海马内生长抑素与γ－氨基丁酸在大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应中的作用

本实验以大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应（ＡＡＲ）的习得和消退为学习记忆的指标,研究了海马内生长抑素（ＳＳ）和γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）在学习记忆中的作用。结果如下：（１）经训练而建立了ＡＡＲ的大鼠,其海马内ＳＳ较对照组显著增高,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ含量却明显降低;（２）海马内注入ＳＳ的耗竭剂半胱胺（Ｃｙｓ,２０ｇ／Ｌ）使大鼠ＡＡＲ的习得受到明显损害,ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速,海马内ＳＳ明显降低,而ＧＡＢＡ含量却显著升高;（３）海马内注入ＧＡＢＡ（２００ｇ／Ｌ）使大鼠ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速的同时,其海马内ＳＳ含量亦显著降低。由此表明,海马内ＳＳ可能有促进学习记忆的作用,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ升高则有相反的效应;二者在海马调控学习记忆过程中具有重要作用。     

氯霉素对大鼠睡眠和主动回避反应的影响

本文报导了氯霉素在大鼠生后7天内和鼠龄60天时给药对其成熟后的睡眠、主动回避反应以及电休克阈的影响。在新生期给药组,快眼动睡眠量显著减少,但主动回避反应成绩没有明显变化.在鼠龄60天给药组,动物的快眼动睡眠量和主动回避反应成绩均明显降低,电休克阈也降低。文中讨论了氯霉素对快眼动睡眠和脑发育的影响以及发育期快眼动睡眠与脑发育的关系。     

以主动学习为导向的“微生物学实验”教学改革探索

微生物学实验是在微生物学理论课的基础上开设的,是帮助学生将理论知识转化为实践能力的一门课程。传统的教学采用讲授法、演示法等灌输式教学模式,学生只是机械地模仿老师或按照书本操作,处于被动学习状态。为了使学生从被动学习转变为主动学习,对微生物实验教学进行改革。首先,通过对就业岗位需求进行分析,使学生学习目标更清晰;其次,在教学中采用多种启发式教学方法相互配合,以提高学生的学习主动性;另外,开放了微生物实验室,让学生从实验的参与者变为实验的主导者,更大程度地发挥主观能动性。通过微生物学实验教学改革,调动了学生学习的积极性、激发了学生的创造力、提高了学生的实验技能。     

评价量规——主动学习的评价工具

新课程倡导学生主动学习,评价量规是对此学习方式进行教学和评价的有力工具。通过实例介绍评价量规的设计和应用,帮助教师理解评价量规,以期有更多的教师掌握和运用这一工具。     

小鼠动物实验方法系列专题(一)——Morris水迷宫实验在小鼠表型分析中的应用

本文以C57和129Sv小鼠为例介绍了Morris水迷宫实验的基本原理和实验步骤。该实验是研究鼠类空间学习记忆功能的重要实验:通过连续多日训练鼠类以水池壁的标记物进行定位导航游泳寻找水中隐藏平台的方法检测小鼠的空间学习能力;接着撤除平台,分析小鼠在水迷宫里搜索原隐藏平台的行为来检测小鼠的空间记忆功能。结果发现,两种小鼠均可成功完成实验,C57综合表现优于129Sv小鼠。Morris水迷宫是对小鼠空间学习和记忆功能研究的重要工具。     

主动监测培养对于控制院内MRSA感染的效果

目的探讨主动监测培养对于住院患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）感染控制情况的效果。方法统计沈阳军区总医院2011-2013年MRSA培养阳性率、感染率等相关数据,以6个月为单位,对实施主动监测培养前后各时间段情况进行比较。结果实施监测培养后MRSA培养阳性人数一度增加,由原平均每月不足10人,增至2012年下半年的平均约12人/月。后逐渐下降,2013年下半年降至约平均9人/月,与2012年上半年相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。MRSA感染发病率在实施监测培养后呈下降趋势,由最初1.3‰-1.4‰降至2013年下半年的0.49‰,该数值与2013年上半年相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。抗MRSA抗生素使用量在引入监测培养后减少。2013年下半年用量降至约平均65支/月,与2013年上半年相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论主动检测培养为院内原有MRSA感染检测的重要补充。若MRSA筛查培养阳性可早期采取相应干预手段,有效防止院内感染发生,促进了抗生素的合理应用。     

白藜芦醇抗衰老作用的实验研究

目的：探讨白藜芦醇的抗衰老作用。方法：采用避暗实验观察白藜芦醇对小鼠学习记忆的影响,通过常压耐缺氧、断头耐缺氧、亚硝酸钠中毒造成的缺氧以及负重游泳实验,观察白藜芦醇对小鼠缺氧及耐力的影响;以AlCl3造成急性衰老小鼠模型,观察白藜芦醇对小鼠血中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果：白藜芦醇各剂量组均能明显改善记忆障碍,与模型组比较差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。在耐力实验中,白藜芦醇可显著延长小鼠缺氧时间,与溶剂组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：白藜芦醇具有一定的抗衰老作用。     

Cdk5与学习和记忆的研究进展

越来越多的证据表明,Cdk5通过与大量蛋白相互作用而在学习和记忆过程中发挥重要作用。近来,关于Cdk5的研究结果不仅证实其参与药物成瘾过程中细胞间的通路改变,且其活性与一些神经退行性疾病的发生有关。本文就Cdk5对学习和记忆的影响及其相关机制的研究进展予以综述。     

一种智能化的Y—型迷宫

本文介绍了一种智能化Ｙ－型迷宫的硬件、软件结构。它利用微机控制大鼠（或小鼠）分辨学习实验的全过程,利用红外光电传感器监测动物活动行为,判断准确,计时精确。由于以ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳ为工作平台,人机界面友好,操作简便。     

海马内注射6—OHDA对大鼠条件回避行为习得和保持的影响

本文研究了在大鼠两侧背海马内注射6-OHDA后,儿茶酚胺能纤维和多巴胺能纤维末梢在穿梭箱条件性回避行为习得和保持中的作用。结果表明:(1)6-OHDA使海马内多巴胺含量明显减少,特别是去甲肾上腺素含量的减少更为显著。(2)条件性回避行为的习得受到损害。(3)海马内注射加压素易化条件性回避行为的效应被阻断。     

行为训练与小鼠海马突触蛋白磷酸化水平的相关性

本文对梭箱回避行为训练是否能改变小鼠海马突触蛋白磷酸化水平进行了检定。在小鼠训练结束的不同时程制备突触体,以γ-~(32)P-ATP作为标记进行离体测定。结果如下:(1)正常小鼠各脑区突触蛋白磷酸化水平无显著差异;(2)学习训练刚结束时,海马突触蛋白磷酸化水平与学习训练成绩的优劣有相关性;(3)学习训练结束后24h,上述相关性更为明显,且成绩良好组右侧海马突触蛋白磷酸化水平显著高于左侧,而成绩低劣组相反。海马突触蛋白磷酸化的这种不对称现象的成因尚不清楚。这些结果表明,海马突触蛋白磷酸化反应可能是习得行为的分子机制。     

Conditioning of appetitive behavior in the Hymenopteran parasitoid Microplitis croceipes

Work on insect learning has made ample use of conditioned behaviors in single learning tasks. Parasitic wasps are particularly suited to study more complex learning processes, as they alternate between host searching and foraging for sugar sources. We here describe a set of behaviors that unambiguously represents sugar feeding in the Hymenopteran parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Furthermore, we demonstrate that this parasitoid can be conditioned to exhibit these behaviors in response to odor stimuli previously associated with feeding. In conjunction with a previously described ovipositor probing response in this species, our findings constitute the first instance in which multiple conditioned behaviors representing feeding and reproduction have been identified for one insect species. This provides a valuable tool for the study of multiple task learning.     

Petrol exhaust pollution impairs honey bee learning and memory

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) serve as important infochemicals, mediating several ecological interactions including herbivory and pollination. Atmospheric pollutants including traffic‐related air pollution may impair the detection of VOCs used by insects in insect–plant interactions. We investigated the indirect effect of petrol exhaust pollution on olfactory learning and memory (short and long term) in honey bees. Using appetitive olfactory conditioning, we trained bees to learn one of four floral VOC profiles; linalool, dipentene, myrcene and geranium. VOCs were unpolluted or polluted with exhaust collected from a petrol generator. Exhaust emissions included concentrations of CO (246.07 + 17 ppm), NO (20.50 + 6.90 ppb) and NO2 (20.93 + 0.05 ppb) consistent with those typically encountered in urban areas and near roads. Once bees had learnt the training VOC, we tested whether they could recognise that VOC 1 h, 24 h and 48 h post‐training. Bees took significantly longer to learn polluted VOCs and forgot them faster than unpolluted ones. We also tested the ‘masking’ potential of pollution on floral VOCs. Using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy we noted differences in the chemical profile of polluted versus unpolluted VOCs and tested whether bees could recognise polluted VOCs if trained using unpolluted ones. For several VOCs tested, bees could distinguish between polluted and unpolluted VOCs. Ultimately, our results show that air pollution changes the recognition and retention of floral VOCs by bees which may consequently impact foraging efficiency.     

Orexin受体1对摄食条件反射的调控研究

目的:观察Orexin受体1对摄食条件反射的调控研究。方法:将40只大鼠随机分为四组,分别为NS/NS组,SB/SB组,NS/SB组,SB/NS组,每组10只大鼠,给予大鼠八组"条件刺激-无条件刺激(CS-US)"训练,给予无条件刺激后立即进行条件刺激,每组进行训练前30 min给予SB或生理盐水(NS)。获得性训练后,给予2组反射消失性训练,即给予8次条件刺激。条件刺激是给予大鼠10 s,2kHZ声音刺激,无条件刺激是直接给予大鼠食物。结果:给予条件刺激后,四组大鼠摄食行为均明显增加,摄食间隔均明显缩短,当条件刺激强度增加时,摄食行为也增加,而预先给予SB,与NS/NS组相比,其余组大鼠摄食行为相对减少(P0.05),摄食间隔增加。消失性训练中,与NS/NS,NS/SB组相比,SB/NS组和SB/SB组大鼠摄食行为明显减少(P0.05)。与其他三组大鼠相比,SB/NS组大鼠摄食间隔缩短。预先给予SB使后两次刺激后摄食间隔明显增加(P0.05)。结论:OX1R信号通路调控摄食反射的产生和消失。     

Molecular Signals into the Insular Cortex and Amygdala During Aversive Gustatory Memory Formation

In this paper, we will provide evidence of the putative molecular signals and biochemical events that mediate the formation of long-lasting gustatory memory trace. When an animal drinks a novel taste (the conditioned stimulus; CS) and it is later associated with malaise (unconditioned stimulus; US), the animal will reject it in the next presentation, developing a long-lasting taste aversion, i.e., the taste cue becomes an aversive signal, and this is referred to as conditioning taste aversion. Different evidence indicates that the novel stimulus (taste) induces a rapid and strong cortical acetylcholine activity that decreases when the stimulus becomes familiar after several presentations. Cholinergic activation via muscarinic receptors initiates a series of intracellular events leading to plastic changes that could be related to short- and/or long-term memory gustatory trace. Such plastic changes facilitate the incoming US signals carried out by, in part, the glutamate release induced by the US. Altogether, these events could produce the cellular changes related to the switch from safe to aversive taste memory trace. A proposed working model to explain the biochemical sequence of signals during taste memory formation will be discussed.     

Relationship between visual learning/memory ability and brain cAMP level in Drosophila

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微型计算机控制的颈动脉窦区自动灌流系统

运用自动控制理论,设计出由LDB—M型电子蠕动泵、Apple—Ⅱ微型计算机构成的负反馈闭环自动灌流系统。该系统能自动完成均匀斜坡升、阶梯升、阶梯升降等灌流压曲线。同时对实验动物的平均血压、平均灌流压及心率进行实时数据采集,最后作自动分析统计。