胸膜肺炎放线杆菌三聚体自转运黏附素茎部功能区表达及其与猪肺组织结合蛋白的筛选分析

【目的】胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP)可引发猪的传染性胸膜肺炎,给世界养猪业造成了巨大损失。黏附是APP在致病过程中的第一步,新型黏附分子——三聚体自转运黏附素(Trimeric autotransporter adhesin,TAA)是该菌感染肺组织的重要毒力因子,茎部区2 464-2 574氨基酸(BD3)序列区域在细菌的黏附中发挥重要作用,但其如何结合肺脏组织尚属未知。本文表达TAA的茎部功能区,筛选其在肺组织中的结合蛋白。【方法】原核表达及纯化TAA功能区BD3蛋白,与猪肺组织共孵育,通过免疫共沉淀技术捕获BD3的结合蛋白并质谱鉴定。构建猪c DNA文库获取该蛋白核酸序列,进行生物信息学分析。【结果】经质谱分析获得与BD3结合的猪肺组织蛋白的肽段,数据库搜寻比对发现角蛋白1为TAA BD3区与猪肺组织结合的蛋白;构建c DNA文库筛选并测序后获知其基因序列。生物信息学分析显示该序列与猪源及人源角蛋白核酸序列相似性低,猪源细胞角蛋白1作为一个单独的进化分支,与其他角蛋白差异较大;该蛋白在8-100 aa处有一个跨膜区;主要二级结构元件为α螺旋和β折叠;该蛋白在82-362 aa处存在一个G蛋白α亚单位,在515-552 aa处存在一个TSP1区域(凝血酶敏感蛋白1型重复区域)。【结论】与TAA茎部BD3结合的猪肺组织角蛋白1的发现,为TAA黏附肺组织细胞的研究奠定基础,有助于揭示APP专嗜肺组织的致病机制。     

肺炎支原体P1蛋白的研究进展

肺炎支原体(MP)是引起呼吸系统感染常见的病原微生物,P1蛋白是肺炎支原体上一种与黏附相关的跨膜蛋白,其黏附作用是引发炎症作用的重要原因.目前新发现的一种被称为孤立岛3的P1变异体引起了各学者的广泛关注.另外,还可以利用P1蛋白进行MP感染的实验室诊断.因此,探讨P1蛋白基因结构、致病机制和实验室诊断方法具有重要意义.     

肺炎链球菌假想蛋白SPD0414亚细胞定位及对细菌黏附侵袭的影响

目的 为研究肺炎链球菌假想蛋白SPD0414在肺炎链球菌（S.pn）的亚细胞定位,并初步研究其在S.pn黏附和定植中的作用.方法 通过分别在SPD0414的N端和C端融合绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）,共聚焦荧光显微镜观察定位情况.用203野生菌和203△spd0414缺陷菌对鼻咽癌细胞CNE和肺腺癌细胞A549细胞的黏附侵袭实验.体内实验中用203和203△spd0414滴鼻感染BALB/c,在6 h和12 h观察细菌在鼻腔和肺中的载量.结果 无论N端或C端融合的GFP都显示绿色荧光,且整个菌体都显示荧光.与203野生菌相比,203△spd0414缺陷菌对CNE和A549的黏附和侵袭能力均显著下降（P＜0.05）.滴鼻感染BALB/c小鼠,在6 h和12 h,203△spd0414在鼻腔和肺中的细菌载量也明显低于203野生菌（P＜0.05）.结论 肺炎链球菌假想蛋白SPD0414定位于细菌的胞质.该蛋白在细菌的定植和侵袭中发挥了重要的作用.     

肺炎支原体P1蛋白的研究现状

P1蛋白是肺炎支原体的一种与黏附有关的跨膜蛋白,它只有正确定位于肺炎支原体顶端结构才能介导其黏附作用;P1蛋白结构基因的多态性是构成肺炎支原体抗原多态性的基础;P1蛋白本身也是一种重要的免疫原,可刺激机体产生强烈的免疫应答。因此,探讨P1蛋白基因结构与功能将有助于肺炎支原体的致病机制及其感染的诊断和预防等方面的研究。     

LSECtin-CRD-GST融合蛋白的原核表达、纯化及复性

目的:构建C型凝集素LSECtin主要功能结构域CRD的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达LSECtin-CRD-GST融合蛋白。方法:根据Gen Bank发布的LSECtin基因序列设计引物,利用基因重组技术将获得的LSECtin-CRDc DNA定向克隆至C端带GST蛋白标签序列的融合表达载体p GEX-6p-1中,转化大肠杆菌Origami(DE3)进行重组蛋白的诱导表达,用GST柱亲和纯化融合蛋白。结果:获得了原核表达载体p GEX-6p-1-LSECtin-CRD,诱导表达出大量相对分子质量约40×103的包涵体融合蛋白,经纯化、复性获得可溶蛋白,经Western印迹鉴定为目的蛋白。结论:获得足量的LSECtin-CRD-GST融合蛋白,为进一步研究CRD蛋白结构域的动态构象变化提供了实验材料。     

细菌鞭毛的致病性及其免疫学应用的研究进展

摘要:鞭毛是细菌体表重要的附属结构之一,一直以来仅被简单地当做运动器官。但近几年来,随着对鞭毛结构和致病性作用的深入研究发现:鞭毛及其运动性可促进细菌对于宿主细胞的黏附与侵袭,在细菌生物被膜形成过程中起重要作用,与细菌毒力因子的分泌也密切相关,并且鞭毛素蛋白能通过与细胞上Toll样受体5(TLR5,toll-like receptor 5)结合而诱导机体促炎性反应。同时,鞭毛也因其独特的免疫学效应而被应用于新型免疫佐剂的研发。本文主要就鞭毛的结构、对细菌致病性的影响及其免疫学应用等方面进行综述。     

细菌鞭毛的致病性及其免疫学应用的研究进展

鞭毛是细菌体表重要的附属结构之一,一直以来仅被简单地当做运动器官。但近几年来,随着对鞭毛结构和致病性作用的深入研究发现:鞭毛及其运动性可促进细菌对于宿主细胞的黏附与侵袭,在细菌生物被膜形成过程中起重要作用,与细菌毒力因子的分泌也密切相关,并且鞭毛素蛋白能通过与细胞上Toll样受体5(TLR5,toll-like receptor 5)结合而诱导机体促炎性反应。同时,鞭毛也因其独特的免疫学效应而被应用于新型免疫佐剂的研发。本文主要就鞭毛的结构、对细菌致病性的影响及其免疫学应用等方面进行综述。     

肺炎链球菌去信号肽脂蛋白PsaA锌离子结合特性的初步表征

肺炎链球菌是细菌性肺炎的主要病原体。PsaA是各种肺炎链球菌共有的遗传保守的特异性表面金属结合脂蛋白。通过PCR扩增肺炎链球菌D39不含信号肽的PsaA基因片段,将其通过T4连接酶连接至含6His标签的表达载体PBAD/HisA中,转化表达宿主大肠杆菌Top-10后用L(+)-阿拉伯糖诱导重组蛋白的表达。重组蛋白经亲和镍柱纯化以后,用外切酶-重组肠激酶(REK)去除6His标签。感应偶合电浆质谱(ICP-MS)测得纯化的PsaA蛋白以1:1比例结合金属锌离子。进而,通过圆二色谱法分析金属离子的结合对蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋和β-片层含量的影响,荧光光谱研究蛋白结合锌离子的解离常数及结合当量,为进一步研究该蛋白在体外的金属结合特性及细菌的金属运输及毒力机制提供理论基础。     

肺炎链球菌溶血素黏膜免疫抗定植保护作用的研究

目的原核表达△A146Ply蛋白,评价△A146Ply黏膜免疫对肺炎链球菌（Streptococcuspneumon—ioe,5．Pn）在宿主鼻咽部定植的保护作用。方法IPTG诱导、Ni—NTA树脂纯化获得纯化的△A146Ply蛋白,经黏膜免疫BALB／C小鼠,制备其特异性抗血清;进行体内抗定植实验,观察小鼠鼻咽部灌洗液和肺部残存的细菌数量,检测△A146Ply黏膜免疫对19F型肺炎链球菌在鼻咽部定植的保护作用。为验证该保护作用是否具有广谱性,培养血清型14型、3型、6型和2型S．pn,经鼻腔感染免疫后小鼠,评价△A146Ply蛋白黏膜免疫对多株肺炎链球菌定植的保护作用。进行体外抗黏附实验,检测△A146Ply蛋白及其抗血清是否对无荚膜的肺炎链球菌R6黏附A549细胞具有抑制作用。结果获得了纯度〉90％的目的蛋白;体内实验结果显示,△A146Ply黏膜免疫可以显著降低肺炎链球菌19F在宿主鼻咽部和肺部残存的细菌数量（P〈0．01）;14型和3型肺炎链球菌在免疫后小鼠鼻咽部及肺部定植的数量均显著下降（P〈0．05）,2型肺炎链球菌在免疫后小鼠肺部定植的数量显著下降（P〈0．05）,6B型肺炎链球菌在免疫组与对照组小鼠鼻咽部及肺部均无显著差异（P〉0．05）;△A146Ply特异性抗血清△A146Ply蛋白对R6黏附A549细胞的抑制效应呈剂量依赖性。结论△A146Ply蛋白经黏膜免疫BALB／C小鼠可以对多种血清型的肺炎链球菌在宿主鼻咽部及肺部的定植提供显著保护作用,为Ply作为肺炎链球菌疫苗候选蛋白的应用提供了实验依据。     

细菌黏附素序列模体分析

目的：认识细菌黏附素序列保守的特征,更好地理解细菌黏附的机理。方法：利用InterProScan、MEME等分析工具对实验确认的155条细菌黏附素序列进行模体搜索。结果：用InterProScan在155个黏附素序列中搜索到119个模体,通过MEME分析发现了50个模体。结论：发现了一些与黏附功能相关的模体,为在细菌基因组内搜索黏附素序列奠定了基础。     

Characterization of a novel C-type lectin-like gene, LSECtin: demonstration of carbohydrate binding and expression in sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver and lymph node

A new C-type lectin-like gene encodes 293 amino acids and maps to chromosome 19p13.3 adjacent to the previously described C-type lectin genes, CD23, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), and DC-SIGN-related protein (DC-SIGNR). The four genes form a tight cluster in an insert size of 105 kb and have analogous genomic structures. The new C-type lectin-like molecule, designated liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (LSECtin), is a type II integral membrane protein of approximately 40 kDa in size with a single C-type lectin-like domain at the COOH terminus, closest in homology to DC-SIGNR, DC-SIGN, and CD23. LSECtin mRNA was only expressed in liver and lymph node among 15 human tissues tested, intriguingly neither expressed on hematopoietic cell lines nor on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, LSECtin is expressed predominantly by sinusoidal endothelial cells of human liver and lymph node and co-expressed with DC-SIGNR. LSECtin binds to mannose, GlcNAc, and fucose in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner but not to galactose. Our results indicate that LSECtin is a novel member of a family of proteins comprising CD23, DC-SIGN, and DC-SIGNR and might function in vivo as a lectin receptor.     

A novel mechanism for LSECtin binding to Ebola virus surface glycoprotein through truncated glycans

LSECtin is a member of the C-type lectin family of glycan-binding receptors that is expressed on sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver and lymph nodes. To compare the sugar and pathogen binding properties of LSECtin with those of related but more extensively characterized receptors, such as DC-SIGN, a soluble fragment of LSECtin consisting of the C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain has been expressed in bacteria. A biotin-tagged version of the protein was also generated and complexed with streptavidin to create tetramers. These forms of the carbohydrate-recognition domain were used to probe a glycan array and to characterize binding to oligosaccharide and glycoprotein ligands. LSECtin binds with high selectivity to glycoproteins terminating in GlcNAcbeta1-2Man. The inhibition constant for this disaccharide is 3.5 microm, making it one of the best low molecular weight ligands known for any C-type lectin. As a result of the selective binding of this disaccharide unit, the receptor recognizes glycoproteins with a truncated complex and hybrid N-linked glycans on glycoproteins. Glycan analysis of the surface glycoprotein of Ebola virus reveals the presence of such truncated glycans, explaining the ability of LSECtin to facilitate infection by Ebola virus. High mannose glycans are also present on the viral glycoprotein, which explains why DC-SIGN also binds to this virus. Thus, multiple receptors interact with surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses that bear different types of relatively poorly processed glycans.     

炭疽芽胞杆菌BslA(260－652)蛋白的表达纯化与黏附功能鉴定

【目的】克隆表达炭疽芽胞杆菌BlsA的功能区片段并对其生物学功能进行鉴定。【方法】以炭疽芽胞杆菌A16R基因组DNA为模板PCR扩增bslA(260-652)基因片段,克隆至pET-28a(+)载体。将成功构建的重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中,诱导表达后收集菌体经超声破碎后,对可溶表达部分用镍柱进行亲和层析纯化。以纯化后的蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备该蛋白的多抗,用ELISA和Western blot检测抗血清;使用间接免疫荧光实验和细菌黏附实验研究目标蛋白及其抗体的生物学功能。【结果】BslA(260-652)获得了可溶性表达,纯化后纯度约为87.4%。以纯化蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备的抗血清ELISA效价可达1∶20000。将BslA(260-652)蛋白与Hela细胞共孵育后,能够直接和Hela的细胞膜结合。细菌黏附实验表明BslA(260-652)蛋白及其相应的多抗血清都能够显著地抑制炭疽芽胞杆菌A16R对Hela细胞的黏附。【结论】大肠杆菌表达得到的炭疽芽胞杆菌BslA(260-652)蛋白具有与天然蛋白相似的生物活性,为深入研究BslA蛋白在炭疽芽胞杆菌致病过程中的作用奠定实验基础。     

Profiling of bacterial adhesin--host receptor recognition by soluble immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Several gram-negative human pathogens recognize members of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) family. Pathogenic Neisseriae employ distinct isoforms of the colony opacity-associated proteins (Opa(CEA) proteins) to bind to the amino-terminal domains of CEACAMs. Here we present a novel approach to rapidly determine the CEACAM-binding properties of single bacteria. Expression of the isolated amino-terminal domains of various CEACAMs in eukaryotic cells yields soluble probes that selectively recognize Opa(CEA)-expressing bacteria in a pull-down assay format. Furthermore, by expressing soluble CEACAMs as fusions to green-fluorescent protein (CEACAM-N-GFP), CEACAM-binding bacteria can be decorated with a fluorescent label and analysed by flow cytometry allowing the specific detection of receptor binding events on the level of single bacteria. Besides its potential for rapid and quantitative analysis of pathogen-receptor interactions, this novel approach allows the detection of receptor recognition in heterogeneous bacterial populations and might represent a valuable tool for profiling the host binding capabilities of various microorganisms.     

Soluble E-Selectin Enhances Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Expression in Human Tumor Cell Lines

E-selectin mediates neovascularization via its soluble form, while its membrane-bound form initiates binding of tumor cells to vascular endothelium. Therefore, it was studied whether soluble E-selectin regulates further adhesion molecules on tumor cells. In tumor cells but not in related nonmalignant cells, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression was strikingly increased from 5 to 68% positive cells byin vitroinoculation of a recombinant E-selectin–IgG1 within 24 h, as analyzed by flow cytometry. The absence of changes in the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule, integrin ligands (CD11a, CD18, integrin α4), and sialyl-Lewis X indicates a specific effect of soluble E-selectin on ICAM-1. A cell adhesion assay revealed that the enhanced adhesion of T-cells to tumor cells mediated by soluble E-selectin-induced ICAM-1 expression was at a maximum after a 12-h incubation period. Therefore, ICAM-1 regulation on tumor cells might be a mechanism of immune escape.     

A novel T. cruzi heparin-binding protein promotes fibroblast adhesion and penetration of engineered bacteria and trypanosomes into mammalian cells.

T. cruzi invades mammalian cells in various organs after migrating through the ECM. These activities appear to be mediated by a unique 60 kd protein exposed on the T. cruzi surface, which promotes selective adhesion of trypomastigotes to three ECM components: heparin, heparan sulfate, and collagen. The affinity-purified protein binds to host fibroblasts in a saturable and glycosaminoglycan- and collagen-inhibitable manner. When adsorbed to plastic, it promotes adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts, as does the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli. The endogenous protein, and reactive ECM proteins, are very effective in preventing T. cruzi invasion of culture cells. The recombinant protein localizes on the E. coli surface and induces the bacteria that express it to adhere to and penetrate nonphagocytic Vero cells in a proteoglycan- and collagen-inhibitable manner. Therefore, the protein, named penetrin, could play a critical role in T. cruzi binding to the ECM and to cells, and in host cell invasion.     

The Myeloid LSECtin Is a DAP12-Coupled Receptor That Is Crucial for Inflammatory Response Induced by Ebola Virus Glycoprotein

Fatal Ebola virus infection is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response similar to septic shock. Ebola glycoprotein (GP) is involved in this process through activating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. However, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we showed that LSECtin (also known as CLEC4G) plays an important role in GP-mediated inflammatory responses in human DCs. Anti-LSECtin mAb engagement induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in DCs, whereas silencing of LSECtin abrogated this effect. Intriguingly, as a pathogen-derived ligand, Ebola GP could trigger TNF-α and IL-6 release by DCs through LSECtin. Mechanistic investigations revealed that LSECtin initiated signaling via association with a 12-kDa DNAX-activating protein (DAP12) and induced Syk activation. Mutation of key tyrosines in the DAP12 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif abrogated LSECtin-mediated signaling. Furthermore, Syk inhibitors significantly reduced the GP-triggered cytokine production in DCs. Therefore, our results demonstrate that LSECtin is required for the GP-induced inflammatory response, providing new insights into the EBOV-mediated inflammatory response.     

A truncated recombinant intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibits adhesion of leukemic cell lines to upregulated endothelial cells

Summary Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family, is the ligand for the integrin lymphocyte function associated antigen-1. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 binding interactions mediate leukocyte adherence and migration. Previous work has shown that the adherence of lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 is directed to the first immunoglobulinlike domain of the endothelial cell surface protein intracellular adhesion molecule-1. We have constructed a truncated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene encoding the first 185 amino acids from the amino terminus and overexpressed it inEscherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified from insoluble inclusion bodies and refolded into an active conformation by a denaturation/renaturation cycle. The identity of the protein was confirmed by microsequencing and by Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody to ICAM-1. We have demonstrated that this soluble region of the otherwise membrane-bound ligand is an inhibitor of Molt or HL-60 cell adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells.     

淋病奈瑟菌对hCD46基因转染COS-1细胞的黏附

为研究hCD46在菌毛介导的淋病奈瑟菌宿主特异性黏附过程中的作用。用连接PCR技术扩增出启动子与cDNA相连的hCD46小基因,并将其置换出pcDNA3.1载体中的CMV启动子,构建成重组真核表达载体pCD46。转染COS-1细胞后用间接免疫荧光法检测到hCD46 cDNA在其自身启动子的指导下可在COS-1细胞膜表面有效表达,Western blotting检测表明表达产物的分子正确,用流式细胞术分选表达hCD46的基因转染细胞COS-1-46。细菌黏附实验显示菌毛阳性淋病奈瑟菌临床分离株对COS-1-46细胞有较强的黏附性。提示hCD46是菌毛介导的淋病奈瑟菌特异性黏附于人黏膜细胞的一种重要受体,hCD46小基因可用于淋病奈瑟菌感染转基因小鼠模型的制备。     

The Streptococcus pneumoniae adhesin PsrP binds to Keratin 10 on lung cells

Pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein (PsrP) is a pathogenicity island-encoded adhesin that mediates attachment to lung cells. It is a member of the serine-rich repeat protein family and the largest bacterial protein known. PsrP production by S. pneumoniae was confirmed by immunoblotting and a truncated version of the protein was determined to be glycosylated. Using isogenic psrP mutants complemented with various PsrP constructs and competitive inhibition assays with recombinant proteins, we determined that PsrP requires an extended SRR2 domain for function and that adhesion is mediated through amino acids 273–341 of its basic region (BR) domain. Affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and immunofluorescent colocalization studies determined that PsrP binds to Keratin 10 (K10) on the surface of lung but not nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Unglycosylated K10 bound to wild type but not psrP deficient pneumococci; suggesting that unlike other serine-rich repeat proteins, PsrP-mediated adhesion is independent of lectin activity. Finally, mice immunized with recombinant (r)PsrP_BR had significantly less bacteria in their blood and improved survival versus controls following intranasal challenge. We conclude that the BR domain of PsrP binds to K10 in a lectin-independent manner, that K10 is expressed on lung cells and that vaccination with rPsrP_BR is protective against pneumococcal disease.