城市近自然园林的理论基础与营建方法

近自然园林是一种可持续发展的园林规划和建设理念,是生态园林建设的模式之一,也是实现节约型园林的主要措施和未来园林的发展方向。本文在分析我国园林建设问题的基础上,阐述了近自然园林的概念、内涵与理论基础,提出了近自然园林营建的基本原则,详细总结了近自然园林的设计、营造和管护方法,并探讨了当前近自然园林建设中存在的问题与措施,为强化近自然园林理念、促进我国城市近自然园林的研究与建设提供了依据。     

园林苗木栽培技术浅谈

苗木栽培对园林的发展意义重大,园林苗木是园林植物的后继力量,做好园林苗木栽培有助于园林的可持续发展。园林苗木栽培技术多样,归结起来,大致有容器栽培、苗圃田间栽培以及苗木反季节种植等几种。本文以容器栽培、苗圃田间栽培为例对园林苗木栽培技术作一简介。     

武汉生物工程学院园林园艺学院举行揭牌仪式

正4月11日下午,园林园艺学院举行揭牌仪式,副校长邱建洲与园林园艺学院党总支书记、常务副院长刘中兵共同揭牌。仪式由园林园艺学院党总支副书记黄朝辉主持。在随后举行的座谈会上,与会师生代表就学院挂牌一事进行交流。何华老师表示,园林园艺学院的挂牌,见证了园林系到园林学院的发展历程,也反映了园林人不断追求,不断创新和不断发展的情怀。"作为     

重庆南温泉公园园林土壤肥力状况与植物景观重建

选择重庆南温泉公园的主要园林土壤进行采样调查,研究该园园林土壤肥力状况。根据测定结果,分析南温泉公园园林土壤肥力水平,并与我国园林土壤标准进行对比,提出该园园林土壤存在的主要问题及相应的生态修复措施,用生态修复的方法对土壤进行改良,以期为环境园林建设提供参考。     

长春市园林地被植物研究

通过对长春市园林地被植物的初步调查研究,报道了长春市常见园林地被植物有95种,隶属76属37科。介绍这些地被植物的园林应用及生态习性,指出了长春市园林地被植物绿化中存在的问题,提出了发展长春市园林地被植物的建议。     

宁波月湖古代城市公共园林流变研究

宁波月湖是以月湖为中心开辟形成的湖泊型公共园林,然而不同于大多数湖泊型公共园林,月湖是园林史上少数存在于城内并发展为人文地标的公共园林。月湖初辟于唐贞观年间（627—649年）,极盛于宋元祐年间（1086—1094年）,至今已有1 400多年历史。作为唐代开辟且至今现存的公共园林,月湖的发展经历了城市公共园林形成的4个典型阶段,对于中国古代城市公共园林及其产生文化的发展有实证意义。本文结合保存得较为完整的江南地方志图文,梳理了宁波月湖的园林建设历程,并重点从外在形式和内在驱动两方面归纳了月湖公共园林演变的动因机制,提出了园林与城市相互影响共同发展的观点。     

城市居民对城市近自然园林的态度——以武汉市洪山区为例

近自然园林是一种可持续发展的园林建设理念,市民在多大程度上了解和接受近自然园林理念是决定其能否成功应用于实践的关键.通过半结构访谈式调查,研究了武汉市洪山区市民对园林近自然设计和管理的态度,并探讨受访者社会经济特征及其对近自然园林态度的影响.结果表明:研究区赞同园林近自然设计和管理各项措施的人数比例偏低,支持率分别为10.3%~46.9%和7.4%~34.9%;市民对园林近自然设计的态度主要受受访者年龄的影响,受访者对近自然管理的态度与年龄、受教育程度和所从事职业呈显著的相关性.市民重视绿地视觉效果,欣赏干净、整洁的绿地环境是导致他们对近自然园林支持率偏低的直接原因,是否具备相关生态学知识和较强的环境保护意识是影响市民对近自然园林态度的根本原因.通过建立近自然园林示范基地和加强近自然园林理念及相关生态学知识的宣传等措施可促使大部分市民接受并支持近自然园林建设.     

信息

作者在继承和运用前人的研究成果与实践经验的同时,结合本人多年来的教学实践,系统、全面的介绍了园林栽培养护学的知识。全书共分8章,内容涉及:园林树木的生长发育规律,园林树木的栽植,园林树木的整形修剪,园林树木土、肥、水管理,园林树木的各种灾害的防治及树体保护,古树、名木的保护与管理,专类园中主栽树     

城市鸟类对斑块状园林栖息地的选择性

园林因在城市中呈斑块状分布而具有许多岛屿栖息地的特性,其内部结构和景观水平的结构同时也受到城市化的影响。对杭州市20个园林中鸟类物种的选择性分布进行了调查和分析,重点探讨了鸟类物种与园林面积、内部结构、微栖息地类型的分布、景观水平的结构、人为干扰等栖息地因素的关系。结果表明,杭州城市鸟类对园林栖息地具有较强的选择性,这不仅与园林的面积有关,还与园林的形状、植被盖度、微栖息地类型、连通性、隔离度、周围用地以及人为干扰等多种因素密切相关。园林栖息地间的异质性以及鸟类物种与栖息地结构的密切关系是园林鸟类选择性分布的主要原因。     

盆栽和方池——东南亚园林的印度线索

本文以东南亚园林中的两个常见元素—盆栽和方池为例,呈现了印度文明对东南亚园林的影响。在此基础上,通过案例呈现了东南亚园林的宗教和哲学内涵以及相应的常见造园手法。以此指出,东南亚园林不只是对中国、欧洲园林的模仿,其园林设计受印度影响较大,且有一以贯之的逻辑,并能够承载深刻的思想内涵     

Impact of urbanization and gardening practices on common butterfly communities in France

We investigated the interacting impacts of urban landscape and gardening practices on the species richness and total abundance of communities of common butterfly communities across France, using data from a nationwide monitoring scheme. We show that urbanization has a strong negative impact on butterfly richness and abundance but that at a local scale, such impact could be mitigated by gardening practices favoring nectar offer. We found few interactions among these landscape and local scale effects, indicating that butterfly‐friendly gardening practices are efficient whatever the level of surrounding urbanization. We further highlight that species being the most negatively affected by urbanization are the most sensitive to gardening practices: Garden management can thus partly counterbalance the deleterious effect of urbanization for butterfly communities. This holds a strong message for park managers and private gardeners, as gardens may act as potential refuge for butterflies when the overall landscape is largely unsuitable.     

Is gardening a useful metaphor for conservation and restoration? History and controversy

As the wilderness metaphor has decreased in utility due to widespread human‐driven environmental change, conservationists and restorationists have struggled to find new ways to inspire nature conservation. Some have suggested gardening as a new metaphor, but many are wary of its implications, particularly for animals viewed as threats or pests. Others, however, point out positive attributes for the metaphor including its focus on stewardship of nature which allows for positive human agency in ecosystems. We argue a gardening metaphor may also allow increased flexibility in approaches to biodiversity conservation, in part by allowing goals to be fit to communities and their specific cultural contexts. Wild gardening would seek to preserve global biodiversity while acknowledging the pivotal role humans now play in that process. Here we review the use of the garden metaphor over the last 25 years and discuss what wild gardening might mean for restoration. Consistent with a long history of environmental thought, we suggest such a metaphor will work best if it is coupled with a civic/stewardship ethic and a good dose of humility on the part of all gardeners.     

广西园林藤本植物的筛选研究

该文报道了广西藤本植物资源概况与园林藤本植物筛选研究成果,简要介绍了广西藤本植物的种质资源及资源藤本植物利用现状,经过引种和调查选择,收集观赏藤本植物62种,通过配置应用试验和决选评价,决选出适合于城市园林建设的10个花卉品种,21个垂直绿化品种,3个地被植物品种。     

城市生态园林与生物多样性保护

城市生态园林与生物多样性保护袁兴中,刘红（曲阜师范大学,２７３１６５）ＵｒｂａｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｇａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇａｎｄＢｉｏｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＹｕａｎＸｉｎｇｚｈｏｎｇ;ＬｉｕＨｏｎｇ（Ｄｅ－ｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉ...     

Subsistence Farmers’ Management of Infestations of the Little Fire Ant in Garden Plots on Bauro,Makira Province,Solomon Islands

The little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata is known to negatively impact the native fauna of tropical islands in the Pacific and its sting is a nuisance to farmers in their garden plots. We examine whether the presence of the little fire ant has the potential to disrupt subsistence gardening practices, with implications for livelihoods and wellbeing. We used structured questionnaires, analysed quantitatively, with 90 participants from the Central Bauro area, Makira, the Solomon Islands, and more detailed semi-structured interviews, analysed qualitatively, with another six people. Our results show that the presence of the little fire ant affects gardening activities by reducing time spent working effectively, influencing decisions about where to make gardening plots, discouraging children’s participation, and changing traditional gardening practices. We also find that the longer the ant is present, the more tolerant Central Bauro subsistence farmers become of its presence.     

Urban domestic gardens (XI): variation in urban wildlife gardening in the United Kingdom

Two consequences of the continued urbanisation of the human population are that a growing proportion of the landscape is less hospitable to, and that a growing proportion of people are disconnected from, native biodiversity. One response of the UK government has been to establish a goal, and an associated baseline indicator, of increasing the extent and range of public participation in gardening for wildlife. The formulation of policy to attain this end requires, however, insight into the factors that are associated with the level of participation. Here we examine the relationships, across 15 areas in five UK cities, between the proportion of households providing various garden features for wildlife or participating in various wildlife gardening activities, and housing densities and characteristics of the garden resource. We show that significant numbers of households participate in some form of wildlife gardening, but that the predominant form this participation takes is feeding wild birds. Key variables associated with spatial variation in wildlife gardening activities are the proportion of households with access to a garden and, more importantly, average garden size and the proportion of land cover by gardens. There was no evidence for strong effects of household density or the socio-economic status of householders on the prevalence of wildlife friendly features in gardens or on the participation by householders in activities to encourage wildlife. Our results suggest important considerations in attempts to increase awareness and participation in wildlife gardening.     

The historical role of agriculture and gardening in the introduction of alien plants in the western Mediterranean

The aim of this study is to clarify the role of gardening and agriculture in the introduction of alien vascular plants to the western Mediterranean Basin during the last century. The main country in which this study is based is Spain. However, other countries in the Western Mediterranean Basin also form part of it. These are Portugal, France, Italy and Morocco. Three percentages were calculated. Firstly, the percentage of alien flora was calculated. Then, we calculated the percentages of species introduced as either a consequence of gardening or of agriculture. The figures were based on thirty-four floristic studies carried out in the western Mediterranean Basin between 1904 and 2006. A regression model, in which the explanatory variable is time and the dependent variables are the three percentages mentioned above, was drawn up with the data obtained. The results show the existence of positive correlation between time and the percentages of total exotic flora and the species introduced through gardening (R = 0.64 and 0.56, respectively) and the negative correlation between time and the percentage of alien species introduced through agriculture (R = −0.43). During the last century, the roles of agriculture and gardening as sources of the introduction of exotic flora to the western Mediterranean Basin were reversed. However, in the areas where the socio-economic scene is more predominantly agrarian, the role of gardening is still limited.     

东来西传：传教士参与圆明园修造研究

研究在圆明园修造过程中传教士们的参与方式,包括将西方绘画、建筑工程与造园技艺引入中国,及其在东西方文化交流中起到桥梁的作用;同时,考察传教士们如何将中国园林的相关特质、建筑式样、造园手法与园艺植物传播至西方。探讨圆明园修造中传教士群体在沟通东西方文化交流中的作用。     

Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration

Recreational and other human activities degrade coral reefs worldwide to a point where efficient restoration techniques are needed. Here we tested several strategies for gardening denuded reefs. The gardening concept consists of in situ or ex situ mariculture of coral recruits, followed by their transplantation into degraded reef sites. In situ nurseries were established in Eilat's (Northern Red Sea) shallow waters, sheltering three types of coral materials taken from the branching species Stylophora pistillata (small colonies, branch fragments, and spat) that were monitored for up to two years. Pruning more than 10% of donor colonies' branches increased mortality, and surviving colonies displayed reduced reproductive activity. Maricultured isolated branches, however, exceeded donor colony life span and reproductive activity and added 0.5–45% skeletal mass per year. Forty‐four percent of the small colonies survived after 1.5‐year mariculture, revealing average yearly growth of 75 ± 32%. Three months ex situ maintenance of coral spat (sexual recruits) prior to the in situ nursery phase increased survivorship. Within the next 1.5 years, they developed into colonies of 3–4 cm diameter. Nursery periods of 2 years, 4–5 years, and more than> 5 years have been estimated for small colonies, spat, and isolated branches, respectively. These and other results, including the possible use of nubbins (minute fragments the size of a single or few polyps), are discussed, revealing benefits and drawbacks for each material. In situ coral mariculture is an improved practice to the common but potentially harmful protocol of direct coral transplantation. It is suggested that reef gardening may be used as a key management tool in conservation and restoration of denuded reef areas. The gardening concept may be applicable for coral reefs worldwide through site‐specific considerations and the use of different local coral species.     

Epidemiologic studies on human and feline toxoplasmosis.

Human serological profiles, and feline serological and fecal profiles were used to study the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Santa Clara County, California. The prevalence of human toxoplasmosis was determined to be 42.9% in a test population of 147 women. The prevalence of feline toxoplasmosis was indicated to be 34.8% based on serological analysis of 158 felines. Of 107 cats tested, 6.5% were shedding Toxoplasma gondii - like oocysts in their feces. Statistical analyses of questionnaire data indicated that the major infection sources for seropositive humans in this study were: (1) eating rare-medium cooked beef; (2) exposure to cats; and (3) working in an outside garden. Of these three sources, gardening represented the least risk. The data from questionnaires with reference to age, residence, and eating and toilet habits of owned felines were evaluated and found to show no significant statistical correlation with seropositivity. The infection sources for seropositive felines could not be determined. The plausible significance of feline-human interaction, human consumption of infected meat, and gardening habits is stressed.