高频电刺激底丘脑核对帕金森病鼠旋转行为的影响

高频电刺激底丘脑核对帕金森病鼠旋转行为的影响＊伦学庆章翔张剑宁梁景文（第四军医大学西京医院,西安７１００３２）帕金森病（ＰＤ）是以中脑黑质多巴胺（ＤＡ）能神经元变性,纹状体ＤＡ水平下降为主要特征的疾病。丘脑腹外侧核毁损术能有效控制震颤和强直,但对运动...     

杏仁核内注射CCK—8抑制胃运动的机制

应用脑核团内微量注射和核团电刺激方法,观察杏仁基底内侧（ＢＭＡ）对胃运动的影响,分析ＢＭＡ与下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＨ）的机能联系。结果如下：（１）双侧ＢＭＡ内注射八肽胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）（５０ｎｇ／ｌμｌ）,出现胃内压（ＩＧＰ）和胃运动频率（ＧＭＦ）显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）。（２）ＢＭＡ内注射ＣＣＫ－Ａ受体阻断剂［Ｌ３６４,７１８］（１００ｎｇ／ｌμｌ）或ＣＣＫ－Ｂ受体阻断剂［Ｌ３６５,２６０］     

刺激下丘脑弓状核或垂体前叶对丘脑束旁核神经元伤害性反应的抑制

采用电生理学方法,观察电刺激大鼠下丘脑弓状核（ＡＲＣ）或垂体前叶（ＡＬ）,对丘脑束旁核（Ｐｆ）神经元伤害性反应的影响。实验结果表明,电刺激ＡＲＣ能抑制Ｐｆ神经元的伤害性放电,这种抑制很快出现,也很快恢复,称为即时抑制。电刺激Ａ辄能抑制Ｐｆ神经元的伤害性放电,这种抑制的出现有一定的潜伏期,并持续较长时间,称为延迟抑制。摘除垂体减弱刺激ＡＲＣ的即时抑制,而损毁ＡＲＣ则减弱刺激ＡＬ的延迟抑制。地塞米松预     

室旁核在刺激中脑防御反应区诱发防御性升压反应中的作用

雄性ＳＤ大鼠,用乌拉坦（７００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和氯醛糖（３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）腹腔麻醉。实验结果：（１）每隔５ｍｉｎ电刺激中脑导水管周围灰质背侧部“防御反应区”（ｄＰＡＧ）,持续观察５０ｍｉｎ,可见恒定的升压反应。若电解毁单侧室旁核（ＰＶＮ）区。１ｈ后,电刺激中脑ｄＰＡＧ区诱发的升压反应幅度部分减小。而损毁穹隆部、下丘脑前部、下丘脑背内侧核、下丘脑腹内侧核则无上述效应。（２）电刺激或微量注射高半胱胺酸（ＤＬ     

快速周期伏安法在定量研究脑内核团多巴胺释放中的应用

目的和方法：采用快速周期伏安法（ＦＣＶ）在体研究电刺激内侧前脑束（ＭＦＢ）或腹侧背盖区（ＶＴＡ）诱发的纹状体（ＣＰｕ）、伏核（Ａｃｂ）或中央杏仁核（ＣＡＮ）多巴胺（ＤＡ）释放的特点,探索电刺激诱发不同核团ＤＡ释放的适宜刺激参数。结果：ＣＰｕ、Ａｃｂ与ＣＡＮ的ＤＡ释放量及释放动力学特征均有不同。结论：在应用ＦＣＶ技术研究脑内不同部位ＤＡ释放时,应重视适宜刺激参数的选择及运用,以获取更好的实验结果。     

CCK-8对癫痫发作大鼠脑内SOD和MDA的影响

目的和方法：采用核团微量注射、光化学分析等实验方法,观察大鼠脑内ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ在ＣＣＫ－８调节癫痫发作中的变化。结果：①与下沉大鼠比较,遗传性听源性癫痫易感大鼠皮层、海马、下丘脑及垂体内ＳＯＤＦ活性、ＭＤＡ含量无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;②大鼠癫痫发作后,上述区域内ＳＯＤ活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＭＤＡ含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,若癫痫发作次数增加,该变化愈显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）;③大鼠海马     

电刺激大鼠尾核头部镇痛的中枢效应——〔~3H〕-2脱氧葡萄糖放射自显影研究

本文利用[~3H]-2脱氧葡萄糖定量放射自显影方法,研究了电刺激大鼠尾核头部镇痛时中枢神经系统有关结构的葡萄糖代谢率变化。结果表明,痛刺激后,皮层躯体感觉Ⅰ,Ⅱ区、扣带回皮质、丘脑束旁核、丘脑中央中核、丘脑腹后核、尾核、外侧缰核、外侧隔核、中缝背核及中脑导水管周围灰质等结等的葡萄糖代谢率均明显升高(P<0.05)。电刺激大鼠尾核头部后,中缝大核及延髓旁巨细胞网状外侧核的葡萄糖代谢率显著升高,中脑导水管周围灰质和中缝背核的葡萄糖代谢率亦有升高趋势。电刺激大鼠尾核头部可部份降低痛刺激引起的有关结构葡萄糖代谢率升高(如皮层躯体感觉Ⅰ、Ⅱ区、扣带回皮质、丘脑束旁核、丘脑中央中核、丘脑腹后核、外侧隔核及外侧缰核等)。上述结果提示,电刺激大鼠尾核头部镇痛时抑制了与痛感觉有关的结构,同时激活了与镇痛有关的结构。中缝大核、中缝背核、中脑导水管周围灰质及延髓旁巨细胞网状外侧核等结构是实现尾核镇痛的重要环节。     

急性大鼠癫痫模型海马神经元原发性单位后放电脉冲间隔特征

受到刺激后即刻出现的海马（hippocampus,HPC）原发性单位后放电是癫痫相关性细胞电活动的重要形式之一,其放电脉冲间隔（interspike interval,ISI）和串内平均频率（Hz）特征及其在网络癫痫形成中的作用值得探讨。实验用急性强直电刺激（60Hz,2S,0．4-0．6mA）大鼠右侧后背HPC（acute tetanization of the fight posterior dorsal hippocampus,以后简称ATPDH）或右侧尾壳核（acute tetanization of the fight caudate putamen nucleus,以后简称ATRC）诱导HPC或皮层网络癫痫,重点观察HPC神经元原发性单位后放电模式和上述的瞬时时间编码特征。结果表明：（1）HPC原发性单位后放电表现为两种不同的放电模式,即先易化后抑制或先抑制后易化,其ISI序列分别表现为先小后大的“头尾”式分布或先大后小的“尾头”式分布。（2）ATFDH主要引起“尾头”式（35／57串）、而ATRC主要引起“头尾”式（12／22串）ISI点分布的原发性单位后放电,串内“头”、“尾”平均持续时间均具有明显差异（P〈0．05）。（3）ATRC可以诱导双侧HPC单位后放电出现交互的“头尾”、‘呢头”式ISI点分布特征。（4）多串电刺激可以诱导HPC原发性单位后放电特征性ISI点分布重复显现。（5）特征性HPC原发性单位后放电伴随出现网络癫痫发作样高频电振荡。这提示：强直电刺激诱导的HPC神经元原发性单位后放电“头尾”或呢头”式ISI序列分布规律,可以较准确地反映所记录神经元的诱发性易化或抑制活动的程度,用于网络癫痫形成中单个成员细胞癫痫相关性电活动机制的分析。     

海马胆囊收缩素对大鼠癫痫发作的影响及其机制

目的和方法：采用原位杂交技术,观察遗传性听源性癫痫易感大鼠海马内ＣＣＫｍＲＮＡ表达的改变及少我注射ＣＣＫ３及其受体阻断剂对大鼠癫痫发作的影响。结果：（１）癫痫发作大鼠海马内ＣＣＫｍＲＮＡ表达明显增强（Ｐ〈０．０５－０．０１）,但癫痫反复发作的大嫌海马内ＣＣＫｍＲＮＡ表达的较癫痫发作一次大鼠明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０５）,海马ＣＡ主射Ｌ３６５后,ＣＣＫ８压抑癫痫发作的作用消失（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：ＣＣＫ     

尾核阿片μ受体参与电针及皮层SmⅠ区对束旁核伤害性反应的抑制

为探索尾核（ｃａｕｄａｔｅｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,Ｃｄ）是否参与电针及皮层体感运动Ⅰ区（ｓｅｎｓｏｒｉｍｏｔｏｒａｒｅａⅠｏｆｔｈｅｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌｃｏｒｔｅｘ,ＳｍⅠ）对束旁核（ｐａｒａｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌａｒｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,Ｐｆ）神经元伤害性反应的调节,以及Ｃｄ中阿片受体是否参与并通过何种受体参与这一调节,本实验用Ｃｄ头部化学毁损及微量注射阿片受体拮抗剂的方法,观察到Ｃｄ毁损前电针及兴奋皮层均可抑制Ｐｆ的伤害性反应,而毁损后这种抑制效应消失;注射纳洛酮或阿片μ受体拮抗剂βＦＮＡ后,电针及兴奋皮层ＳｍⅠ区对Ｐｆ伤害性反应的抑制作用被取消,而分别注射δ和κ受体拮抗剂ＩＣＩ１７４,８６４和ｎｏｒＢＮＩ则不产生影响。基于已证明大脑皮层参与电针对Ｐｆ伤害性反应的调节,本结果提示：Ｃｄ参与针刺镇痛中皮层ＳｍⅠ区对Ｐｆ神经元伤害性反应的抑制,Ｃｄ中阿片肽主要通过μ受体参与抑制作用。     

Psychophysical study of the chromatic discrimination in pigeons after lesions of thalamic nuclei Rotundus (RT) and Geniculatus Lateralis ventralis (GLv)

The discrimination threshold at 510 and 640 nm has been measured before and after the bilateral lesion with ka?nic acid of two main thalamic structures: the nucleus rotundus (Rt) and the nucleus geniculatus lateralis ventralis (GLv). When the lesion destroys the GLv and the lower part of the Rt, thresholds increase followed by a progressive recuperation. In contrast, when the Rt lesion is complete, and whether the GLv is touched or not, the threshold increase is both higher and does not come down to the pre-operatory levels even after 15 post-operatory sessions.     

Chemical stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus inhibits the neuronal activity of the posterior insular cortex in rats

Extracellular neuronal responses were recorded from the posterior insular cortex following electrical and chemical stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt) regions. In the present study, most neurons (29/32) were first characterized for their responses to electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal (SL) nerve or glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerve. In the first experiment, 15 neurons in the posterior insular cortex were examined for their responses to electrical stimulation of the Rt regions. It was found that effective stimulation sites to evoke action potentials in the posterior insular cortex were the ventromedial portion of the Rt and its adjacent regions. In the second experiment, 17 neurons in the posterior insular cortex were examined for their responses by pressure injection of glutamate (Glu) into the Rt regions. Of the 17 neurons, 13 were inhibited in the spontaneous discharge rate following injection of Glu into the Rt, and the remaining four were unaffected. Histologically, it was demonstrated that Glu injection sites for the case of inhibition were located near or within the Rt. On the other hand, the injection sites for all four non-responsive neurons were located outside of the Rt. These data suggest that excitation of the Rt (GABAergic neurons) causes depression of the neuronal activity in the thalamic relay nucleus and then this may in turn induce depressed neuronal activity in the posterior insular cortex. The results here indicate that neuronal activity in the posterior insular cortex is controlled by the Rt, which has been reported in other sensory systems.     

Ultrastructural characteristics of the reticular thalamic nucleus neurons in WAG/Rij rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) in rats of WAG/Rij strain, an established model for human absence epilepsy. Most RTN neurons are medium-to large-sized and have either dark or light appearance, depending on their functional state. Moreover, small-sized neurons with short axons are present, their characteristics being described for the first time.     

Characteristics of background unit activity in the nucleus reticularis of the human thalamus

Background firing activity was examined in 240 neurons belonging to the thalamic nucleus reticularis (Rt) in the unanesthetized human brain by extracellular microelectrode recording techniques during stereotaxic surgery for dyskinesia. The cellular organization of Rt was shown to be nonuniform, and distinguished by the presence of three types of neuron: one with arrhythmic single discharge (A-type, 40%), another with rhythmic (2–5 Hz) generation of short high-frequency (of up to 500/sec) burster discharges (B-type, 49%) and a third with aperiodic protracted high-frequency (of up to 500/sec) bursting discharges separated by "silent" intervals of a constant duration of 80–150 msec (i.e., C-type, 11%). Differences between the background activity pattern of these cell types during loss of consciousness under anesthesia are described. Tonic regulation of neuronal type was not pronounced but a tendency was noticed in the cells towards a consistent rise in firing rate, rhythmic frequency and variability, etc. in both A and B units, especially in the latter. Findings pointing to the absence of a direct relationship between rhythmic activity in the Rt and parkinsonian tremor were confirmed. Background activity in B-type cells was found to increase and then stabilize with a rise in the degree of tremor. The nature of regular bursting activity patterns in B and C neurons is discussed in the light of our findings.Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Institute of Neurosurgery, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 456–466, July–August, 1987.     

Differential expression of high voltage-activated Ca2+ channel types in the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus of the absence epileptic WAG/Rij rat

In the WAG/Rij rat, a model for human absence epilepsy, spike-wave discharges (SWD) and absence epileptic behavior develop after the age of 3 months. The rostral part of the reticular thalamic nucleus (rRTN) is involved in SWD. Ca(2+) channels play a central role in the initiation and maintenance of burst firing activity of thalamic cells. We hypothesize that a changed expression of alpha(1)-subunits of one or more high voltage-activated Ca(2+) channel types in the rRTN underlies the development of SWD. To test this hypothesis we compared 3- and 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats with nonepileptic, age-matched control rats. By immunocytochemistry, the expressions of alpha(1)1.3-, alpha(1)2.1-, alpha(1)2.2-, and alpha(1)2.3-subunits were shown in both strains, demonstrating the presence of Ca(v)1.3, Ca(v)2.1, Ca(v)2.2, and Ca(v)2.3 channels, respectively. Quantification of channel expression indicates that the development of SWD in WAG/Rij rats is concomitant with an increased expression of Ca(v)2.1 channels in the rRTN. These channels are mainly presynaptic, as revealed by double immunofluorescence involving the presynapse marker syntaxin. The mechanism by which this increase could be related to the occurrence of SWD has been discussed.     

T-type Ca2+ channels and absence epilepsy

Burst firing of the thalamic neurons is driven by the low threshold Ca2+ spike generated by Ca2+ influx through T-type Ca2+ channels when these channels are activated by membrane hyperpolarization due to inhibitory inputs. The major inhibitory inputs to the thalamocortical (TC) neurons are from the GABAergic neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Thalamic burst firings have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of absence epilepsy. The recent progress in genetic approaches has provided with an opportunity to examine this issue at the level of an organism. In this review I describe results primarily obtained from the analysis of the mice deficient for the alpha1G locus which is the predominant gene underlying the low threshold Ca2+ currents in the TC neurons. Current results so far demonstrate the essential role of the thalamocortical bursts in certain forms of absence seizures. Understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of absence epilepsy may help develop drugs to control the disease.     

The cortico-thalamic theory for generalised spike-wave discharges

The origin of generalized absence epilepsy is still not known. In the last century, four theories have dominated the debate about the origin of the bilateral synchronous generalized spike-wave discharges associated with absence seizures: the "centrencephalic" theory [Penfield and Jasper], the "cortical" [Bancaud, Niedermeyer, Luders], the "cortico-reticular" theory [Gloor, Kostop[oulos, Avoli] and the "thalamic clock" theory [Buzsaki]. There is now some evidence that absence epilepsy, as studied in the WAG/Rij model, is a corticothalamic type of epilepsy. A new hypothesis is proposed which suggests that a cortical focus in the somatosensory cortex is driving the widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures. This modern theory was given the name "hot spot' theory" [Meeren et al., 2002]. According to the present view three brain structures are critically involved and their integrity seems a minimal and sufficient condition for the occurrence of spike-wave discharges. Firstly, the reticular thalamic nucleus is involved and most likely its rostral pole. Secondly, the thalamocortical relay cells in the ventrobasal complex play a role and, thirdly and most importantly, the cerebral cortex with its epileptic zone. The zone in which the epileptic focus seems to be localised is located on the somato-sensory cortex, and more precisely in the area on which the peri-oral region including the upper lip, projects.     

10种鸣禽控制鸣啭神经核团大小与鸣唱复杂性的相关性

为进一步揭示鸣禽鸣唱行为的神经生物学机制 ,本实验先对 8个科 10种鸣禽的鸣唱行为进行了观察和录音 ,并借助声谱软件分析了每种鸣禽的鸣唱复杂性。鸣唱语句复杂性的评价指标包括 :短语总数、每个短语中所含的平均音节数及音节种类数、所有短语的总音节数及音节种类数、最长短语的音节数及音节种类数。然后 ,测定了前脑三个鸣啭学习控制核团和一个与发声无关的视觉参考核团体积 ,分析了鸣唱语句复杂性和这些核团大小间的相关关系。结果表明 :1)HVC和HVC/Rt与 7种鸣唱语句复杂性指标无关 ;RA和RA/Rt与总音节种类数相关 ;AreaX与总音节数及音节种类数相关 ;2 )HVC/RA和HVC/X比值与多个鸣唱语句复杂性指标相关。结果提示 :鸣禽鸣唱复杂性不同特征可能受不同神经控制     

Principal component analysis of evoked neuronal firing pattern in the human brain

Evoked firing activity (EFA) in neurons of the human thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt) was recorded by microelectrodes using extracellular recording techniques in the course of stereotaxic surgery for dyskinesia. Activity was induced by functionally significant verbal and sensory stimuli together with performance of goal-directed behavioral actions (BA). Use of the principal component method and construction of peristimulus covariance matrices are suggested in view of the presumably convergent nature of EFA in Rt neurons, taking the form of superposing independent components of response and variability in these in the course of BA testing and performance for the purpose of analyzing EFA and interneuronal correlations. The multivariate pattern of Rt EFA time courses during the action of functionally significant stimuli was revealed; this reflects different stages in performance of BA. The dynamics of components of response are revealed and occurrence of rapidly developing interneuronal correlations in functionally significant stages of goal-directed BA are described. Findings point to the efficacy of the suggested approach applied to analysis of EFA neurons.Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 811–818, November–December, 1990.     

The Modulatory Effect of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type-1α on Spike-Wave Discharges in WAG/Rij Rats

Modulatory function of metabotropic glutamate type 1 (mGlu1) receptors plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and epilepsy. In this study, the expression of mGlu1α receptors in the thalamic nuclei was assessed during development of absence seizures in the WAG/Rij rats, a valid genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. In addition, the effect of pharmacological modulation of mGlu1α receptors in the laterodorsal (LD) nucleus of the thalamus on the characteristic features of bioelectrical brain activities in the WAG/Rij rats was assessed. The expression of mGlu1α receptors in the LD was assessed in four experimental groups of both WAG/Rij and Wistar rats with 2 and 6 months of age. Agonist and antagonist of mGlu1α receptors were infused in LD in the six months old WAG/Rij (epileptic) rats. The protein level of mGlu1α receptors in the thalamus of the 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was lower than non-epileptic animals. In addition, the distribution of mGlu1α receptors in different thalamic nuclei was lower in the 6-month-old WAG/Rij compared to age-matched Wistar rats. The gene expression of mGlu1α receptor was also significantly lower in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats in the LD compared to other animal groups. The microinjection of mGlu1α receptors agonist and antagonist in the LD reduced the duration of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and increased the amplitude and duration of SWDs, respectively, in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats. The alterations of mGlu1α receptors expression in the thalamus of epileptic WAG/Rij rats as well as its modulatory effects in the generation of SWDs suggest the potential of mGlu1 receptors as a therapeutic target in absence epilepsy.