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The heavy metal resistance of yeasts isolated from sugary substrates such as orange, palm wine and pineapple and identified asSaccharomyces carlsbergensis andS. cerevisiae was studied. The yeast isolates were tested against different concentrations of cadmium, copper, manganese, silver and zinc salts ranging from 1 to 20 mmol/L. Local yeasts showed resistance to 3–15 mmol/L cadmium, 18–20 copper, 16–20 manganese, 1–9 silver and 16–19 for zinc. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the effects of heavy metals on growth of microorganisms and selection of yeasts for the brewing industry in Nigeria.  相似文献   

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The susceptibility of one susceptible and six resistant strains of houseflies to 13 organophosphorus compounds was measured with a contact method. Five of the strains had been selected, both in the field and in the laboratory, with diazinon, parathion or malathion. One strain had been strongly selected with -BHC. The susceptibility of the strains is shown in Fig. 1. The BHC selected strain had only a low level of resistance to organophosphates. Higher levels were present in all organophosphate selected strains, each of which exhibited its own characteristic resistance pattern. This indicates that a relatively large number of resistance mechanisms may be present.As resistance to the thiophosphates is of the same order of magnitude as that to their oxygen analogues, it follows that the resistance mechanism is not a slower conversion of the thiophosphates into the phosphates. Resistance to a number of dimethyl compounds is low, and little difference is present between the resistant strains. This resistance is probably brought about mainly by less specific factors. The genetical basis of the low aliesterase content of the phosphate resistant strains is discussed.
Zusammenfassung Die Empfindlichkeit eines normal-sensiblen und von sechs resistenten Stubenfliegen-Stämmen gegenüber 13 organischen Phosphorverbindungen wurde mit Hilfe einer Kontakt-Methode gemessen. Fünf dieser Stämme waren sowohl im Freiem wie auch im Labor, mit Diazinon, Parathion oder Malathion selektiert worden. Ein Stamm war stark mit -BHC selektiert worden. Die Empfindlichkeit der Stämme ist in Fig. 1 dargestellt. Der mit -BHC selektierte Stamm wies nur eine niedrige Resistenz gegenüber den organischen Phosphorverbindungen auf. Höhere Resistenz wurde in den mit organischen Phosphorverbindungen selektierten Stämmen gefunden; jeder dieser Stämmen zeigte eine eigene, charakteristische Form der Resistenz. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß eine relativ grössere Zahl von Resistenz-mechanismen vorhanden ist.Aus der Tatsache, daß Resistenz gegen die Thioverbindungen und ihre entsprechenden Sauerstoff-Analoge ungefähr gleich groß ist, wird geschlossen, daß eine langsamere Umwandlung in die Phosphate als Resistenz-mechanismus nicht in Betracht kommen kann.Die Resistenz gegenüber einigen Methyl-verbindungen ist gering, und in den einzelnen Stämmen nur wenig verschieden. Diese Resistenz wird wahrscheinlich durch weniger spezifisische Faktoren verursacht. Die genetische Grundlage des niedrigen Ali-esterasen-gehalts in den Phosphat-resistenten Stämmen wird diskutiert.
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Amino acid sequences of pilin from a strain of Bacteroides nodosus from serogroup B (234) and serogroup C (217) were determined. The amino-terminal N-methylphenlalanine residue of both proteins was followed by a hydrophobic sequence of 30 residues closely related to the N-terminal sequence of other pili having an amino-terminal residue of N-methylphenylalanine. These data lend support to the hypothesis that in pilins of this type, the amino-terminal sequence functions as a transport signal necessary for pilin to reach its external environment, as well as promoting intersubunit interactions for muintenance of the structural integrity of the pilus. Two hydrophilic hypervariable regions can be discerned across the pilin sequences, indicating possible locations of antigenic domains.  相似文献   

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Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitute a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Over 500 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for susceptibility to methicillin. By application of a screening method, 13.7% of these strains were classified as methicillin-resistant. Over 95% of these strains were isolated from hospital infections. Applying criteria of belonging of these strains to methicillin-resistance classes it was found that 49.3% belonged to class II, 31.2% to class III and 19.5% to class IV. Analysis of susceptibility to antibiotics of MRSA strains demonstrated significant differences between class II and between class III and IV in resistance to imipenem, gentamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline. All tested strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. The screening method (25 mg methicillin/l of TSA medium) results in obtaining of univocal results of determination of methicillin-resistance in S. aureus.  相似文献   

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Strains of Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium sp. nodulating cowpeas, and R. phaseoli derived from cultures susceptible to tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram), 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (phygon), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (spergon), respectively, grew in the presence of high concentrations of the fungicides and converted them to products not toxic to the sensitive rhizobia. The results of chemical assays demonstrated that the pesticides were destroyed by the resistant bacteria but not by the susceptible parent rhizobia. Resting cells of thiram-metabolizing R. meliloti formed large quantities of dimethyldithiocarbamate, dimethylamine, and CS2 from the pesticide. The products were characterized by gas and thin-layer chromatography, colorimetric reactions, and ultraviolet spectrometry. Dimethylamine and CS2 were formed spontaneously from dimethyldithiocarbamate, but the yield was higher in the presence of R. meliloti. The phygon-resistant bacterium converted the fungicide to five metabolites and thereby rendered the chemical nontoxic to a test fungus. The resistant strain of R. phaseoli generated at least one organic product and released about one-third of the chlorine during its detoxication of spergon.  相似文献   

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Two essentially isogenic strains of Escherichia coli K-12 were compared: D31 had chromosomally and D1-R1 episomally mediated resistance to ampicillin. The two strains had the same ability to form colonies on ampicillin plates, but in other tests they were quite different. In serial dilution tests as well as in exponentially growing cultures, D1-R1 was far more resistant to ampicillin than was D31. The inoculum effect with D1-R1 was large and with D31 was rather small. On plates, D31 was more resistant to penicillin G than was D1-R1. The penicillinase activity of buffer suspended cells against dl-ampicillin was 15 times higher for D1-R1 than for D31, but the two strains showed about the same rate of hydrolysis of penicillin G. With dl-ampicillin as substrate, for D1-R1 the apparent K(m) was 1.7 x 10(-4)m, whereas D31 gave a slightly sigmoid curve with a half-saturation concentration of about 5 x 10(-3)m. No induction of penicillinase activity was found. When the growth rate was varied by a factor of four, the amount of penicillinase per cell mass was constant in both D1-R1 and D31, whereas in two wild-type strains the amounts of penicillinase increased with increasing growth rates. With exponentially growing D1-R1, ampicillin disappearance started within 3 min, but at low ampicillin concentrations the rate was less than 10% of the rate of hydrolysis by buffer-suspended cells. Before D31 started hydrolysis, there was a lag period that lasted at least one generation and depended on the concentration of ampicillin. After this lag period, the rate of hydrolysis was 10 times higher than that observed with buffer-suspended cells. These differences between growing and nongrowing cells indicate that both the chromosomally and the episomally mediated penicillinases are controlled by some products present in growing cells.  相似文献   

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A cloned DNA fragment specifying an endoglucanase fromBacteroides succinogenes strain BL2 was shown to hybridize under nonstringent conditions to different BamH1 fragments of chromosomal DNA from each of five rumen strains ofB. succinogenes. Direct binding of BL2 total chromosomal DNA to DNA from the other four strains was between 16% and 42% of homologous binding, confirming a high degree of interstrain divergence.Bacteroides succinogenes BL2 chromosomal DNA did not show detectable hybridization with DNA from any of 15 strains of 11 other species of rumen bacteria, in tests carried out with NaOH-lysed cells on filters.  相似文献   

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目的分析医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的分布及耐药情况,为临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染提供科学依据。方法对618株金黄色葡萄球菌进行常规鉴定,用K—B法对其进行药敏试验。结果5年MRSA的平均检出率为51.9%(321/618),MRSA感染高发主要科室为ICU、神经外科、神经内科,MRSA检出率前三位的科室为神经外科(84.1%)、ICU(76.3%)、呼吸内科(61.3%),标本来源主要为痰液,占67.3%,检出率82.4%。MRSA对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺保持100%敏感,对氯霉素、米诺环素、复方新诺明等的耐药率较低,对其他药物都保持了65%以上的高耐药率。结论对重点科室监控,合理使用抗生素,严格执行无菌操作,采取有效的消毒隔离,尽量减少侵袭性操作等措施是控制并减少MRSA感染的重要环节。  相似文献   

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Resistance to chlorine of freshwater bacterial strains   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
The disinfectant properties of chlorine have been known for centuries but in the last few years water chlorination has attracted some criticism due to its secondary effects and the increased resistance of bacterial strains to chlorine inactivation. In this paper the kinetics of inactivation by chlorine of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from chlorinated water is studied. The Gram-positive strains were more resistant to chlorine and the behaviour of some of them in the presence of chloramphenicol suggests either the synthesis of unique proteins or aggregation of the bacteria as mechanisms of resistance to inactivation. The concept of K i, the inactivation rate constant, by comparison with K s in Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics (considering enzymic saturation), or with K s in Monod growth kinetics (considering limiting rates of transport and metabolism of substrates), may be an interesting parameter to define microbial resistance to disinfectants and toxics.  相似文献   

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D I Annear  W B Grubb 《Microbios》1975,12(50):175-178
The methicillin resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 10442 when aged in a broth culture at 42 degrees C yielded variants showing responses of sensitivity, dependence and indifference to the antibiotic. These responses and that of resistance in the parent cells were displayed in agar dilution and agar diffusion experiments at 30 degrees C. At 42 degrees C, all four organisms were sensitive to methicillin.  相似文献   

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