版纳小型猪近交系内分泌器官的解剖观察

猪在生理、解剖、组织、免疫及营养代谢等方面与人类有很多相似之处,已被应用于生物学及医学研究的各个领域。近年来随着异种器官移植研究的深入,猪成了人最理想的异种器官供给［１］。版纳小型猪近交系［２］目前已进入１８世代,近交系数达９７．８％,是目前最理想的人类异种器官供体［２］和最理想的实验用小型猪之一［３,４］。但缺乏翔实的解剖学资料。本实验对版纳小型猪近交系的内分泌器官进行了解剖观察,以期提供版纳小型猪近交系内分泌器官的解剖学资料。１　　材料和方法１．１　　材料　　选取中国版纳小型猪近交系５头,１…     

版纳鱼螈的骨骼系统

以我国特有的珍稀濒危两栖动物版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanica)为材料,采用传统的脊椎动物骨骼标本制作技术与透明骨骼标本制作技术相结合的方法,对其骨骼系统进行了形态学研究,并与其他无足目和两栖动物相比较,探讨版纳鱼螈的亲缘关系和进化地位。结果表明,版纳鱼螈成体具头骨41枚,椎骨108~115枚,肋骨101~108枚,无四肢骨。头骨、椎骨和肋骨均具有适应于穴居、掘穴和夜行性习性的特征。版纳鱼螈与双带鱼螈(I.glutinosus)的头骨极为相似,却具有比Dermophis mexicanus的头骨更原始的特征。     

版纳小型猪近交系臂丛神经的解剖学观察

版纳小型猪近交系目前已进入 1 8世代[1] ,近交系数达 97 8% ,是目前最理想的人类异种器官移植供体之一[2 ] ,也是最理想的实验用小型猪之一[3 ,4 ] 。本文旨在提供其臂丛神经的解剖学资料。选取中国版纳小型猪近交系 4头 ,育龄 1 2个月 ,体重 4 5ｋｇ左右。经颈总动脉放血后灌注 1 0 %福尔马林固定 1个月 ,然后对其臂丛神经行解剖观察 (插图见封 4 )。1　臂丛神经的组成　第 5颈神经腹侧支的一部分和第 6颈神经腹侧支共同形成臂丛的前干 ,第 7颈神经腹侧支形成臂丛的中干 ,第 8颈神经腹侧支和第 1胸神经的大部分形成臂丛的后干。在斜角肌深…     

小型猪与梅山猪Prop1基因的比较分析

Prop1是一种新发现的参与早期胚胎垂体发育的特异性转录因子。在人和动物均已发现由于该基因突变而引起的综合性垂体功能障碍,进而影响生长和繁殖。小型猪与梅山猪比较,其繁殖力和生长性能差异显著,为了了解这些差异的遗传基础,本试验对五指山猪、藏猪和版纳猪三种小型猪的Prop1基因进行克隆测序,并与已知梅山猪的序列进行对比,结果为:五指山猪与藏猪外显子1第69位发生G-A碱基替换,编码同义氨基酸;藏猪外显子2第115位发生A-G碱基替换,编码终止密码子;藏猪与版纳猪外显子3第466位和第631位均发生C-T碱基替换,第466位藏猪编码同义氨基酸;第631位版纳猪编码丝氨酸(TCC),梅山猪编码脯氨酸(CCC),即两种猪的Prop1基因产物不同。在Prop1基因终止密码下游250左右有一个腺苷酸丰富区,五指山猪与藏猪有15个腺苷酸串联,版纳猪有12个。上述结果为进一步研究大猪和小型猪之间生产性能差异的遗传基础提供了新线索。     

用12对微卫星引物对版纳小耳猪近交系的遗传学分析

目的　分析版纳小耳猪近交系种群的遗传变异及近交程度。方法　利用 12个微卫星基因座对版纳小耳猪近交系进行了遗传检测。结果　两个亚系以及各家系的聚类情况与小型猪系谱分布一致。且各家系基因纯合率均较高。结论　版纳小耳猪近交系不仅分化为若干个含有不同性状的家系 ,而且也达到了一个很高的近交程度。     

三品系小型猪35个微卫星基因座的遗传学研究

利用35个微卫星基因座对中国三个品系的小型猪（贵州小型香猪、广西巴马小型猪、版纳小耳猪近交系）进行了遗传检测。计算出三个小型猪品系个体样本在35个微卫星基因座的纯合率,并对其进行t检验。计算出各品系的平均杂合度,多态信息含量（PIC）及品系间的遗传距离,并进行了系统聚类。结果表明三个品系的小型猪其基因纯合率均较高,其中版纳小耳猪近交系的基因纯合率最高;PIC和平均杂合度均较低;贵州小型香猪和广西巴马小型猪亲缘关系较近,并均与版纳小耳猪近交系的亲缘关系略远。 Abstract：The polymorphism of 35 microsatellites in the three miniature pig breeds in China(Guizhou miniature pig, Guangxi Bama miniature pig, Banna miniature pig inbred) was analysed. Rates of homozygote for 35 microsatellite loci in three miniature pig breeds were calculated,and t-test for them were performed. Mean heterozygosity and polymorphism information content(PIC) were calculated for all breeds, and genetic distances between these breeds were estimated. The dendrograms were obtained based on genetic distances. The results suggest that rates of homozygote in the three breeds are all high, and that is the highest in Banna miniature pig inbred. The results also suggest that polymorphism information content and mean heterozygosity in all the three breeds are low, and the genetic relationship between Guizhou miniature pig and Guangxi Bama miniature pig is closer than their relationship with Banna miniature pig inbred.     

中国版纳小型猪近交系动脉异种移植靶抗原研究

目的　研究中国版纳小型猪近交系动脉的异种靶抗原α -Gal的分布和半定量分析 ,为研究异种移植超急性排斥反应和异种生物材料提供资料。方法　通过亲和免疫组织化学法和图象分析对 10头版纳小型猪的四级动脉进行α Gal的分布和半定量研究。结果　 (1)各级血管组织中血管内皮细胞阳性表达明显 ,弹性纤维、胶原纤维和平滑肌细胞未见表达 ,外膜有微弱表达 ;(2 )图象分析显示 ,管径越细 ,其内皮细胞的表达越高 (P <0 .0 1) ,各级动脉内皮细胞阳性表达的面积密度比的组间差异显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,t检验发现每两组间的动脉内皮细胞阳性表达面积密度比相差显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　 (1)版纳小型猪动脉内皮细胞均有异种抗原α Gal分布 ,但是分布不均匀 ;(2 )微血管血栓是异种移植超急性排斥反应中的重要环节 ,小型猪的异种器官移植、彻底解决异种移植超急性排斥反应的关键是防治微血管栓塞     

版纳鱼螈泌尿系统解剖学及组织学观察

采用常规解剖学和组织学方法对版纳鱼螈Ichthyophis bannanica的泌尿系统进行研究.结果表明,版纳鱼螈泌尿系统包括中肾、输尿管、膀胱.版纳鱼螈的中肾由肾小体和肾小管组成,无皮质、髓质之分,肾小体主要分布在肾脏背外侧缘,肾小管由颈段、第1近曲小管、第2近曲小管、间段、第1远曲小管、第2远曲小管和集合管组成;输尿管位于两肾外侧缘,其上皮由前端的单层立方上皮过渡到后端的假复层上皮;膀胱为泄殖腔膀胱,内壁具有发达的绒毛,绒毛上皮为变移上皮.     

西藏小型猪心脏、呼吸系统组织学观察

目的积累西藏小型猪心脏和呼吸系统的组织学资料,对西藏小型猪在相关生物学研究上的应用提供参考。方法将西藏小型猪心脏和呼吸系统各脏器固定于10％中性甲醛溶液中,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,光镜下观察。结果西藏小型猪心脏壁厚,心内膜下浦肯野纤维粗,束细胞大而清晰,排列规则;心肌纤维粗大,排列紧密,横纹较模糊,润盘少且不清楚,肌间血管丰富;心外膜较厚。西藏小型猪鼻黏膜较厚;气管和支气管假复层柱状纤毛上皮排列紧密,纤毛粗而长,黏膜下腺体量少;肺支气管周围无炎性细胞浸润,肺泡腔内尘细胞极少,肺泡壁和肺间质血管较丰富。结论西藏小型猪心脏、呼吸系统表现出高原动物组织学特点,其这种特点对今后西藏小型猪实验所涉及的组织学判断有重要参考价值。     

国内外小型猪资源概况

猪和人在解剖学、生理学上有极大的相似性,而小型猪还具有品系繁多、遗传性能稳定等诸多优点,因此,作为实验动物已经被广泛应用于生物医学研究的多个方面。本文主要介绍了从40年代末美国开始培育小型猪以来,国内外小型猪的主要品系、培育、开发研究的发展情况以及国内培育小型猪的优势。     

西双版纳小耳猪群体遗传结构的RFLP分析

目的　对西双版纳小耳猪的群体遗传结构进行RFLP分析。方法　采用ECL核酸直接标记和检测系统,以HRP标记ɑ-珠蛋白-3’HVR多基因座小卫星探针,对西双版纳小耳猪的Hinf Ⅰ或HaeⅢ酶切片段进行Southern杂交,以化学发光法进行检测,获得了清晰可辨的、具有高度多态性的DNA指纹图谱。结果　2　kb以上的谱带数在6～15条之间,HinfⅠ酶切产生的图带数低于HaeⅢ。JB亚系内805、807家系和JS亚系内111、121、121、151家系不同个体间的相似系数分别为0.94±0.09、0.85±0.08、0.84±1.7、0.78±1.6、0.83±0.42、0.87±0.07,显著高于各家系间的相似系数,JB亚系内的805家系和JS亚系内的151家系不同个体间相似系数较大,分别为0.94和0.87。结论　西双版纳小耳猪近交程度较高,个体间差异较小,均一性较强。     

Chondroblastoma of the rib presenting as an intrathoracic mass. Report of a case with fine needle aspiration biopsy, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy.

We describe an unusual case of chondroblastoma of the rib, initially presenting as a mediastinal mass eroding a vertebra, in which the preoperative diagnosis was made by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and confirmed by histology and electron microscopy of the surgical specimen. Cytologic study of the smears revealed osteoclastlike giant cells and dishesive, mononucleate tumor cells; sections of the paraffin-embedded, aspirated material showed the chondroid matrix and typical chicken wire calcific deposits. Supporting diagnostic evidence was provided by immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein. Unusual features were the presence of intranuclear pseudoinclusions and cytoplasmic granular deposits, which proved to contain iron on histochemical staining, ultrastructural morphology and x-ray analysis. This case emphasizes the value of FNA cytology in providing a correct diagnosis of chondroblastoma as well as the utility of embedding the aspirated material for histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies.     

中国近海的两种宽吻海豚

本文研究了采自黄海和东海的23件宽吻海豚标本及采自南海的10件南宽吻海豚标本。宽吻海豚体腹面灰白色,成体最小的全长大于2.5米,颅基长495-580毫米。南宽吻海豚体腹面具纵长形暗色点斑,成体最大的全长小于2.5米,颅基长455-497毫米。两者的颅骨和颅后骨胳各有一些差别。中国南海标本的形态性状与南非海域及巴基斯坦沿岸的宽吻海豚相似。黄海和东海标本与东太平洋的标本有一些差别,而与南非及不列颠海域的宽吻海豚标本相似。     

Basic Surgical Techniques in the G?ttingen Minipig: Intubation,Bladder Catheterization,Femoral Vessel Catheterization,and Transcardial Perfusion

The emergence of the Göttingen minipig in research of topics such as neuroscience, toxicology, diabetes, obesity, and experimental surgery reflects the close resemblance of these animals to human anatomy and physiology ^1-6.The size of the Göttingen minipig permits the use of surgical equipment and advanced imaging modalities similar to those used in humans ^6-8. The aim of this instructional video is to increase the awareness on the value of minipigs in biomedical research, by demonstrating how to perform tracheal intubation, transurethral bladder catheterization, femoral artery and vein catheterization, as well as transcardial perfusion. Endotracheal Intubation should be performed whenever a minipig undergoes general anesthesia, because it maintains a patent airway, permits assisted ventilation and protects the airways from aspirates. Transurethral bladder catheterization can provide useful information about about hydration state as well as renal and cardiovascular function during long surgical procedures. Furthermore, urinary catheterization can prevent contamination of delicate medico-technical equipment and painful bladder extension which may harm the animal and unnecessarily influence the experiment due to increased vagal tone and altered physiological parameters. Arterial and venous catheterization is useful for obtaining repeated blood samples and monitoring various physiological parameters. Catheterization of femoral vessels is preferable to catheterization of the neck vessels for ease of access, when performing experiments involving frame-based stereotaxic neurosurgery and brain imaging. When performing vessel catheterization in survival studies, strict aseptic technique must be employed to avoid infections⁶. Transcardial perfusion is the most effective fixation method, and yields preeminent results when preparing minipig organs for histology and histochemistry^2,9. For more information about anesthesia, surgery and experimental techniques in swine in general we refer to Swindle 2007. Supplementary information about premedication and induction of anesthesia, assisted ventilation, analgesia, pre- and postoperative care of Göttingen minipigs are available via the internet at http://www.minipigs.com¹⁰. For extensive information about porcine anatomy we refer to Nickel et al. Vol. 1-5¹¹.     

Bilateral Thoracic Outlet Syndrome from Anomalous 8th Cervical Vertebrae Ribs

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of diverse disorders resulting from compression of neurovascular structures as they pass from the lower neck to upper limb. Neurological symptoms, such as pain, weakness, or paraesthesia, are much more common than vascular symptoms such as pallor or venous congestion. Anatomical abnormalities can contribute to this condition. Thirty percent of patients with TOS can have a cervical rib, arising from the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra, compared with 1% of the general population. We report the first case in the literature of neurogenic TOS from a cervical rib arising from a supernumerary 8th cervical vertebra. This patient had immediate improvement in TOS symptoms following scalene muscle surgery and resection of cervical and first thoracic ribs.     

西藏小型猪胚胎成纤维细胞的分离培养及性别鉴定

目的探索和建立西藏小型猪胚胎成纤维细胞体外分离培养及性别鉴定的技术方法。方法取35d的西藏小型猪胚胎分离胚胎成纤维细胞,进行体外原代培养及传代培养,观察细胞成纤维细胞的形态和生长状况。根据猪Y染色体上性别决定基因SRY设计引物进行性别鉴定,同时以β珠蛋白作为内参基因,建立PCR反应体系鉴别胚胎的性别。结果西藏小型猪胚胎成纤维体外分离后,呈贴壁生长,快速增殖。PCR性别鉴定结果表明雄性胚胎细胞可扩增出一特异性SRY基因条带,而雌性则没有。该法可快速鉴定胚胎的性别,可用于体细胞克隆动物早期性别鉴定。结论研究结果表明利用胶原酶消化法所获得的西藏小型猪胚胎成纤维细胞可在体外稳定培养并传代,利用PCR鉴定猪胎儿性别具有简单、快速、准确的特点,可应用于克隆猪研究中体细胞系的早期性别鉴定。     

The first rib of hominoids

Homo sapiens is unique among extant hominoids in displaying a univertebral articular pattern for the first rib; that is, the head of the first rib articulates only with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. All other hominoids, indeed virtually all other mammals, display a bivertebral pattern; that is, the head of the first rib articulates with the bodies of both the seventh cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae, as well as the intervening disk. Two fossil hominid partial first ribs, A.L. 288-lax and A.L. 333-118, show that the univertebral pattern was fully established in the hominid lineage by the appearance of Australopithecus afarensis. Four hypotheses, based in functional anatomy, can be postulated for the evolution of the univertebral pattern: (1), it increases the volume (via increased length) of the neck, which could, in turn, compensate for the functional loss of the laryngeal sac systems in hominid vocalization; (2), it is a consequence of the more barrel-shaped thorax in hominids; (3), it is a consequence of functional modifications in the hominid shoulder girdle; and/or (4), it is a consequence of modifications in hominid first rib motion while breathing in an upright stance. Fossil evidence supports all but the first hypothesis, and most strongly supports the third. However, evidence for the first hypothesis does suggest that the evolution of descent of the upper respiratory system in the hominid lineage may have been permitted by the presence of the univertebral pattern, while the reverse is probably not true. Furthermore, fossil evidence for the third hypothesis shows that, by the appearance of A. afarensis, the hominid upper limb had been freed from locomotor constraints, which concomitantly confirms full adaptation to upright posture. Thus, because of their potential relationship with upright posture, the two remaining hypotheses (i.e., "thoracic shape" and "first rib movement during breathing") also have support from the fossil evidence.     

In-vivo analysis of sternal angle,sternal and sternocostal kinematics in supine humans during breathing

This paper aims at contributing to the understanding of the combination of in vivo sternum displacement, sternal angle variations and sternocostal joints (SCJ) kinematics of the seven first rib pairs over the inspiratory capacity (IC). Retrospective codified spiral-CT data obtained at total lung capacity (TLC), middle of inspiratory capacity (MIC) and at functional residual capacity (FRC) were used to compute kinematic parameters of the bones and joints of interest in a sample of 12 asymptomatic subjects. 3D models of rib, thoracic vertebra, manubrium and sternum were processed to determine anatomical landmarks (ALs) on each bone. These ALs were used to create local coordinate system and compute spatial transformation of ribs and manubrium relative to sternum, and sternum relative to thoracic vertebra. The rib angular displacements and associated orientation of rotation axes and joint pivot points (JPP), the sternal angle variations and the associated displacement of the sternum relative to vertebra were computed between each breathing pose at the three lung volumes. Results can be summarized as following: (1) sternum cephalic displacement ranged between 17.8 and 19.2 mm over the IC; (2) the sternal angle showed a mean variation of 4.4° ± 2.7° over the IC; (3) ranges of rib rotation relative to sternum decreased gradually with increasing rib level; (4) axes of rotation were similarly oriented at each SCJ; (5) JPP spatial displacements showed less variations at first SCJ compared to levels underneath; (6) linear relation was demonstrated between SCJ ROMs and sternum cephalic displacement over the IC.     

小型猪糖尿病模型研究进展

小型猪的生理解剖结构、糖脂代谢、血液生化指标和疾病发生机制与人类都很相似,而且价格也相对适中,所以小型猪是诱导糖尿病模型的理想动物,本文就近年来用小型猪来诱导糖尿病模型的研究做一综述。     

The morphology and anatomy of the Antarctic gastropod Bathyberthella antarctica (Opisthobranchia, Notaspidea, Pleurobranchidae)

The external morphology, anatomy and histology of the Antarctic notaspidean Bathyberthella antarctica Willan & Bertsch, 1987 is described and the intraspecific variability presented. The species is compared with the only other known pleurobranch from the high Antarctic zone, Tomthompsonia antarctica (Thiele, 1912).