非细胞体系核重建过程中两类膜泡在环形片层及核被膜形成中的作用

非洲爪蟾卵经钙离子载体Ａ２３１８７激活后,在１０,０００ｇ下离心得到爪蟾卵提取物,ＬａｍｂｄａＤＮＡ中入上述提取物可构建出染色质结构,并在染色质表面重建核被膜,同时,在染色质外的区域形成环形片层。核被膜在环形片层有相似的发生途径,它们都是由两类在形态、大小、膜结构上有明显差别的膜泡融合而来,首先是直径２００ｎｍ的圆形小膜泡相互融合成双层膜片层,同时核孔复合体在双层膜上大量装配;以这些双层膜片层为基     

诸葛菜去膜精子在爪蟾卵提取物中实现非细胞体系核重建

动物爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)卵提取物诱导植物诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)去膜精子实现非细胞体系核重建. 诸葛菜去膜精子在爪蟾卵提取物中温育30 min左右开始膨大, 随着温育时间的延长, 膨大的精子染色质逐渐去凝集. 电子显微镜观察和荧光显微镜观察均表明重建核有核膜的装配, 膜泡在去凝集的染色质周围逐渐融合形成双层核膜. 用细胞分级抽提整装电子显微镜技术观察到重建核中有核纤层和核骨架结构的装配.     

利用非洲爪蟾精子染色质和卵提取物在体外重建细胞核

应用非洲爪蟾去膜精子染色质和卵提取物成功地进行了细胞核本外重建。当精子染色质加入卵提取物后,首先发生染色质去浓缩作用,染色质整体结构膨胀;膜泡在膨胀的染色质外周聚集并逐渐彼此融合成双层膜;核孔复合体以某种未知方式组装入双层膜而形成核膜结构,并逐渐完全覆盖膨大的染色质,最终形成典型的间期核结构。     

四膜虫(Tetrahymena shanghaiensis)大核核仁与去膜大核能诱导非细胞体系核重建

外源DNA或染色质在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中可以诱导细胞核样结构的重建。重建核除不具有核仁样结构外,在其它形态结构上与真核细胞核十分相似。前人的工作表明在重建核中具有核仁前体结构。但可能是由于缺少活性核仁组织者的缘故,这些核仁前体不能相互融合形成新生核仁。那么活性核仁组织者在重建核中是否能发挥其功能呢?为了研究这一问题,我们提取纯化了四膜虫的大核与大核的周边核仁。进一步去除大核的核被膜,并将去除核被膜的大核与大核核仁分别加入非洲爪赡卵非细胞体系中。通过电镜超薄切片观察,我们发现无论是与大核染色质相连的周边核仁还是分离纯化的核仁结构在非洲爪赡卵非细胞体系中都不能保持其原有结构特征,而是发生了典型核重建变化,并且在诱导形成的重建核中也看不到核仁样结构。这些结果说明具有活性的核仁组织者在加入非洲爪蟾卵提取物后既不能继续保持其原有的RNA转录功能也不能诱导新的核仁的出现。     

非细胞体系核重建并非必需核小体与染色质的装配

以质粒DNA在爪蟾卵提取物S- 1 5 0中进行核小体构建时形成的超螺旋结构检测核小体的形成 ;利用阳离子交换剂CM -Cellulose定量结合组蛋白H2A和H2B ;并结合小球菌核酸酶分析核小体的形成 ,研究了爪蟾去膜精子在去除H2A ,H2B的S- 1 5 0中的核重建过程 .结果表明CM -Cellulose可有效去除组蛋白并阻止质粒DNA的核小体构建和精子染色质的改建 .但处理后的S- 1 5 0与膜泡组分仍可诱导去膜精子进行体外核重建 ,进一步表明非细胞体系核重建与外源DNA长度无关 ;核小体及染色质的组装对于核重建并非必需 .     

应用HeLa细胞染色体(簇)和蛙卵提取物进行细胞核体外重建试验

将HeLa细胞中期染色体(簇)、非洲爪蟾卵提取物和ATP再生体系混合温育,能够促使细胞核自发重建。在此非细胞体系中重建的细胞核处于一般细胞核大小范围,具有典型的双层核膜,核孔复合体、染色质、核纤层、核骨架等结构,核重建具有一个明显的过程;发现环形片层通过与核膜融合方式参与核膜和核孔复合体组装。     

应用HeLa细胞染色体（簇）和蛙卵提取物进行细胞核体外重建试验

将ＨｅＬａ细胞中期染色体（簇）、非液爪蟾卵提取物和ＡＴＰ再生体系混合温育,能够促使细胞核自发重建。在此非细胞体系中重建的细胞核处于一般细胞核大小范围,具有典型的双层核膜、核孔复合体、染色质、核纤层、核骨架等结构;核重建具有一个明显的过程;发现环形片层通过与核膜融合方式参与核膜和核孔复合体组装。     

四膜虫（Tetrahymena shanghaiensis）大核核仁与去膜大核能诱导非…

外源ＤＮＡ或染色质在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中可以诱导细胞核样结构的重建。重建核除不具有核仁样结构外，在其它形态结构上与真核细胞核十分相似。前人的工作 重建中具有核仁前体结构。但可以是由于缺洗涤戌一核仁组织者的缘故，这些核仁前体不能相互融合形成新生核仁。那么活性核仁组织 重建核中是否能发挥其功能呢？为了研究这一问题，我们提取纯化了四膜虫的大核与大核的周边核仁。进一步去除大核与大核核仁分别加入非洲爪蟾卵非细     

体外细胞核组装中核纤层与核膜的关系

采用非洲爪蟾卵提取物非细胞体系,以外源Lambda DNA诱导细胞核的体外组装,以此实验模式为基础,研究了细胞核体外组装过程中核纤层的组装,结果表明核纤层蛋白参与细胞核的体外组装过程,核内骨架的组装与核纤层的组装在时间上是有序的,核内骨架的组装可能为核纤层的装配提供了先决条件.在非洲爪蟾卵提取物非细胞体系中加入抗核纤层蛋白抗体,抑制核纤层的正常装配过程,核膜组装发生异常.结果提示核纤层的组装与核膜的组装是密切相关的.     

甲藻染色体在非细胞体系核重建过程中核小体的组装

利用纯化的原始真核生物寇氏隐甲藻（Crypthecodinium cohnii E.）染色体,使之与非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis L.）S期卵提取物温育,发现甲藻染色体经历了一系列去凝集、再凝集的形态变化,最后形成类似典型高等真核生物的间期核结构。小球菌核酸酶酶切分析表明,不具备组蛋白和核小体结构的甲藻染色体在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中进行了核小体装配,此过程与DNA序列本身、核膜以及核纤层蛋白（Lamin）是否存在无关,但部分拓扑异构酶Ⅱ（TopoⅡ）参与了这个过程,说明核小体的组装并非为核重建所必需,决定染色体高级结构的因素并不在DNA本身,而可能是非细胞体系中的组蛋白和非组蛋白。     

角蛋白纤维的新功能--在爪蟾卵提取物核膜重组装中的作用

激活的非洲爪蟾卵提取物温育过程中,直径２００ｎｍ的膜泡附着在一种直径１０ｎｍ纤维上,形成“珠链”结构。用透射电镜整装制样技术观察了温育中“珠链”结构的形成过程,发现１０ｎｍ纤维可抗Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ抽提,免疫荧光和蛋白免疫印迹试验表明１０ｎｍ纤维可能是由５６ｋＤ的碱性角蛋白与４２ｋＤ的酸性角蛋白构成。向提取物中加入碱性角蛋白抗体ＡＥ３则可抑制环状片层的形成,而核膜的组装也受到很大影响。这些结果显示角蛋白     

Spontaneous assembly of pore complex-containing membranes ("annulate lamellae") in Xenopus egg extract in the absence of chromatin.

Extract prepared from activated Xenopus eggs is capable of reconstituting nuclei from added DNA or chromatin. We have incubated such extract in the absence of DNA and found that numerous flattened membrane cisternae containing densely spaced pore complexes (annulate lamellae) formed de novo. By electron and immunofluorescence microscopy employing a pore complex-specific antibody we followed their appearance in the extract. Annulate lamellae were first detectable at a 30-min incubation in the form of short cisternae which already contained a high pore density. At 90-120 min they were abundantly present and formed large multilamellar stacks. The kinetics of annulate lamellae assembly were identical to that of nuclear envelope formation after addition of DNA to the extract. However, in the presence of DNA or chromatin, i.e., under conditions promoting the assembly of nuclear envelopes, annulate lamellae formation was considerably reduced and, at sufficiently high chromatin concentrations, completely inhibited. Incubation of the extract with antibodies to lamin LIII did not interfere with annulate lamellae assembly, whereas in the presence of DNA formation of nuclear envelopes around chromatin was inhibited. Our data show that nuclear membrane vesicles are able to fuse spontaneously into membrane cisternae and to assemble pore complexes independently of interactions with chromatin and a lamina. We propose that nuclear envelope precursor material will assemble into a nuclear envelope when chromatin is available for binding the membrane vesicles, and into annulate lamellae when chromatin is absent or its binding sites are saturated.     

Nuclear pore complex assembly studied with a biochemical assay for annulate lamellae formation

Formation of the nuclear pore is an intricate process involving membrane fusion and the ordered assembly of up to 1,000 pore proteins. As such, the study of pore assembly is not a simple one. Interestingly, annulate lamellae, a cytoplasmic organelle consisting of stacks of flattened membrane cisternae perforated by numerous pore complexes, have been found to form spontaneously in a reconstitution system derived from Xenopus egg extracts, as determined by electron microscopy (Dabauvalle et al., 1991). In this work, a biochemical assay for annulate lamellae (AL) formation was developed and used to study the mechanism of AL assembly in general and the assembly of individual nucleoporins into pore complexes in particular. Upon incubation of Xenopus egg cytosol and membrane vesicles, the nucleoporins nup58, nup60, nup97, nup153, and nup200 initially present in a disassembled form in the cytosol became associated with membranes and were pelletable. The association was time and temperature dependent and could be measured by immunoblotting. Thin-section electron microscopy as well as negative staining confirmed that annulate lamellae were forming coincident with the incorporation of pore proteins into membranes. Homogenization and subsequent flotation of the membrane fraction allowed us to separate a population of dense membranes, containing the integral membrane pore protein gp210 and all other nucleoporins tested, from the bulk of cellular membranes. Electron microscopy indicated that annulate lamellae were enriched in this dense, pore protein-containing fraction. GTP gamma S prevented incorporation of the soluble pore proteins into membranes. To address whether AL form in the absence of N-acetylglucosaminylated pore proteins, AL assembly was carried out in WGA-sepharose-depleted cytosol. Under these conditions, annulate lamellae formed but were altered in appearance. When the membrane fraction containing this altered AL was homogenized and subjected to flotation, the pore protein- containing membranes still sedimented in a distinct peak but were less dense than control annulate lamellae.     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON THE ORIGIN OF ANNULATE LAMELLAE IN OOCYTES OF NECTURUS

Developing oocytes, ranging from approximately 0.1 to 1.0 mm in diameter, in Necturus were studied with the electron microscope. The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is actively engaged in the formation of vesicular elements along most of its surface, especially in smaller oocytes. Groups of vesicles appear to be released into the ooplasm at about the same time, resulting in long chains of individual vesicles immediately adjacent to the nuclear membrane. This process is repeated so that chains of vesicles grouped in rather ordered ranks extend progressively into the surrounding cytoplasm. Eventually, the cytoplasm becomes more concentrated with chains of vesicles and the distance between the individual rows becomes less. Very soon after a chain of vesicles has been budded off from the nuclear membrane, fine intervesicular connections appear between certain of the vesicles comprising the rows. Several of the vesicles in a row may then fuse, forming short, flattened cisternae. Fusion of vesicles continues, individual rows of vesicles become more closely packed and, finally, regions appear in the cytoplasm which have the appearance of annulate lamellae. Further growth of the lamellae appears to occur by the progressive fusion of vesicles at the ends of those lamellae already present, as well as by the addition of other fusing rows of vesicles.     

Are annulate lamellae in the Drosophila embryo the result of overproduction of nuclear pore components?

Annulate lamellae are cytoplasmic organelles composed of stacked sheets of membrane containing pores that are structurally indistinguishable from nuclear pores. The functions of annulate lamellae are not well understood. Although they may be found in virtually any eucaryotic cell, they occur most commonly in transformed and embryonic tissues. In Drosophila, annulate lamellae are found in the syncytial blastoderm embryo as it is cleaved to form the cellular blastoderm. The cytological events of the cellularization process are well documented, and may be used as temporal landmarks when studying changes in annulate lamellae. By using morphometric techniques to analyze electron micrographs of embryos, we are able to calculate the number of pores per nucleus in nuclear envelopes and annulate lamellae during progressive stages of cellularization. We find that annulate lamellae pores remain at a low level while nuclear envelopes are expanding and acquiring pores in early interphase. Once nuclear envelopes are saturated with pores, however, the number of annulate lamellae pores increases more than 10-fold in 9 min. Over the next 30 min it gradually declines to the initial low level. On the basis of these results, we propose (a) that pore synthesis and assembly continues after nuclear envelopes have been saturated with pores; (b) that these supernumerary pores accumulate transiently in cytoplasmic annulate lamellae; and (c) that because these pores are not needed by the embryo they are subsequently degraded.     

Ultrastructural study on pronuclear development in fertilized eggs from goldfish, Carassius auratus

The formation of male and female pronuclei in physiologically monospermic fertilized eggs of the goldfish, Carassius auratus , has been investigated with transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural observations show that at 26°C the transformation of the sperm nucleus takes place very quickly. The sperm nuclear envelope degenerates and is replaced by a large number of smooth surface vesicles 1 min post-insemination. Concomitantly, most of the condensed sperm chromatin is dispersed and is surrounded by vesicles. Dispersion of the chromatin is followed by the fusion of vesicles and the formation of a new bilaminar pronuclear envelope. Within 5–10 min post-insemination, a spheroid male pronucleus with intranuclear annulate lamellae is produced. The formation of a female pronucleus is slightly different to that of the male pronucleus. The dispersing chromatin of the egg is divided into many groups, most of which are surrounded by multilaminar envelopes 5 min post-insemination. An ellipsoid female pronucleus with a continuous bilaminar pronuclear envelope and intranuclear annulate lamellae is formed 15 min post-insemination. Subsequently, the two pronuclei migrate towards one another. When the fully developed male and female pronuclei are located in the center of the blastodisc, each changes itself into a saccular complex 25 min post-insemination.     

Roles of Ran-GTP and Ran-GDP in precursor vesicle recruitment and fusion during nuclear envelope assembly in a human cell-free system

The molecular mechanism of nuclear envelope (NE) assembly is poorly understood, but in a cell-free system made from Xenopus eggs NE assembly is controlled by the small GTPase Ran [1,2]. In this system, Sepharose beads coated with Ran induce the formation of functional NEs in the absence of chromatin [1]. Both generation of Ran-GTP by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 and GTP hydrolysis by Ran are required for NE assembly, although the roles of the GDP- and GTP-bound forms of Ran in the recruitment of precursor vesicles and their fusion have been unclear. We now show that beads coated with either Ran-GDP or Ran-GTP assemble functional nuclear envelopes in a cell-free system derived from mitotic human cells, forming pseudo-nuclei that actively transport proteins across the NE. Both RCC1 and the GTPase-activating protein RanGAP1 are recruited to the beads, allowing interconversion between Ran-GDP and Ran-GTP. However, addition of antibodies to RCC1 and RanGAP1 shows that Ran-GDP must be converted to Ran-GTP by RCC1 before precursor vesicles are recruited, whereas GTP hydrolysis by Ran stimulated by RanGAP1 promotes vesicle recruitment and is necessary for vesicle fusion to form an intact envelope. Thus, the GTP-GDP cycle of Ran controls both the recruitment of vesicles and their fusion to form NEs.     

Intranuclear annulate lamellae in oocytes of the tunicate,Styela partita

Summary Intranuclear annulate lamellae have been observed with the electron microscope in oocytes of the tunicate, Styela partita. Morphological evidence suggests that the annulate lamellae may arise by a specialized fusion process of individual vesicles. Intranuclear vesicles appear to be formed, in time, before differentiated annulate lamellae. It is also suggested that the position and structure of an annulus is in large part determined by the fusion of the vesicles. An annulus may be present as soon as two vesicles have completed their fusion process. Finally, it is again suggested on the basis of morphological evidence that the intranuclear vesicles are derived by the blebbing activity of the inner layer of the nuclear envelope.This investigation was supported by grants (RG-9229, 9230) from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. The electron microscope facilities used were also supported by a grant (GM-05479) from the National Institutes of Health to Professor H. W. Beams.     

Pre-M phase-promoting factor associates with annulate lamellae in Xenopus oocytes and egg extracts

We have used complementary biochemical and in vivo approaches to study the compartmentalization of M phase-promoting factor (MPF) in prophase Xenopus eggs and oocytes. We first examined the distribution of MPF (Cdc2/CyclinB2) and membranous organelles in high-speed extracts of Xenopus eggs made during mitotic prophase. These extracts were found to lack mitochondria, Golgi membranes, and most endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but to contain the bulk of the pre-MPF pool. This pre-MPF could be pelleted by further centrifugation along with components necessary to activate it. On activation, Cdc2/CyclinB2 moved into the soluble fraction. Electron microscopy and Western blot analysis showed that the pre-MPF pellet contained a specific ER subdomain comprising "annulate lamellae" (AL): stacked ER membranes highly enriched in nuclear pores. Colocalization of pre-MPF with AL was demonstrated by anti-CyclinB2 immunofluorescence in prophase oocytes, in which AL are positioned close to the vegetal surface. Green fluorescent protein-CyclinB2 expressed in oocytes also localized at AL. These data suggest that inactive MPF associates with nuclear envelope components just before activation. This association may explain why nuclei and centrosomes stimulate MPF activation and provide a mechanism for targeting of MPF to some of its key substrates.