Neotypification of the genusTrichosporon

The currently accepted type species of the genusTrichosporon Behrend isT. beigelii. This species has formerly been regarded as identical toT. cutaneum. However, these fungi are now known to represent separate species with different ecology. The first species described inTrichosporon wasT. ovoides, an agent of human white piedra. A neotype strain is designated for this species, while a lectotype strain is indicated forT. cutaneum. The nameT. beigelii is considered as doubtful and consequently cannot be maintained.     

A pseudoaminic acid-containing O-specific polysaccharide from a marine bacterium Cellulophaga fucicola

The O-polysaccharide was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Cellulophaga fucicola and studied by chemical analyses along with (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The following new structure of the O-polysaccharide of C. fucicola containing 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid residue (pseudoaminic acid, Psep) was elucidated as the following:     

新组合Prunus jingningensis,comb.nov.的新模式及新异名（英文）

通过对沼生矮樱(Cerasus jingningensis)和雪落樱桃(Cerasus xueluoensis)变异类型的分析,指定了沼生矮樱的新模式标本,并将雪落樱桃处理为新组合Prunus jingningensis (Z. H. Chen, G. Y. Li et Y. K. Xu) D. G. ZhangY. Wu的异名。分类学处理和新模式的指定均依据2018年《国际藻类、真菌和植物命名法规(深圳法规)》中的规定和建议。     

Variability in growth and reproduction of the marine fungus,Lulworthia floridana

Summary 1. Dissimilar response in both vegetative and reproductive development of separate isolates of the marine ascomycete,Lulworthia floridana, demonstrate the heterogeneity of this fungal population. Particular differences are noted in the carbohydrate utilization spectra of the various isolates.2. Striking stimulation of onset and intensity of perithecial development is seen at incubation temperatures of 25° and 30° C. Extrapolation of these experimental observations to field studies of infestation of lignocellulose substrates byLulworthia suggests thatLulworthia isolates from subtropical marine waters are different from those prevalent in northern and arctic marine regions.3. While the genusLulworthia currently has been reduced to a single composite species, in all likelihood, subsequent breakdown of this heterogeneous group will be along physiological lines.

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Variabilität von Wachstum und Reproduktion bei dem marinen PilzLulworthia floridana

Kurzfassung Nahrungsphysiologische Untersuchungen an 10 Lulworthien der mittleren Sporenbereichgruppe, welche durchLulworthia floridanaMeyers charakterisiert ist, demonstrieren die Variabilität der Isolate hinsichtlich ihres Wachstums und ihrer Reproduktion (Perithecien-Entwicklung) bei Verabreichung verschiedener Kohlenhydratverbindungen. Eintritt und Intensität der Perithecien-Entwicklung werden durch Inkubationstemperaturen von 25° bis 30° C begünstigt. Unterschiedliche Reaktionen der Isolate bezüglich ihrer vegetativen und reproduktiven Entwicklung illustrieren die Heterogenität der Population. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, daß zukünftige taxonomische Bearbeitungen der Gattung sowohl morphologische als auch physiologische Eigenarten berücksichtigen müssen. Gegenwärtig istLulworthia reduziert zu einer kompositären Art -L. medusa (Ell. & Ev.) Cribb & Cribb; in der Zukunft erscheint jedoch eine Trennung von Isolaten dieser heterogenen Gruppe auf Grund physiologischer Kriterien möglich.

     

Osservazioni sul genere Lulworthia Suth. e sui suoi rapporti con Limnoria Menzies e segnalazioni di altre specie

Abstract

Observations on the genus Lulworthia Suth., on its relationship with Limnoria Menzies and records of others species. – Near a coral-limestone before Bogliasco-Genova panels of various woods: Abies alba, Ochroma lagopus, Fagus silvatica, Olea europaea, Larix decidua, Pinus pinaster, Populus alba have been laid as a bait. When they have been fished out again, after lengths of time varying from a minimum of a month and a half to a maximum of eleven months, with intervals of about one month and a half, they have often presented, besides the normal bentonic flora and fauna, numerous long, bright, septate, brown hyphae emerging from the wood. Only after the panels have been perforated by Limnoria tripunctata the perithecia of Lulworthia sp. appear; the quantity of these seems to be inversely proportional to that of the brown hyphae, which is particularly evident in Olea and Populus. In some preparations (slides) it is possible to notice connections between the brown mycelium inside the wood and the perithecia of the ascomicete. It is believed that the brown hyphae represent the vegetative stage of the strain of Lulworthia found at Bogliasco but that only after the perforation and alteration of the wood caused by Limnoria, the fungus is able to form the perithecia. The biometric values of the above mentioned Lulworthia are given. Besides, the finding of the Papulaspora halima Anast. is reported; such species, described in California in 1963, has been found in Japan, too. It is also noticed the presence of Corollospora maritima Wender., already found in other stations of the Mediterranean, and other ubiquitous species.     

Neotypification of Amellus villosus,the identity of a bradbury collection,and typification of some other goldenasters (Compositae: Astereae)

Nomenclatural problems involving closely related North American goldenasters are resolved. No original type material (a collection by John Bradbury) is known forAmellus villosus Pursh, which is the basionym for the taxon referred to asChrysopsis villosa and more recently asHeterotheca villosa. The species is the first-described taxon inHeterotheca sect.Phyllotheca. A collection by Bradbury (LIV) was found to belong inH. camporum and does not match Pursh's protologue. A neotype (PH) was selected from collections by Thomas Nuttall. A problem in the typification of the second oldest taxon in sect.Phyllotheca was encountered. The specimen filed at K as the type ofDiplopappus hispidus Hook. was not the specimen cited in the protologue. A lectotype has been designated from collections by Richardson at BM. Other taxa placed in synonymy are also typified.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Analysis of mechanism of formation of epidemic variant of disease activator

Pre-epidemic circulation of a multivariate agent is simulated. An assumption on the possibility of forming a new variant as a combination of properties of circulating variants is examined.     

Effect of composition of cellular lipids of formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance of alkanotrophic rhodocoocci

The antibiotic resistance and lipid composition of rhodococci grown in rich organic media with gaseous or liquid n-alkanes were studied. Hydrocarbon-grown rhodococci exhibited an increased resistance to a wide range of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, linkosamides, macrolides, beta-lactams, and aromatic compounds). The enhanced antibiotic resistance of rhodococci grown on n-alkanes correlated with an increased content of total cell lipids (up to 14-28%) and saturated straight-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C21:0) and was accompanied by the appearance of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in cells. These lipid compounds were supposed to promote the formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance in rhodococci by decreasing the permeability of their cell envelope to antibiotics.     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.