低温敏核不育水稻go543S育性对温、光的反应

以新型光温敏核不育（PTGMS,Photo-thermo sensitive genic male sterile)水稻go543S为材料,通过自然生态条件下和人工温、光处理条件下的育性观察,对其育性转换与温度和光周期的关系进行了研究。结果表明：go543S育性主要受温度控制,表现为低温条件下不育,高温条件下可育,育性转换的不育临界温度值为29．5℃,对温度传感的部位是幼穗,敏感时期为花粉母细胞形成致减数分裂,对应的剑叶叶枕距变化范围为－12．2－＋0．7cm;育性敏感期在人工恒温28．0℃条件下,无论长日（14－16h）或短日（10－12h）处理均表现不育,其不育性不受光周期影响,在人工恒温31.5℃条件下,无论长日还是短日处理均表现可育,但短日可明显提高其可育性。     

两个籼型水稻核不育系育性温光反应的研究

在杭州男单通过分期播种,比较了两个籼稻光温敏核不育系的育性及其转换特性。结果表明,光照长度对浙大247S和培矮64S两不育系育性表达的影响小,温度起主导作用,均属温敏型不育系,且日最低温度对不育系育性效应显著高于日平均温度和日最高温度。不育系浙大247S和培矮64S的温度敏感期分析是抽穗前3-18和6-21d,育性转换的临界日期为9月19日和9月25日,转换临界温度为25.28和25.66℃,与培矮64S相比,浙大247S不育期败育较彻底,可育期较长且自交结实率高,在杭州田间可以繁种。     

水稻光温敏核不育系的育性遗传分析

运用混合遗传模型对水稻光温敏核不育系1290S与1990杂交的F_1、F_2、B_1、B_2和P_1、P_2多世代群体进行联合分析,结果表明:光温敏核不育性遗传符合E-1模型,为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性多基因遗传模型．两对主基因的加性效应均为-0．059,而两对主基因的显性效应分别为0．153和-0．263,多基因的显性效应更大,为-0．404．其中上位性效应比较明显,以显性．显性互作最大,达0．435．B_1、B_2和F_2群体中主基因遗传率分别为56．03%,44．44%,83．0 7%,多基因遗传率分别为42．24%,33．33%,15．23%,表明1290S的不育性主要由两对主基因 多基因相互配合控制遗传的,环境虽有一定影响,但影响较小．     

小麦温敏不育系YM3314的温敏特性及育性转换

以YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314为材料,通过分期播种和剪穗再生分蘖的育性试验分析各播期材料的育性与对应发育时期的气象因子相关性,以揭示YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系的温敏特性及其育性转换温度条件.结果表明:YM3314秋播完全不育或育性有稍微波动,春播稳定部分可育;各播期材料的育性与孕穗期和抽穗期日平均温度呈极显著正相关,而与孕穗期的平均相对湿度呈显著负相关;孕穗前5日至抽穗后5日是YM3314育性转换的关键时期,该段时期日平均气温达到18.18℃以上表现部分可育,低于18℃表现不育.研究证实,YM3314具有温度敏感特性,育性转换的敏感时期在孕穗前5日至抽穗后5日,育性转换的临界温度约18℃左右,在二系杂交小麦研究中有重要的利用价值.     

温敏不育系A3314在中国不同生态地点的育性表现

利用作者参与发明的ZL00105488．0专利方法选育的小麦温度敏感不育系A3314在中国元谋、杨陵、石家庄、互助、依安、贵阳、武威7个不同纬度地点种植的自交结实率,结合各点光温条件的分析表明：A3314在黄淮冬麦区、云贵冬麦区、西北春麦区、东北春麦区各点,按当地小麦生产正季播种均表现稳定雄性不育;而在黄淮和云贵冬麦区春播(夏播)则自交结实,适宜条件下自交结实率可达60％以上。说明该温敏不育系的雄性育性受温度的制约,而与日长无明显相关。根据A3314的育性表现,推测它在中国大部分小麦产区均可安全用于杂交小麦制种。     

8个籼型水稻环境敏感核不育系的育性转换特性研究

在武汉、贵阳（1997年）和三亚（1997－1998年）3个生态点,对8个籼型水稻（Oryza Sativa L.ssp.indica）环境敏感核不育系（2－2S、K1405S、F131S、2136S、Pei-Ai64S、1290S、GD－1S和N17S）进行分期播种试验,每期相隔10－15d,考察自交不育度的动态变化,结果表明,8个不育系在武汉的稳定不育期均长于30d,在遗阳的稳定不育期均短于30d,在三亚的稳定不育期均长于150d。8个不育系的育性表达均表现对温度敏感,但不同的不育系育性转换的敏感时期、敏感敏感期的长短和临界温度是不同的。2－2S和K1405S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第18天至第9天,敏感期为7－10d,育性转换的临界温度为23.7－24.5℃。F131S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第17天至第5天,敏感期为13d,育性转换的临界温度为24.3-24.7℃。2136S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第24天至第11天,敏感期为7－13d,育性转换的临界温度分别为24.3-24.7℃、25.5-26.2℃、25.4-26.1℃和24.1-24.7℃。     

无花粉型水稻温敏核不育系籼S的育性表现与细胞学观察

温敏核不育水稻籼S是从优质常规稻籼黄占自然突变而来的一个无花粉型光温敏核不育种质资源。在广州(23°08′N)自然条件下,一年中具有明显的“可育-不育-可育”的育性转换,5月初至10月底为稳定不育期。在人控光温条件下,低温诱导其由不育转为可育需要较长的持续时间,日均温21℃需7d以上,23.5℃需15d以上。细胞学观察表明其无花粉败育主要是由减数分裂时期的异常引起的,表现为小孢子母细胞粘连与液泡化、减数分裂受阻于前期Ⅰ的细线期、进行无丝分裂与异常的胞质分裂,始终没有正常四分体的形成,而是产生大小不同、核数不等的异常细胞,并最终解体消失。其花粉败育特点不同于以往研究过的光温敏核不育水稻,具有花粉败育时期早而败育彻底的特点。     

水稻新资源温敏核不育系长S的遗传学研究

长S是来自普通野生稻与籼稻珍珠矮杂交后代的温敏核不育系。以长S与中浙B、R608等配组的F1和F2为材料,对其育性进行观察。结果表明,所有F1均为正常可育,F2群体中可育株数和不育株数经卡平方测验符合3∶1的理论分离比例,说明长S的育性受1对隐性核基因控制。以长S与HN5S、C815S、广占63S、湘陵628S及HD9802S的F1为材料,并进行育性观察。结果表明,长S与HN5S的F1为正常可育,而长S与C815S等其余4个不育系的F1表现为不育,这说明长S与HN5S的不育基因位点不等位,而与C815S等4个不育系的不育基因位点等位。     

水稻温敏核不育系植株温度特征及应用研究

针对温度波动是两系杂交稻安全制种的制约瓶颈,进行了以水层灌溉和湿润灌溉为处理的分期播种试验。试验表明,20 cm高度的温度对温敏核不育系育性转换的指示作用更为可靠。对两种处理下不育系的茎温(20 cm)、叶温(40 cm)和冠层内气温(20 cm、40 cm)特征研究。结果表明,深水灌溉后,水层是稻田主要的热源,主要以长波辐射和对流方式导热,稻株比空气升温慢、增幅小,而且灌溉增温的有效高度在40 cm左右。水层灌溉后,日最高气温有TQ40>TQ20>TJ20>TY40,体现了太阳辐射对冠层特征面的重要影响;日最低气温有TQ20>TJ20>TY40>TQ40,体现了水层热源对冠层特征面的重要影响。由于育性敏感层温度与灌溉水温1、50 cm气温、20 cm相对湿度、200 cm风速密切相关,建立了可供实用的20 cm茎温与气温的统计模型。     

温度对双低两用核不育水稻96-5-2S与培矮64S育性的影响

在自然变温、人工控温及冷水灌溉条件下,比较研究了温度对双低两用核不育水稻96－5－2S与两用核不育水稻培矮64S育性影响的差异。结果表明：（1）当它们在雄性育性转换温敏感期1－12d平均自然日均温23.0-23.8℃的低温时,96－5－2S表现不良,套袋自交结实率为0,而培矮46S可育,套袋自交结实率为0．1％－4．5％;（2）在它们雄性育性转换温敏感期用22℃恒温处理5d,96－5－2S败育彻底,套袋自交结实率为0,而培矮64S可育,套袋自交结实率为10．7％;用17℃恒温处理6d,96－5－2S与培矮64S均可育,但96－5－2S套袋自交结实率（6．8％）显著高于培矮64S（2．5％）;（3）在它们雄性育性转换温和不同温度的冷水串灌15d,水深维持在20cm左右,当水温为22－22．5℃时,96－5－2S不育,结实率为0,而培矮64S可育,结实率为18．5％;当水温为19．5－21．5℃时,96－5－2S与培矮64S均可育,但96－5－2S结实率（2．5％－45．1％）显著或极显著低于培矮64S（50．4％－56．9％）以上结果说明：导致双低两用核不育水稻96－5－2S雄性不育的起点温度与导致其生理不育的下限温度均低,其不育性比培矮64S更稳定,耐寒性比培矮64S更强,即可确保制种安全,又可确保自身繁殖,对加快两系法杂交水稻的发展步伐将起到重要的促进作用。     

棉花光敏雄性核不育突变体PSM4创制及其特性研究

为了创造棉花光敏雄性不育系材料,解决杂交制种中人工去雄成本高的问题,自2006年起进行了大规模组织培养,创造棉花突变体,以期筛选出棉花光敏雄性不育材料。2012年在组织培养再生植株后代中发现新型光敏核不育材料PSM4(photoperiod sensitive male sterility mutant of cotton),并于2012~2017年在海南三亚吉阳镇中寥村中棉所南繁基地和安阳中棉所试验田进行材料选育、生长发育调查及光周期实验。结果表明:(1)PSM4在日照时数大于12h时表现为雄性不育;在日照时数为11.5~12h时表现为有少量花粉,处于育性转变期;在日照时数小于11.5h时表现为正常可育。(2)遮光试验显示,PSM4花药败育关键时期为开花前12~15d;石蜡切片显微观察显示,花药败育原因是在长日照条件下花粉壁外层物质缺失引起的。(3)遗传规律研究显示,PSM4育性受单隐性基因控制,不受阴雨气候条件影响。(4)用6个棉花品系与PSM4进行正反交试验发现F1代均可育,F2代分离出光敏核不育单株,分离比符合3∶1的单隐性分离规律。研究认为,新型棉花光敏核不育材料PSM4农艺性状优良,其光敏不育突变为隐性性状,所有的陆地棉品种(系)均为其恢复系,有利于杂交种的培育和棉花混选混交育种群体的建立,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effects of Photoperiod, Temperature and Asynchrony between Thermoperiod and Photoperiod on Development to Panicle Initiation in Sorghum

The duration of the vegetative phase (i.e. days from sowingto panicle initiation) in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]is affected by photoperiod and temperature. Plants of severalcontrasting genotypes of sorghum were grown in controlled-environmentgrowth cabinets with either synchronous or asynchronous photoperiodsand thermoperiods. Apical development was recorded. Diurnalasynchrony between photoperiod and thermoperiod reduced durationsto panicle initiation when the temperature warmed after lightswent on and cooled after lights went off, but increased thesedurations when the temperature warmed before lights went onand cooled before lights went off. These effects were shownin the maturity lines 60M and SM100 and also in the USA cv.RS610 and the Sudanese landrace IS22365, but their magnitudevaried with genotype, photothermal regime, and the degree ofasynchrony. The greatest effect was detected in IS22365 grownat 30/21 °C (12 h/12 h) with a 12 h d^-1photoperiod whenthe temperature warmed 2.5 h before lights went on and cooled2.5 h before lights went off, when the duration from sowingto panicle initiation was 69 d compared with 37 d in the control(synchronous photoperiod and thermoperiod in each diurnal cycle). Reciprocal transfers of plants of IS22365 between short andlong days revealed that asynchrony principally affected theduration of the photoperiod-insensitive pre-inductive phaseof development; i.e. asynchrony affected the time (age) at whichthe plants were first able to respond to photoperiod. In thatinvestigation in controlled-environment growth chambers, thesubsequent photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase continued untilpanicle initiation. Subsequent reciprocal transfer experimentsin controlled-environment glasshouses in four different alternatingtemperature regimes employed synchronous photoperiods and thermoperiodsin short (11 h) days with temperature warming 1.5 h after thebeginning of the day in long (12.5 h) days. In those investigations,photoperiod sensitivity ended some time before (2.5–8.1d, mean 5.7 d) panicle initiation in IS22365, Naga White andSeredo. Moreover, whereas the duration of the photoperiod-insensitivepre-inductive phase was affected by temperature, the durationsof the photoperiod-sensitive inductive and the photoperiod-insensitivepost-inductive phases were not. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; sorghum; asynchrony; photoperiod; thermoperiod; vegetative phase; panicle initiation     

Effect of Growth Regulators and Chemicals on Pollen Sterility in TGMS Lines of Rice

Thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) in rice is a widely adopted technique for successful hybrid rice production in Asia. TGMS lines remain male sterile when daily mean temperature is above the critical sterility temperature and are therefore used as female parents. The same line will remain fertile when mean temperature is below the critical sterility temperature. Achievement of 100% male sterility in TGMS lines is important for the successful utilization of TGMS lines as female parents in hybrid rice production. This study examined the external application of some growth regulators and chemicals and their effect on pollen sterility. Among the various treatments, ethrel (800 ppm), salicylic acid (600 ppm) and maleic hydrazide (0.2%) induced a significantly higher percentage of male sterility in the TGMS lines. The sprayed plants also showed higher total phenol accumulation in their flag leaves. The results suggest that it is possible to achieve 100% male sterility in TGMS lines with the external application of growth regulators and chemicals.     

Stability Studies Needed to Define the Handling and Transport Conditions of Sensitive Pharmaceutical or Biotechnological Products

Many pharmaceutical or biotechnological products require transport using temperature-controlled systems to keep their therapeutic properties. There are presently no official guidelines for testing pharmaceutical products in order to define suitable transport specifications. After reviewing the current guidance documents, this paper proposes a methodology for testing pharmaceutical products and defining appropriate transport conditions.     

水稻三系不育系育性与温度关系研究

通过自然条件下分期播种实验,对生产上应用的12个三系不育系花粉育性与温度的关系进行比较分析。结果表明:自然高温条件下不育系金23A、T98A、丰源A及冈46A花粉不育性稳定;隆398A、隆香634A、4302A、优IA及D62A出现少量可染花粉;高温诱导天丰A、五丰A和粤泰A花粉可育作用明显。此外,对可染花粉率与水稻不同发育时期的日均温相关性的分析表明,五丰A、天丰A和粤泰A可染花粉率均与抽穗前13~18 d的日均温显著相关(P0.05),高温诱导五丰A、天丰A和粤泰A育性转换敏感期为雌雄蕊原基形成末期至减数分裂期,育性转换临界日均温度分别为27.11℃、26.48℃和27.30℃。     

普通小麦D2型CMS系的育性基因及其遗传特性

通过研究普通小麦D^2型CMS－育性恢复体系中育性基因的种类及其遗传特性。结果表明：（1）D^2型不育系具有较好的不育性保持与恢复特征,在一般的普通小麦品种（系）中具有广泛的恢复（基因）源、可恢复度高（恢复度超过50％的品种或品质占到33．61％）,也能较容易地转育出新的不育系（完全保持不育性的品种或品系占到25．21％）,这一特征明显优于现有T、K、V型等不育系。（2）D^2型不育系的不育性受核内不育基因和抑制基因控制,相应的核基因型分为Al（不育基因）、A2（不育基因＋抑制基因）两类;恢复纱的恢复性受核内主效恢复基因、微效恢复基因和抑制基因控制,相应的核基因型分为C1（主效恢复基因）、C2(驻效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因）、C3（微效恢复基因）、C4（主效恢复基因＋抑制基因）、C5（主效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因＋抑制基因）、C6（微效恢复基因＋抑制基因）6种。环境条件的变化对育性基因、尤其是微效恢复基因和抑制基因的遗传效应有不同程度的影响。D^2型不育有效杂交组合的模型为：A1＋C1`A1 C2、A2＋C2。（3）D^2型不育系等位恢复基因的遗传表现为不完全显性,非等位恢复基因的遗传表现出积效应,这正是强恢复系德育的理论依据之一。     

Studies on a Maize Mutant Sensitive to Low Temperature II. Chloroplast Structure, Development, and Physiology

In the Zea mays L. mutant M11 grown in the dark at 15°, the ultrastructure of the etioplast is abnormal. The pigment content of the etioplasts is reduced but the in vivo absorption characteristics suggest that the normal protochlorophyll (ide)-holochrome is present. The lowered synthetic ability of the etioplasts is not primarily due to a reduced complement of plastid ribosomes. The plastids of mutant M11 grown in the light at 15° contain little pigment, are markedly deficient in ribosomes and their ultrastructure is abnormal. In mutant M11 grown at 15°, an extreme sensitivity of the plastid membranes to light was observed.     

Photoperiod and Temperature Effects on Late Developmental Stages of Stylosanthes guianensis

Seedlings of Stylosanthes guianensis var. guianensis cv. Cookand S. guianensis var. pauciflora cv. Bandeirante were defoliatedand placed in a naturally lit glasshouse at 23/18 °C, 28/23°C or 33/28 °C (day/night). After exposure to 14 h daysand after floral induction with 30 cycles of 11 h, plants wereallocated to 11, 12, 13 or 14 h during flowering and seed formation. Floral initiation occurred after 10–15 short-day cycles.Flower appearance was hastened by warm temperatures and spikenumber per plant at 20 d after flower appearance was negativelyrelated to temperature and greater in Cook than in Bandeirante.Exposure to 13- and 14-h days reduced the continued differentiationof inflorescences in Bandeirante, and in Cook in warm temperatures.Floret number per spike was greatest at 23/18 °C and a higherproportion of florets aborted in Bandeirante at 33/ 28 °C.Variations in seed setting of the bi-articulate loment of Bandeiranteare described. Highest potential seed yield occurred if afterfloral induction 11 or 12 h days were maintained with 23/18°C or 28/23 °C temperatures. Photoperiod, temperature, development, Stylosanthes guianensis, flowering     

野生大豆光温反应规律的研究

野生大豆（G .Soja）是栽培大豆的近缘祖光种,利用中国野生大豆分布的广泛性,为我们了解和认识大豆在自然界中光温反应的规律提供了条件。通过对29个纬度区自然生长的野生大豆主要生育阶段光温反应特点的了解,明确了不同纬度区野生大豆在自然环境中出苗温度是13.1～14.7℃,开花期温度是20.5～26.5℃,成熟期温度是10～19℃;初花期临界光照时数是13h15min至16h40min之间。出苗越早的低纬度区野生大豆开花和成熟期越晚,而出苗越晚的高纬度区野生大豆开化和成熟期越早。