代谢副产物乙酸对L-色氨酸发酵的影响

分析了重组大肠杆菌(E.coli TRTH/pSV-709)发酵生产L-色氨酸的发酵过程,检测结果表明发酵液中有大量代谢副产物乙酸的积累。利用外源添加试验研究了乙酸对L-色氨酸发酵的影响,结果表明乙酸浓度高于2g/L时对L-色氨酸生产菌的生长和产酸均有抑制作用。分析了乙酸的产生机制,并采取了调节溶氧水平、确定合适初始葡萄糖浓度、限制葡萄糖流加及控制菌体比生长速率等措施来减少乙酸的生成。在优化条件下,乙酸含量与原工艺相比降低了51.35%,菌体生物量和L-色氨酸产量分别提高了51.07%和46.54%,实现了高密度发酵培养的目的。     

大肠杆菌乙酸耐受性菌株的构建及其耐受机制研究进展

乙酸是微生物发酵生产常见的副产物,也可作为碳源存在于木质纤维素水解液等非粮原料发酵培养基中。培养基中含有高浓度的乙酸/乙酸盐时会抑制细胞生长、降低生物量,影响目标产品的产量和产率。研究乙酸耐受性机制,改进菌株的乙酸耐受性,构建具有高乙酸耐受性工程菌株,对于以乙酸为碳源或利用含乙酸的原料进行高附加值产品发酵生产具有重要意义。本文综述了通过代谢工程、实验室适应性进化、全局转录机器工程和基于CRISPR可追踪基因组工程等方法构建大肠杆菌乙酸耐受性菌株的研究进展,进一步从乙酸同化代谢、氨基酸依赖型代谢、离子转运系统调节和细胞膜成分修饰等4个方面阐述了大肠杆菌乙酸耐受性菌株的耐受性应答机制,总结了大肠杆菌乙酸耐受菌株的生产应用,展望了提高大肠杆菌乙酸耐受方法和大肠杆菌乙酸耐受机制的研究方向。     

乳酸、乙酸及pH对嗜酸乳杆菌和 阴道加德纳菌的生长及交互作用影响

目的探讨乳酸、乙酸及pH值变化对嗜酸乳杆菌和阴道加德纳菌的生长及交互作用影响,为探究细菌性阴道病患者治疗失败的可能原因提供依据。方法 (1)两菌经不同浓度乳酸、乙酸作用后,检测其细菌浓度变化。(2)两菌经不同pH的SBHIG肉汤单独及混合培养,检测其细菌浓度变化并涂片观察生长情况。结果乳酸、乙酸浓度1.0%~5.0%时,均可抑制两菌的生长。0.1%乳酸对阴道加德纳菌生长的抑制能力较弱,但可促进嗜酸乳杆菌的生长。肉汤培养基在pH 3.5时,几乎只有嗜酸乳杆菌能生长;pH 8.5时,生长的细菌中阴道加德纳菌占绝大多数;pH 5.5和7.0时,两菌虽然共同生长,但嗜酸乳杆菌生长明显受抑制。结论嗜酸乳杆菌与阴道加德纳菌存在交互作用,但受细菌浓度、乳酸和乙酸浓度及pH的影响。细菌性阴道病患者需多疗程疗治疗或治疗失败可能与乳杆菌累积浓度未能达到抑制阴道加德纳菌生长的要求有关。     

口服醋酸棉酚前后人精子体外受精能力及精核转变的细胞学观察

本文报道口服醋酸棉酚对人精子体外受精能力、原核及染色体形成的影响。结果表明,在口服醋酸棉酚前的9名男性精子对金黄地鼠卵的穿透率平均为62%。每日口服20mg醋酸棉酚15天后,精子对卵的穿透率下降至47%,30天后下降至24%,50天后下降至8%。即口服醋酸棉酚50天后达到了不再具有生殖能力的精子穿透率阈值(10%)以下。原核及染色体形成的观察表明,即使口服醋酸棉酚50天后,仍可见有完整原核的形成,并未见有明显的染色体畸变。综述上列结果,似乎表明口服醋酸棉酚虽可影响人精子对去除透明带金黄地鼠卵的穿透率,而进入卵内的精子仍可形成原核及染色体。因此,仅从成熟精子的生理功能而论,口服醋酸棉酚期间它似乎并不产生可察觉的致畸效应,这与醋酸棉酚对体细胞并无致畸作用的报道相一致。     

蜜环菌多糖的生物合成与发酵条件的相关性

培养基的碳、氮源,ＰＨ值直接影响蜜环菌多糖的生物合成,泥炭水解液的添加量占培养基的１０％～３９％（Ｖ／Ｖ）时,对蜜环菌多糖的生物合成有促进作用。液体振范培养时,蜜环菌生长形成球形菌丝体,菌丝生物量３．４５ｇ／Ｌ,菌丝多糖（精糖）得率为０．２８４％,而静置液体培养有利于菌索形成,菌素生物量１４．０５ｇ／Ｌ,菌索多糖（精糖）得率为０．５１５％,胞外多糖的得率分别为２９．４％和８．３％     

Einbau von [14C]-Essigsäure in hopfenbitterstoffe

Labeled acetic acids are incorporated by hops into desoxycohumulone, desoxyhumulone, humulone, colupulone and lupulone. The incorporation of acetic acid is considered in relation to the mixed isoprenoid-polyketide origin of these bitter principles.     

Polyacrylamide gel staining with Fe2+-bathophenanthroline sulfonate.

The utilization of Fe²⁺-bathophenanthroline sulfonate for the detection and quantitation of protein bands in cylindrical polyacrylamide gels is described. Two procedures are outlined. The first procedure is used in standard disc electrophoresis and involves fixing the protein with trichloroacetic acid, staining with Fe²⁺-bathophenanthroline sulfonate, and destaining with an ethanol:acetic acid solution. The second protocol reported is utilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing gels. After electrophoresis, the gels are incubated with a methanol: acetic acid solution to remove the sodium dodecyl sulfate. The gels are then stained with Fe²⁺-bathophenanthroline sulfonate and destained with a methanol: acetic acid solution. Excellent background clarity is observed with both methods. Densitometric areas of the stained protein bands are linear to 60 μg of bovine serum albumin, and the limit of detection of this protein is 1 μg. Because of its rapidity of staining and destaining, good sensitivity, and reproducibility of stain intensity, Fe²⁺-bathophenanthroline sulfonate is an excellent protein stain.     

低分子量有机酸对红壤无机态磷转化及酸度的影响

以鄂南、赣北两红壤样品为材料,加入不同有机酸并经室温培养后,测定不同P组分、pH及活性Al含量的变化。结果表明,供试有机酸均使土壤Ca2－P含量增高,增幅大小依次为柠檬酸＞苹果酸＞琥珀酸＞乙酸;2种土壤的Ca8－P和Ca10－P含量无明显变化规律,Fe-P、Al-P和O－P含量有所下降,除乙酸处理的土壤pH值无显著变化外,其它有机酸的加入使pH下降0．65－1．96;有机酸引起活性Al量增多,除乙酸处理的变化较小外,其它有机酸或混合物的加入使土壤中0．02mol.L^-1CaCl2提取Al增加4．7－50．3倍,1mol.L^-1提取Al增加4．0－67．3倍。可见,有机酸具有双重作用,既增加P的有效性,又增加土壤酸度和Al毒。     

小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型的建立及病理组织学比较

目的建立乙酸,右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠（dextran sodium sulfate,DSS）,幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pyliri）小鼠溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis）动物模型,通过病理学对比观察,选择最佳的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎动物模型。方法将40只清洁级BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组,实验组中Ⅰ组采用乙酸刺激法诱发溃疡性结肠炎,Ⅱ组采用饮用3.5%DSS溶液诱发结肠炎,Ⅲ组采用幽门螺杆菌感染小鼠诱发溃疡性结肠炎,对照组饮用蒸馏水。观察小鼠每日的体重,大便性状和隐血情况,以及结肠大体形态和组织病理学改变。结果乙酸,右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠均可引起小鼠疡性结肠炎。结论 DSS诱发的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎是一种较理想的UC动物模型,可作为研究UC发病机制和药物治疗较理想的工具。     

Predictive model for reduction of Escherichia coli during acetic acid decontamination of chicken skin

AIMS: The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of operating variables (acetic acid concentration, spraying time and temperature) on the reduction of Escherichia coli populations on poultry breast skin in a laboratory showering process, as well as to identify the best conditions that are required to develop this operation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Skin samples were inoculated with a 24-h E. coli culture and afterwards treated according to experimental design under selected acetic acid concentration, spraying time, and solution temperature. The E. coli reduction model was significantly affected by the acetic acid concentration and spraying time (P < or = 0.05 and < or =0.01), while temperature did not show a significant effect (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The predictive model obtained was validated through additional confirmatory experiments and showed to be adequate, and it could be used as an approach to optimize the acetic acid spray washes during poultry carcasses processing. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of acetic acid washes in the processing of poultry does not have the capability of eliminating E. coli populations from carcasses. However, significant reductions in the initial load could be achieved.     

花背蟾蜍蝌蚪发生类坏死的皮肤在恢复过程中的超微结构

本实验以花背蟾蜍后肢芽期的蝌蚪为材料,用0.001 mol/L氨水(氨水组)和0.01mol/L醋酸(醋酸组)处理皮肤使之发生类坏死。以细胞核、细胞表面、细胞质及细胞间隙等的超微结构变化为指标,研究了各组皮肤发生类坏死后恢复过程中的可逆变化。结果观察到:两组均能引起核染色质浓缩,粘液分泌,液泡增多,线粒体及内质网膨大变形,细胞间隙变窄;醋酸还引起张力原纤维的凝集及紊乱等。恢复过程中,细胞核内染色质的分布趋于均匀,粘液的分泌渐正常,液泡减少,线粒体及内质网的形态逐步恢复,但细胞间隙一直很??窄;醋酸组中张力原纤维恢复成束且排列较整齐。作者认为氨水及醋酸引起蝌蚪皮肤发生类坏死后,在一定时间内是可以恢复的,而且此可逆变化也反映在超微结构的变化上。     

Application of molecular methods for the differentiation of acetic acid bacteria in a red wine fermentation

AIMS: To apply rapid and reliable molecular techniques for typing acetic acid bacteria and studying their population dynamics during wine-making processes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We tested the usefulness of the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) techniques with reference strains of most of the species of acetic acid bacteria. We obtained exclusive patterns for each strain with the ERIC-PCR technique, proving the utility for characterizing below species level. REP-PCR technique was not as adequate for this purpose because some strains yielded identical fingerprint. One hundred twenty isolates from a commercial red wine fermentation were fingerprinted using both techniques. We detected a high degree of strain diversity in the first stage of fermentation that decreased throughout the process. However, several strains and species were dominant in the alcoholic fermentation phases. The identification of different strains or genotypes at the species level was carried out by restriction analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene. Gluconobacter oxydans dominated the fresh must, while Acetobacter aceti was the only isolated species at the end of the process. Gluconacetobacter hansenii and G. liquefaciens were also isolated in significant numbers at the beginning of fermentation. CONCLUSIONS: ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR techniques proved useful for characterizing strains of acetic acid bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The availability of molecular techniques for a fast and reliable genotypic characterization should increase our knowledge of the ecology of acetic acid bacteria and determine more accurately their growth behaviour during various stages of vinification.     

Enhanced expression of aconitase raises acetic acid resistance in Acetobacter aceti

Acetobacter spp. are used for industrial vinegar production because of their high ability to oxidize ethanol to acetic acid and high resistance to acetic acid. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of a soluble fraction of Acetobacter aceti revealed the presence of several proteins whose production was enhanced, to various extents, in response to acetic acid in the medium. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of 100 kDa was significantly enhanced in amount by acetic acid and identified to be aconitase by NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing and subsequent gene cloning. Amplification of the aconitase gene by use of a multicopy plasmid in A. aceti enhanced the enzymatic activity and acetic acid resistance. These results showed that aconitase is concerned with acetic acid resistance. Enhancement of the aconitase activity turned out to be practically useful for acetic acid fermentation, because the A. aceti transformant harboring multiple copies of the aconitase gene produced a higher concentration of acetic acid with a reduced growth lag-time.     

发根农杆菌对骆驼刺的转化及转化组织的形态发生

将骆驼刺离体再生苗的茎切段经发根农杆菌A4菌株感染后,在含500mg/L头孢霉素的MS无激素培养基上培养,产生了转化的发根和愈伤组织.转化根在附加2mg/L2,4-D和0.5-1mg/L6BA的MS培养基上培养后,亦可诱导出愈伤组织.在含3mg/L6BA和0.5mg/LNAA的培养基上诱导出了苗的分化.冠瘿碱分析表明,在95%以上的发根和75%的转化愈伤组织及再生植株中都显示了T-DNA的整合和表达.染色体检查发现,约81%的发根细胞具有正常染色体数(2n=18),其余则存在染色体数目的变化,在继代培养一年之后,转化体仍维持旺盛的再生能力.     

Z-DNA immunoreactivity of Drosophila polytene chromosomes : Effects of the fixatives 45% acetic acid and 95% ethanol and of DNase I nicking

Drosophila salivary chromosomes have been isolated at neutral pH and physiological ionic strength. They display only background level binding of antibodies against Z-DNA. Following exposure to the commonly used fixative 45% acetic acid all of the polytene chromosomes, X and autosomes, show a massive increase in anti-Z-DNA antibody binding. The enhancement from background to intense fluorescence occurs whether the chromosomes are stabilised by two orders of magnitude lower concentration of formaldehyde than that used to minimise protein extraction in classical acid squash preparations, or by physiological concentrations of spermine and spermidine. Nicking of acetic acid-treated chromosomes by DNase I dramatically reduces their Z-DNA immunoreactivity. The histones and non-histones extracted by 45% acetic acid from unfixed and formaldehyde-fixed Drosophila chromatin have been analysed. Exposure of isolated salivary chromosomes to the non-protein-extracting fixative 95% ethanol also enhances Z-DNA immunoreactivity. All of these phenomena must be taken into account in the search for the Z-DNA conformation in cells by cytological techniques.     

Comparative Toxicity of Three Organic Acids to Freshwater Organisms and Their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems

The comparative toxicity of lactic acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cladoceran crustacea (Moina micrura), and oligochaete worm (Branchiura sowerbyi) were determined using static bioassay tests. Worms were found most sensitive to all the acids whereas the cladoceran was found most resistant to lactic acid and the fish most resistant to acetic acid and benzoic acid. The 96h LC₅₀ values of lactic acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid, were, respectively, 257.73, 272.87, and 276.74 mg L^?1 for O. mossambicus; 329.12, 163.72, and 71.65 mg L^?1 for M. micrura and 50.82, 14.90, and 39.47 mg L^?1 for B. sowerbyi. Tilapia lost appetite at sub-lethal concentrations as low as 2.18 mg L^?1 lactic acid, 1.26 mg L^?1 acetic acid, and 13.84 mg L^{? 1} of benzoic acid. Growth and reproduction of the fish were affected following 90-day chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of the acids. Minimum effective concentration of the acids that significantly reduced food conversion efficiency (FCE), percent increase of weight, specific growth rate, yield and fecundity of the fish were 2.18, 1.47, and 3.95 mg · L^?1 of lactic acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid, respectively. Effects of acetic acid and benzoic acid on FCE, weight increase, and yield were not significantly different from each other whereas lactic acid produced different effects from acetic acid as well as benzoic acid. Mean values of dissolved oxygen, primary productivity, and plankton populations of the test medium significantly reduced from control at 16.94 mg L^?1 lactic acid, 16.79 mg L^?1 acetic acid, and 13.84 mg L^?1 benzoic acid.     

The determination of purine levels in human and mouse plasma

Variable levels of acetic anhydride have been recommended for addition to one of two reagents used in the glyoxylic acid method for the determination of tryptophan. For use of this reagent immediately after preparation it was shown that a minimum of 16% (v/v) of acetic anhydride should be included in the formulation to obtain near-maximum sensitivity. It was further demonstrated that reagent formulations with and without acetic anhydride changed with exposure to light. The observed changes are manifest as changes in the relative sensitivities of the assay. Several modifications are recommended to improve the sensitivity and stability of the acetic anhydride-containing reagent in this assay.     

Batch and continuous culture-based selection strategies for acetic acid tolerance in xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Acetic acid tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is crucial for the production of bioethanol and other bulk chemicals from lignocellulosic plant-biomass hydrolysates, especially at a low pH. This study explores two evolutionary engineering strategies for the improvement of acetic acid tolerance of the xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae RWB218, whose anaerobic growth on xylose at pH 4 is inhibited at acetic acid concentrations >1 g L(-1) : (1) sequential anaerobic, batch cultivation (pH 4) at increasing acetic acid concentrations and (2) prolonged anaerobic continuous cultivation without pH control, in which acidification by ammonium assimilation generates selective pressure for acetic acid tolerance. After c. 400 generations, the sequential-batch and continuous selection cultures grew on xylose at pH≤4 with 6 and 5 g L(-1) acetic acid, respectively. In the continuous cultures, the specific xylose-consumption rate had increased by 75% to 1.7 g xylose g(-1) biomass h(-1) . After storage of samples from both selection experiments at -80 °C and cultivation without acetic acid, they failed to grow on xylose at pH 4 in the presence of 5 g L(-1) acetic acid. Characterization in chemostat cultures with linear acetic acid gradients demonstrated an acetate-inducible acetic acid tolerance in samples from the continuous selection protocol.     

过表达氨基葡萄糖脱氨酶对大肠杆菌氨基葡萄糖合成及中心碳代谢的影响

考察过表达氨基葡萄糖脱氨酶对氨基葡萄糖合成及大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）中心碳代谢的影响。实验结果表明：过表达氨基葡萄糖脱氨酶使得在36 g/L葡萄糖,pH为9.0的发酵条件下,发酵24 h后,重组菌发酵液中氨基葡萄糖、丙酮酸和乙酸的量分别是对照菌Rosetta的2.1、1.48和1.74倍;而乳酸的量为2.53 g/L,对照菌Rosetta发酵液中的乳酸含量未检测到,重组菌发酵液中柠檬酸及α-酮戊二酸的含量分别是Rosetta的2.99和2.73倍。