玫瑰花渣中黄酮类化合物的检测与提取纯化

玫瑰精油的提取会产生大量玫瑰花渣,对环境产生很大污染。同时,玫瑰花渣中含有大量黄酮类化合物,具有显著的药理作用。出于对玫瑰花渣资源开发利用之目的,本研究从工业化角度研究了玫瑰花渣中黄酮类化合物的检测方法及提取和纯化工艺。结果表明,与氯化铝显色法相比,硝酸铝显色法稳定可靠,更适于玫瑰花渣的黄酮含量测定。70%乙醇有利于从玫瑰花渣中提取黄酮类化合物,提取物中黄酮含量为14.60%,提取得率达2.63%。经AB-8大孔树脂纯化后,黄酮含量为53.23%,回收率达35.84%。本研究结果可为玫瑰花渣资源开发提供参考。     

玫瑰花渣成份研究初探

本文研究了玫瑰花渣的有效成份,测定了其葡萄糖、淀粉、微量元素、各种氨基酸的含量;发现玫瑰花渣中不含有任何有害的元素,其中含葡萄糖18.33—23.66％,含淀粉21.75—22.63％,且含有丰富的各种氨基酸,其氨基酸总量高达10.9％,比玉米或麸皮中氨基酸总和都高。结果证明:玫瑰花渣有充分的利用价值。     

甜菜渣纤维素乙醇研究进展与展望

纤维素乙醇具有清洁、安全、可再生等优点,是新能源发展的重要方向,受到各国政府、企业的广泛关注。论文首先介绍了甜菜生物学特性,随后重点阐述甜菜及其副产物甜菜渣在三代生物乙醇开发中的优越性及应用进展。在此基础上提出了甜菜渣纤维素转化乙醇及组分分离综合利用的研究思路,认为甜菜渣将会作为一种重要原料在纤维素乙醇开发中发挥作用。     

菠萝渣纤维素降解菌的筛选及鉴定

为了加快菠萝渣快速发酵,通过利用多种选择性培养基,从自然发酵的菠萝渣中分离到多种纤维素分解菌,经过初筛和复筛,获得了降解菠萝渣纤维素的菌株c3b1-3,其最适合的培养基为蛋白纤维素培养基;通过形态、生理生化特征和分子综合鉴定得出c3b1-3为金黄杆菌属（Chryseobacterium sp.）。     

玫瑰酱油研制报告初探

本文介绍了利用玫瑰废渣酿造酱油的实验。试验结果证明,用玫瑰花渣与其它原料混合可生产出味道鲜美,具有玫瑰风味的酱油。     

产蛋鸡饲粮中添加玫瑰花渣的效果

用特殊方法处理的1型玫瑰花渣代替了基础饲粮中的玉米和小麦各3％,配成试验饲粮。饲喂京白产蛋母鸡(56周龄)65天的结果表明,添加少量1型玫瑰花渣,对试鸡健康和饲粮消耗量无影响,蛋重显著提高(P<0.01),产蛋力有提高趋势,料蛋比和料价蛋比略有降低,但与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

滇池水葫芦固液分离后的沼气发酵研究

在常温下,分离水葫芦为水葫芦渣和水葫芦汁,水葫芦渣与猪粪结合进行批量发酵试验,研究了产气量及原料半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的降解,结果表明原料的产气率为504.04 L/g TS,甲烷含量65%,半纤维素、纤维素降低,木质素升高.对水葫芦汁厌氧发酵的产气及COD降解情况进行了研究,结果表明水葫芦汁的产气潜力为2.192 mL/g,COD降解率达到91.27%.     

滇池水葫芦固液分离后的沼气发酵研究

在常温下,分离水葫芦为水葫芦渣和水葫芦汁,水葫芦渣与猪粪结合进行批量发酵试验,研究了产气量及原料半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的降解,结果表明：原料的产气率为504．04L/g TS,甲烷含量65％,半纤维素、纤维素降低,木质素升高。对水葫芦汁厌氧发酵的产气及COD降解情况进行了研究,结果表明：水葫芦汁的产气潜力为2．192mL／g,COD降解率达到91．27％。     

酵母菌和食用真菌混合固态发酵配合蛋白饲料的应用研究

双菌混合发酵是现代发酵技术发展趋势之一,高温酵母菌和担子茵混合固态发酵尝试了一种生产配合饲料的新技术,高温酵母菌生长速度快,适应性强,蛋白含量高;担子菌分解纤维素和半纤维素能力强,利用它们各自特点,经双菌协同混合发酵,不但提高了淀粉渣的蛋白质含量,而且也降低了纤维素和半纤维素含量,从而使无法直接利用的淀粉渣转化为优质配合蛋白饲料。      

高效低成本纤维素酶诱导物的制备、筛选及应用

本研究利用玉米芯、甘蔗渣、脱木素木糖渣及粗纤维诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,对4种材料进行成份测定,然后以逐步添加的方式与微晶纤维素混合诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,和使用微晶纤维素诱导产酶对比,玉米芯含有的纤维素代替总纤维素的50%时,酶活力降低2个单位,蛋白减少0.8 g左右,其酶水解能力降低0.4%,对其产纤维素酶的水解能力没产生不利影响。甘蔗渣纤维素替代量可以达到30%,酶活力有1个单位的降低,蛋白分泌降低0.5 g左右,酶的水解能力提高7%左右。脱木素木糖渣纤维素替代量也可达到50%,酶活力和蛋白降低分别达到0.5个单位和0.2 g左右,酶水解能力降低了4.45%。粗纤维的利用可以达到100%替代,对里氏木霉产酶的酶活力影响有0.3个单位之差,水解能力降低1.625%。这说明这几种物质可以部分替代或者完全替代微晶纤维素,诱导里氏木霉发酵产纤维素酶,特别是由玉米芯和甘蔗渣制备的脱木素木糖渣和粗纤维有着较高的应用前景。该研究对降低纤维素酶的生产成本及其工业化应用具有重要意义。     

杜仲种仁化学成分研究

对杜仲种仁中油脂含量、理化性质、脂肪酸组成、蛋白质的氨基酸组成以及粗蛋白、粗纤维、淀粉、灰分等成分进行了分析.杜仲种仁中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量分别为23.59%、40.63%和13.25%.杜仲油的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达90.6%,其中亚麻酸含量为66%,碘值和皂化值分别为180.5和182.7.种仁中含有18种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的32.3%.     

Influence of purified cellulose level in the diet of pigs on intestinal absorption of volatile fatty acids

Nutrient and volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption to portal blood was measured twice at 7 days interval in five pigs fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 6 (R6) or 16% (R16) purified cellulose for 21 or 7 days. The daily absorption (24 hrs.) of VFA in the large intestine which was larger (NS) when the cellulose level rose, increased significantly (P less than 0.05) with increasing length of adaptation (21 to 28 d.) to the diet whatever the cellulose level. The supplementary daily supply of energy in the form of VFA after increase of the cellulose level did not compensate for the corresponding deficit of absorption of reducing sugars and crude protein in the small intestine.     

Study on crystal structures of enzyme-hydrolyzed cellulosic materials by X-ray diffraction

Different cellulosic materials were treated with different extraceller microbial enzymes. Changes in structure and properties of the cellulose caused by enzymatic treatment depend on the composition, the type of enzyme and the type of cellulosic materials. Both endoglucanase and crude cellulase have pronounced effects on the structure of cellulose. The variation of crystal structure was found to attack preferentially the (0 0 2) crystal planes for cellulose I during enzymatic hydrolysis.     

Competitive adsorption of cellulase components and its significance in a synergistic mechanism

Some studies on the adsorption of cellulase on cellulose revealed part of the mechanisms involved in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and provided some clues to the synergistic mechanism of cellulase complex. The adsorption of cellulase was significantly affected by the reaction conditions and physical chemical characteristics of cellulose. Endoglucanase consisted of adsorbable and nonadsorbable components. Cellobiohydrolase had the strongest adsorption affinity. Each cellulase component is postulated to have distinctly different adsorption sites on cellulose, corresponding to the active sites in the hydrolysis reaction. Competitive adsorption kinetics between cellulase components were also observed during the adsorption process. The degree of competitive adsorption was most remarkable when the composition of cellulase components was nearly the same as that in the crude cellulase complex. This seems to show the optimal relative composition of cellulase components. The synergism between cellobiohydrolase and endoglucananse could be elucidated more clearly by this competitive adsorption model of the reaction mechanism.     

Agronomic and chemical evaluation of selected sorghums as sources of pulp

Nine accessions representing three sorghum species were grown at six locations in a single crop year to evaluate their potential as fibrous raw materials for pulp and papermaking. Evaluations were based on field yields, agronomic characteristics, and physical and chemical composition. Growing conditions caused considerable variation, but maturity, time of harvest, and harvesting methods also influenced composition. Preferred locations based on production of whole stalks (exclusive of roots) and of culms were Iowa, Indiana, and Georgia. The best productivity for several accessions exceeded 10 tons per acre (o.d.) for whole stalks and 6 tons per acre for culms. The mean content (for three locations) of crude cellulose in culms, ranged from 40.9 to 53.8% and of alpha cellulose from 25. 7 to 34. 7%; the level of pith ranged from 6.1 to 15.2%. Ash content in culms was 3% or less compared with 7% or more in leaves. Late-maturing PI 22983 7 and 229847 were consistently good yielders, but were chemically inferior to PI 177549 and 190579. Composition of PI 177549 was the most favorable, with a high proportion of culms to leaves and with crude cellulose content of 58.4% in culms (Georgia). In Iowa, the content of crude cellulose in culms of PI 229837 was equivalent to 3.40 tons per acre, and that of alpha cellulose was equivalent to 2.31 tons per acre. Accessions meriting further consideration are: PI 177549 (broom corn), 229837 and 229847 (kafir types), and 190579 (sorghum grass).     

Establishment of cellulolytic bacteria in the digestive tract of conventionally reared young mice: effect of the dietary cellulose content in the adult

Cellulolytic bacteria became established 12 days after birth in the caecum and colon of conventionally-reared mice fed a diet containing 5 p. 100 crude cellulose (Weende). Their population reached a level between 10(6) and 10(7) bacteria per gram of digestive contents in 25-day-old animals. However, variations between animals were very large; 20 to 50% of the individuals were free of cellulolytic bacteria. A low cellulolytic population was observed in adult mice fed a cellulose-free diet. The amount of cellulose in the diet and its nature (crude or pure cellulose) affected the number of cellulolytic bacteria: the higher the percentage of cellulose in the diet, the higher the number of cellulolytic bacteria, in particular with crude cellulose-containing diet.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in aqueous two-phase systems. I. Partition of cellulases from Trichoderma reesei

The partitioning of endo-beta-glucanase, exo-beta-glucanase, and beta-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 in aqueous two-phase systems has been studied with the object of designing a phase system for continuous bioconversion of cellulose. The partitioning of the enzymes in two-phase systems composed of various water soluble polymeric compounds were studied. Systems based on dextran and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were optimal for one-sidedly partitioning the enzymes to the bottom phase. The influence of polymer molecular weights, polymer concentration, ionic composition of the medium, pH, temperature, and adsorption of the enzymes to cellulose on the enzyme partition coefficients (K) were studied. By combining the effects of polymer molecular weight and adsorption to cellulose, K values could be reduced for endo-beta-glucanase to 0.02 and for beta-glucosidase to 0.005 at 20 degrees C in a phase system of Dextran 40-PEG 40000 in the presence of excess cellulose, At 50 degrees C, K values were increased by a factor of two. In a phase system based on inexpensive crude dextran and PEG, the partition coefficient for endo-beta-glucanase was 0.16 and for beta-glucosidase was 0.14 at 20 degrees C with excess cellulose present.     

Production of extracellular protease from crude substrates with dregs in an external-loop airlift bioreactor with lower ratio of height to diameter

Bacillus subtilis AS1.398 was cultivated in a 11.5-L total volume external-loop airlift bioreactor with a low height-to-diameter ratio of 2.9 and a riser-to-downcomer diameter ratio of 6.6 for the production of protease from crude substrates with dregs. The influence of aeration rate, liquid volume, and sparger hole diameter on protease production was investigated. An average of 8197 u/mL protease activity was obtained after a total fermentation time of 32 h in the external-loop airlift bioreactor with a liquid volume of 8.5 L, air flow rate of 1.5 vvm, and sparger hole diameter of 1.5 mm. The addition of one stainless steel sieve plate in the riser of the airlift bioreactor increased productivity of protease. After 32 h of fermentation, an average of 8718 u/mL protease activity was achieved in the external-loop airlift bioreactor with one sieve plate and an air flow rate of 1.2 vvm, liquid volume of 8.5 L, and gas sparger hole diameter of 1.5 mm. This was 9.0% higher than the typical averages of about 8000 u/mL protease activity in the mechanically stirred tank bioreactors of the enzyme factory using the same microorganism. It is possible to make a scale-up of the external-loop airlift bioreactor and feasible to operate it for production of protease from crude substrate with dregs.     

Changes in the digestibility of constituents of the diet in the rabbit]

Fiber digestibility of two diets (the first based on alfalfa dried, the second based on beet-pulp dried) with the same level of crude fiber and crude protein was measured on rabbits of 6, 7, 11, 13 and 17 weeks old. The age has no significative effect on digestibility (dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber) of the two experimental diets. The quantity of cellulose and hemicellulose digested was greater in rabbits on the pulp diet. Independantly of the diet hemicellulose is more digestible than cellulose. Expediency of use other analytical test than crude fiber in the nutritional requirements of rabbits is discussed.     

Improvement of alkali solubility of cellulose with enzymatic treatment

Cellulose was treated with different extracellular microbial enzymes. The treatment of cellulose with the enzymes can improve alkaline solubility. Both endoglucanase and crude cellulase decreased the average degrees of polymerization () and improved the alkaline solubility of cellulose most efficiently. The composition of the enzyme, the type of cellulosic materials, pretreatment, and the treatment conditions are the key factors for its effective processing, using the enzymes to improve on alkaline solubility of cellulose. The improvement in the alkaline solubility is caused by the decrease in and hydrogen bond because of enzymatic hydrolysis.