1例,角膜内生1例,并发症总发生率3.33%（4/120）,明显高于对照组的0.00%（0/120）（P<0.05）。结论：全飞秒激光和飞秒激光辅助Lasik术对高度近视均具有较好的治疗效果,相比于全飞秒激光术,飞秒激光辅助Lasik术在改善患者视觉质量方面明显占优,但其并发症发生率同样更高,全飞秒激光术术后视觉质量,但安全性更高,建议临床上结合患者实际情况灵活选择术式,以改善高度近视患者预后。     

Blue light filtering intraocular lenses in phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Blue light can damage retina and cause age related macular degeneration. After cataract surgery and lens removal retina stays unprotected. Blue light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) increase protection of the retina. In our prospective study we investigated clinical results after bilateral implantation of Acrysof Natural IOL to 30 patients (N = 60 eyes). In a control group (N = 60 eyes, 30 patients), standard acrysof IOL was implanted bilaterally. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and Nd YAG laser capsulotomy rate were measured and compared with control group. Subjective patient's satisfaction and subjective colour perception were also investigated. There was no significant difference in UCVA, BCVA and Nd YAG laser capsulotomy rate between the two groups. High patient's satisfaction was noticed (96.7% of patients would implant Acrysof Natural IOL again). Acrysof Natural IOL enables good visual acuity VA, low rate of Nd YAG laser capsulotomy and high patient's satisfaction without colour perception disturbances.