约旦野生二棱大麦群体籽粒休眠特性的网络分析

本研究以来自约旦的16个野生二棱大麦群体206个基因型为材料,对籽粒不同部分的氮素营养相关性状以及40℃下不同贮藏时间后的萌发率进行了测定,并利用网络相关性技术分析其与起源地生态地理因素之间的相关性。结果表明,来自于不同地区的大麦群体在种子含氮量、壳含氮量、种子可溶性蛋白质含量、单粒重及单壳重上存在明显差异,并且籽粒不同部位含氮量发生分配平衡,种子含氮量较高的群体壳含氮量较低。同时,网络相关性分析证实壳含氮量与籽粒萌发特性呈显著负相关,而壳中潜在抑制萌发的含氮物可能在42d的高温储藏下分解或失活。     

5种野生无髯鸢尾种子休眠与萌发特性研究

以5种野生无髯鸢尾种子为材料,从种子的吸水率和发芽率两个方面分析休眠原因与打破休眠促进萌发的方法,为中国鸢尾属植物的种质资源保护与应用提供技术支持。结果表明:(1)5种野生无髯鸢尾种子的吸水率比较显示,玉蝉花和山鸢尾的种皮透水性最好,其次是燕子花的种皮透水性,溪荪的种皮透水性最差;种皮的透水、透气性差及致密的胚乳是抑制马蔺种子萌发的主要原因;另外,变温可增加野生无髯鸢尾种子种皮和胚乳的透水性。(2)马蔺和溪荪种子的种皮对萌发存在强烈的抑制作用,而燕子花、山鸢尾和玉蝉花种子的种皮抑制作用不显著;珠孔端胚乳是5种野生鸢尾种子休眠的主要因素。(3)温度对5种野生无髯鸢尾种子萌发影响很大,变温处理显著提高了马蔺、溪荪、玉蝉花种子的萌发率,且最适条件为:变温30℃/20℃、8h光照/16h黑暗,但该条件对山鸢尾和燕子花种子萌发的影响不显著,即单一因子不能打破燕子花和山鸢尾种子的休眠。研究发现,5种野生无髯鸢尾种子休眠和萌发特征各异,主要影响因素也不尽相同,但珠孔端胚乳是5种野生无髯鸢尾种子休眠的主要因素;低温层积处理与变温30℃/20℃相结合能明显提高野生无髯鸢尾属种子的发芽率,是其种子打破休眠的有效措施。     

4种野生牡丹种子休眠和萌发特性及与其致濒的关系

与栽培牡丹相比,野生矮牡丹、四川牡丹和紫斑牡丹的种子一般罗小,但野生黄牡丹种子则明显大于栽培牡丹。这４种濒危的野生牡丹种子的休眠与萌发特性一栽培牡丹的有明显差异;萌发生根期需半年以上,但通过胚培养可使之减至２周;萌发温度以１０－１５℃为宜,超过２０℃则明显不利于生根及上胚轴生长;打契上胚轴休眠需要严格的低温;野生牡丹种子的萌发率及打破上胚轴休眠后的出苗率也大大低于栽培牡丹,而且在不同分布地之间存在     

野生鸭儿芹种子休眠特性及破除方法

鸭儿芹种子具有休眠特性,且休眠期长,不经任何处理的种子很难萌发,影响其人工种植。研究了鸭儿芹种子的休眠特性和解除休眠的最佳方法,为我国人工种植野生鸭儿芹提供理论依据。结果表明:TTC法对种子活力的测定表明有活力的种子为(55.33±3.71)%;切破种皮种子与完整种子吸水率在前12 h相差较大,但最终吸水率相差不大,分别达到(70.00±1)%和(68.32±0.32)%,表明种皮并不阻碍种子吸水;种子中存在内源抑制物,其粗提液在较低浓度下即可抑制芹菜种子的萌发;鸭儿芹种子成熟时胚未分化完全,胚率为(28.65±2.488)%,经过低温处理后完成后熟,胚率达到(65.93±3.86)%,萌发率达到100%,因此鸭儿芹种子具有形态生理休眠特性。清水浸种和低温冷藏共同处理可有效解除其休眠,浸种和低温冷藏具有交互效应,浸种36 h、5℃冷藏30d即可解除其休眠,萌发率达到100%,发芽势达到(91.11±0.91)%。已破除休眠的种子适宜其萌发的温度范围扩大(15.0—27.5℃),而且在土壤中也可较好地萌发,萌发率达到(96.67±3.33)%,发芽势达到(71.11±1.93)%。     

毛叶山桐子种子休眠与萌发特性的研究

目的：探究毛叶山桐子种子(Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels)的休眠类型和解除休眠的最适方法，为生产实践中的种苗繁育提供一种能有效解除毛叶山桐子种子休眠和提高萌发率的方法。方法：以成熟的毛叶山桐子种子为材料，研究种子的水分透性及温度、光照、去垢剂、后熟、层积和植物激素对种子休眠与萌发的影响。结果：(1)种子具有发育成熟的胚，种皮被有蜡质层但具有透水性；(2)在10～35℃和交替光照(12 h光照/12 h黑暗，光强度为144μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下萌发30 d，种子的萌发率低于30%，具有休眠特性；(3)种子在完全黑暗条件下几乎不萌发，是一种需光性种子；(4)4℃和10℃层积30 d显著地增加种子的萌发速率和萌发率，后熟90 d则对种子萌发没有影响；(5)GA3能部分解除种子的休眠和促进萌发，将萌发率提高至56.7%，氟啶酮则没有作用。结论：毛叶山桐子种子的休眠类型为非深度生理休眠，解除休眠和促进萌发的最适方法是将种子在4℃或者10℃中层积30 d，然后在25℃和交替光照中萌发。     

羊草种子休眠机制及破除方法研究

羊草种子休眠程度深、发芽率低是限制栽培利用的重要因子.采用不同破除羊草种子休眠的方法,测定各处理对种子萌发的影响,以探索破除羊草种子休眠的有效途径.结果显示:(1)刺破种皮的裸种子较完整种子的萌发率、吸水速率、生活力分别由对照的6%、63%、0%显著增加到60%、86%、94%.(2)完整羊草种子分别用清水浸种1 d、30% NaOH浸种80 min、清水浸种1 d后用30% NaOH浸种60min其萌发率由6%分别显著提高到36%、60%、84%,而各浓度赤霉素处理完整种子其萌发率较对照均无显著变化. (3)采用清水浸种1 d后用30% NaOH处理60 min,再施加200 μg/g GA3综合处理,可使羊草完整种子的发芽率由6%提高到91%,接近其种子生活力94%.研究表明,羊草种子的稃与种皮不影响种子水分的吸收,但影响种子对GA3的吸收、不同程度地阻碍大分子物质的渗入、限制羊草种子内部萌发抑制物的渗出,从而引起种子休眠;分析认为稃和种皮以及种子内部萌发抑制物质是引起羊草种子休眠的主要原因.     

4种野生牡丹种子休眠和萌发特性及与其致濒的关系(英文)

与栽培牡丹相比,野生矮牡丹、四川牡丹和紫斑牡丹的种子一般较小,但野生黄牡丹种子则明显大于栽培牡丹。这４ 种濒危的野生牡丹种子的休眠与萌发特性与栽培牡丹的有明显差异：萌发生根期需半年以上,但通过胚培养可使之减至２ 周;萌发温度以１０～１５℃为宜, 超过２０℃则明显不利于生根及上胚轴生长; 打破上胚轴休眠需要严格的低温;野生牡丹种子的萌发率及打破上胚轴休眠后的出苗率也大大低于栽培牡丹,而且在不同分布地之间存在较大差异。实验证明：在自然状态下野生牡丹缺乏充分的传粉,特别是居群间的传粉不足,导致其种子质量低下;而野生牡丹种子特殊的萌发特性,特别是严格的上胚轴休眠,则是导致其出苗率极低及自然状态下幼苗和种群稀少的重要内因。生化测定结果表明：在低温打破牡丹种子上胚轴休眠过程中,子叶中的萌发促进剂ＧＡ３ 含量明显升高,抑制剂ＡＢＡ 含量显著下降;而胚乳中的各种激素含量则变化不大,胚轴中的激素变化无明显规律,因此认为子叶是控制牡丹种子上胚轴休眠的关键部位。     

云南石林地区喀斯特山地种子休眠分类和生态关系的初步研究

种子休眠是植物自身调节后代繁殖时间节律以适应生长环境的最重要方式,喀斯特是一种特殊的植物生长环境,植物种子休眠对这种生境适应的研究缺乏.为探讨种子休眠与种子大小、散落时间之间的联系,揭示喀斯特植物在长期的适应过程中的生殖对策,对滇中喀斯特岩溶地区的19科35种植物的种子萌发和休眠类型进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)35种植物中,休眠物种(19种,54.29％)比不休眠物种多(16种,45.71％);(2)19种休眠的物种中,15种具生理休眠,4种具物理休眠,没有形态休眠、形态-生理休眠和联合休眠的植物;(3)具物理休眠的植物种子明显大于不休眠和生理休眠的植物种子;(4)雨季初期(4～7月)散落的种子不休眠比例很高(75.00％),而雨季后期(10月)和旱季(11月至次年3月)散落的种子的休眠比例很高,分别达80.00％和61.54％;(5)68.75％的乔木休眠;灌木的休眠比例为33.33％;藤本植物休眠和不休眠的物种比例相差不大;草本植物大部分(66.67％)不休眠.     

三药槟榔种子休眠与萌发的研究

对三药槟榔种子休眠和萌发的基本特性进行研究,结果表明种子的休眠属于综合休眠;种壳对种子 萌发的抑制作用不是由于其对水分透过的限制,而是种皮的机械束缚和透气性差;种子还需要一段低温的生 理后熟过程才能解除休眠。种子经0．2％的高锰酸钾溶液浸泡15 min,0．3％亚硝酸钠和0．2％的硝酸钾溶液 浸种24℃后,发芽速度均显著加快,以0．3％亚硝酸钠处理效果为最佳。种子在15、4℃和室温(昼24～32 ℃／夜18～24℃)三种不同温度下贮藏60 d后,在4℃贮藏的种子发芽情况最好。种子不耐脱水,采用硅胶脱 水,含水量降低至22％以下,种子活力显著降低。     

蛋白质磷酸化修饰与种子休眠及萌发调控

种子休眠与萌发是截然不同而又紧密联系的两个生理过程,也是植物生命周期中的关键阶段,对自然状态下的植物物种繁殖与地理分布以及农业生产均具有重要意义,且两个过程受不同内源激素和环境信号之间的精确互作调控。大量研究表明,蛋白质磷酸化修饰作为一种重要的翻译后修饰方式,参与调控种子休眠与萌发以及植物逆境胁迫响应等过程并发挥重要作...     

Strong correlation of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) population structure with temperature and precipitation variation

In this study, we present the genetic analysis of a new collection of wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum ) using 42 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that represent the seven chromosomes. The Barley1K (B1K) infrastructure consists of 1020 accessions collected in a hierarchical sampling mode (HSM) from 51 sites across Israel and represents the wide adaptive niche of the modern barley's ancestor. According to the genetic structure analysis, the sampled sites can be divided into seven groups, and sampled microsites located on opposing slopes or in different soil types did not show significant genetic differentiation. Although the genetic analysis indicates a simple isolation-by-distance model among the populations, examination of the genetic populations' structure with abiotic parameters in an ordination analysis revealed that the combination of elevation, mid-day temperature and rainfall explains a high proportion of the variance in the principal components analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the current populations have therefore been shaped and distinguished by non-selective forces such as migration; however, we suggest that aridity and temperature gradients played major roles as selective forces in the adaptation of wild barley in this part of the Fertile Crescent. This unique collection is a prelude for the investigation of the molecular basis underlying plant adaptation and responsiveness to harsh environments.     

大麦胚性细胞悬浮系的建立及其生长特性

由春大麦品种“如车”种胚诱导的松脆型胚性愈伤组织经2个月的悬浮培养,成功建立分散性好、生长速度快的胚性细胞悬浮系。该系细胞直径为1-3mm,由富含淀粉粒的胚性薄壁细胞构成。经不同浓度2,4-D实验,发现2mg/L最适合该细胞系的生长。文中对成功建立大麦胚性细胞悬浮系的关键问题进行了讨论。     

Allelic Diversity of Hrd A and Hrd B Hordein-Coding Loci in Wild (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) and Cultivated (Hordeum vulgare L.) Barley from Israel and Palestine

Russian Journal of Genetics - Polymorphism of hordeins encoded by the Hrd A and Hrd B loci was studied using starch gel electrophoresis in 13 barley landrace accessions and in 31 wild barley...     

西藏青稞4个B组醇溶蛋白基因的克隆和特征

从两份西藏青稞材料中分离克隆出4个B组醇溶蛋白基因（BH1—BH4）,DNA测序结果表明：它们均包含完整的开放阅读框。推断的氨基酸序列与先前报道的大麦B组醇溶蛋白具有相同的蛋白质基本结构。系统分析表明：它们推断的氨基酸序列与栽培大麦中的B组醇溶蛋白具有较高的相关性,与野生大麦和山羊草属的醇溶谷蛋白相似性较低。并且,在4个基因BH1—BH4中,BH1与先前报道的B组醇溶蛋白基因有较低的序列相似性,因此我们对BH1基因进行了原核表达,含该基因的表达载体在大肠杆菌中表达出相对分子质量为28．15kDa并以包涵体形式存在的蛋白,进一步对其在青稞谷粒品质改良中的潜在价值进行了探讨。     

High crossability of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) with bread wheat and the differential elimination of barley chromosomes in the hybrids

Four bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Aobakomugi, Chinese Spring, Norin 61 and Shinchunaga, were pollinated with five barley lines/cultivars consisting of three cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines, Betzes, Kinai 5 and OHL089, and two wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) lines, OUH602 and OUH324. Crossability, expressed as the percentage of embryo formation, varied from 0 to 55.4% among the cross combinations. The two wild barley lines generally had a higher crossability than the previously reported best pollinator, Betzes, and some Japanese wheat cultivars were better as the female parent than Chinese Spring. Ninety four hybrid plants were obtained from 250 embryos cultured, and their somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 21 to 36. Eighteen plants were mosaic in chromosome number. Twenty one-chromosome plants appeared most frequently (45.7%) followed by 28-chromosome plants (14.9%). C-banding analysis revealed that elimination of barley chromosomes was mainly responsible for the occurrence of aneuploid plants. In hypoploids derived from Betzes-crosses, chromosome 5 was preferentially eliminated as previously reported, while in hypoploids derived from OUH602-crosses, chromosome 4 was preferentially eliminated. The wild barley line OUH602 may be a useful parent for producing a new wheat-barley addition set because of its high crossability with wheat and a different pattern of chromosome elimination.     

斑茅割手密复合体(GXAS07-6-1)及其与甘蔗F_1的GISH分析

斑茅割手密复合体(GXAS07-6-1)是广西蔗茅属斑茅和广西甘蔗属割手密的属间杂种,聚集了双亲的优点。本研究利用基于Alu-like的PCR鉴定方法对GXAS07-6-1及甘蔗与GXAS07-6-1的3份F_1材料进行真实性鉴定,基于基因组原位杂交技术(GISH)对父本GXAS07-6-1及其3份F_1染色体组成及核型进行分析。研究结果表明:3份F_1材料为GXAS07-6-1的真杂种;父本GXAS07-6-1的染色体众数为62条,其中30条来自蔗茅属斑茅,32条来自甘蔗属割手密,核型分类属于1B,其染色体按"n+n"方式传递;GXASF_108-2-17、GXASF_108-2-22、GXASF_108-2-32的染色体数目为78~80条,其中69~71条来自甘蔗属,9~11条来自蔗茅属斑茅,3份F_1的核型分类分别属于2B、1B、1B,染色体传递方式均为"n+n"。父本GXAS07-6-1及3份F_1材料中均未发现有染色体的交换或易位现象。甘蔗与斑割复合体杂交,蔗茅属斑茅染色体在亲子间传递过程存在丢失现象。     

Identifying inflorescence phytoliths from selected species of wheat (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccon, T. dicoccoides, and T. aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare and H. spontaneum) (Gramineae)

Analysis of microfossil silica phytoliths is becoming an increasingly important research tool for taxonomists, archaeobotanists, and paleoecologists. Expanded use of phytolith analysis by researchers is dependent upon development of phytolith systematics. In this study phytoliths produced by the inflorescence bracts from four species of wheat, Triticum monoccocum, T. dicoccon, T. dicoccoides, and T. aestivum, and two species of barley, Hordeum vulgare, and H. spontaneum, were analyzed using computer-assisted image and statistical analysis with the intent to develop taxonomic tools to distinguish among the taxa. A classification key based on significant differences among the mean morphometries of the inflorescence phytoliths produced by each species was created and tested. Discriminant analysis of the morphometries of several morphotypes of phytoliths was also conducted to determine whether this computer-assisted statistical procedure could be used as another method to classify the taxa and to determine which morphotypes have measurements that can best be used in discriminant functions. Test results indicated that, at the genus level, both the classification key and discriminant analysis of certain morphotypes of phytoliths were relatively reliable tools for distinguishing among phytoliths produced in the inflorescence bracts of the taxa considered. For distinguishing among the taxa at the species level, the classification key was most reliable. Of the discriminant analyses tested, that based on all the phytolith morphotypes combined was more reliable than those based on only one morphotype.     

中华鳖GHSR基因SNPs的筛选及生长性状的关联分析

为探究GHSR基因多态性对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)生长相关性状的影响,采用直接测序法在GHSR基因5'侧翼和3'侧翼上筛选SNPs位点,共检测到5个单核苷酸多态性位点:A335T、G397T、A527G、A13482C和T13526A。随机选取同批繁殖的1冬龄200只中华鳖用直接测序法进行SNPs位点的分型,并分析与生长性状的相关性。检测结果显示,所有SNP位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(p>0.05)。方差分析显示,A336T位点的AT、TT基因型的体重、背甲长、背甲宽和裙边宽4项生长数据均显著高于AA基因型。A13482C位点的AC基因型的体重、背甲长、背甲宽和裙边宽4项数据均显著高于AA基因型(p<0.05)。研究表明,本实验在GHSR基因上获得的这些SNP位点可能影响着中华鳖的生长性状或与之紧密连锁,可为中华鳖分子辅助育种提供助力与参考。     

Detection and quantification of Paenibacillus polymyxa in the rhizosphere of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) with real-time PCR

Aim:  To detect and quantify the plant drought tolerance enhancing bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in a collection of 160 Hordeum spontaneum rhizosphere samples at the 'Evolution Canyon' ('EC'), Israel.
Methods and Results:  PCR primers and a FAM-TAMRA probe (6-carboxyfluorescein, 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine) targeting 16S rRNA genes were designed and used to detect and quantify the target strain. Two commercial kits, Bio101 Fast Spin and Mo Bio Ultra Clean Soil DNA, were tested for DNA isolation from the rhizosphere and surrounding soil. Population densities of P. polymyxa were studied in the rhizosphere of wild barley and surrounding soil from the contrasting climatic slopes at the 'EC' using the real-time PCR and culture based methods.
Conclusion:  Paenibacillus polymyxa is one of the best established species in wild barley rhizosphere at the 'EC' slopes. With the real-time PCR assay we are able to detect 1 pg of DNA per PCR corresponding to 100 cells per ml. The results at the 'EC' correlate well to bacterial estimations by culture based methods.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Significantly higher P. polymyxa cell number was detected in the rhizosphere of arid 'African' microclimate indicating possible role of adaptive co-evolution with plants.     

Comparative salt tolerance of two wild Hordeum species (H. maritimum with. and H. murinum L.) from the coast of Tuscany (Italy)

ABSTRACT

The differences in salt tolerance between Hordeum maritimum and H. murinum were studied. Seeds were collected at horn maturity from wild populations growing respectively near the Orbetello Lagoon and S. Piero a Grado (Tuscany, Italy) and were used in germination and growth tests at increasing salinity (NaCl) levels. H. maritimum was confirmed to be a true halophyte as compared to H. murinum, which exhibited germination behavior typical of many wild glycophytes. The higher salt sensitivity of H. murinum compared to H. maritimum was also shown by its shoot length values, which decreased only in H. murinum, albeit in 100 mM NaCl treatment. The higher degree of salt tolerance of H. maritimum is further demonstrated by the Na : K ratio. H. maritimum can accumulate a greater amount of sodium than potassium in both roots and shoots, even in the absence of salt treatment. However, in NaCl solutions H. maritimum showed a higher Na : K ratio for shoots — an index of better uptake and translocation of sodium to leaves — as has been demonstrated for many halophyte includers. These results thus help to enhance knowledge on wild relatives of barley, whose potential contribution to genetic improvement in salinity tolerance has previously not been thoroughly explored.