主题分辨率对NDVI空间格局的影响

景观格局与尺度的相互关系一直是景观生态学的研究重点。景观生态学中的尺度内涵包括时间、空间和分析（观察）等。近年来景观格局与空间、时间尺度关系受到广泛关注,而分析尺度对格局的影响探讨较少。地理空间信息的主题分辨率反映了地理空间信息的制图细节,即专题图的分类数。以NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）为专题图内容,选择福州行政区、福州城区和永泰县为研究区域,通过改变NDVI分类数,研究主题分辨率对空间格局的影响。NDVI格局指数包括：斑块数量（NP）、最大斑块占景观面积比例（LPI）、斑块平均大小（AREA-MN）、面积加权平均形状指数（SHAPE-AM）、面积加权平均分维数（FRAC-AM）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）、散步与并列指数（IJI）、香农多样性指数（SHDI）。结果表明格局指数对主题分辨率（分类数）的连续响应特征如下：初始条件敏感区（分类数2—4类）、敏感响应区（分类数为4—8类）、适合分析尺度区（分类数8—12类）、不敏感区（分类数≥12类）;格局指数与主题分辨率的关系有对数增长、线性增长和幂函数下降等。分析尺度对NDVI空间格局影响的本质原因是相对应的生态系统等级结构的存在     

Seasonal trends in transformation of organic matter forms and enzyme activities in aquatic environment in winter in the Russian Arctic Seas by the example of Yenisey Estuary

Time variations in the main hydrochemical indices of water, organic matter forms, and hydrolytic enzyme activities in aquatic environment have been studied in winter in the southeastern Kara Sea (Yenisey Estuary with depths from 29 to 31 m). The abundance of some components of microproducer (pico-, nano-, and microphytoplankton) and bacterial plankton communities has been analyzed. High functional activity of microcommunities has been demonstrated in winter hydrobiological period. The hydrological, hydrochemical, biochemical, and biological indices of aquatic environment considerably varied in time while their stratification remained stable. The total resources of biologically accessible dissolved organic matter was evaluated by splitting the biological oxygen demand curves obtained under standard conditions (at 22°C).     

Phytoplankton in Water Objects of the Vychegda River Basin

In 2014, for the first time in the last 55 years, phytoplankton of the water bodies of the Vychegda River Basin has been studied. The basis of plankton communities is made up of algae from Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cyanoprokaryota divisions. In terms of quantitative indicators, leading groups with the prevalence of diatoms are identified. The range of abundance and biomass of algae is 3.92–27.82 million cells/L and 0.3–2.9 mg/L, respectively. The biomass of phytoplankton and hydrochemical indices make it possible to classify the studied water objects as second–fourth water-quality classes, with an increase in trophic status under conditions of an anthropogenic load increase.     

Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on central hemodynamics and oxygenating function of the lungs in open-heart surgery]

The dynamics of some oxygenating pulmonary function (OPF) indices has been studied in 33 patients with coronary cardiac disease and rheumatic lesions of cardiac valves 4-6 hours after surgery in response to a single hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) session (1.5 ata, 45 min) in the immediate postoperative period. It is found that in the presence of slight or, on the contrary, pronounced arterial hypoxemia, no significant negative OPF changes were observed. At the same time, a temporary increase in the alveolo-arterial gradient has been found in some patients. The comparison of data on the systemic blood flow with the OPF indices permits suggesting the prevalent role of the membrane component in a PaO2 decrease in patients after using assisted circulation.     

Genetic structure of the Udmurt population

Integrated study of the genetic structure of the Udmurt population with respect to different genetic systems has been performed. Data on the genes of genetic diseases, abiotic parameters analyzed by population statistic methods, and DNA polymorphism are summarized. The populations of six raions (districts) of Udmurt Republic (the Mozhga, Malaya Purga, Sharkan, Debesy, Igra, and Glazov raions) have been studied. The total population studied was 267,655 people (an urban population of 150,119 people and a rural population of 117,536 people), including 155,346 Udmurts. The population structure has been studied in six districts on the basis of the vital statistics, Crow's indices, Malecot's isolation by distance parameters, ethnically assortative marriage parameters, endogamy indices, inbreeding-endogamy (ie) indices, and frequencies of the genotype and allele frequencies of four DNA markers (17 alleles). The prevalences of hereditary diseases have been calculated for different population groups: urban and rural populations, Udmurts and other ethnic groups. These groups, especially the urban and rural populations, substantially differed from one another in the prevalences of autosomal dominant (AR) and autosomal recessive (AR) diseases. The correlation between the prevalence of AD and AR diseases and the ie index is positive and significant. The spectrum of hereditary diseases detected in six districts of Udmurtia comprises 149 diseases (80, 57, and 12 AD, AR, and X-linked diseases, respectively). Accumulation of individual diseases in districts of Udmurtia and accumulation of diseases in Udmurtia as compared to regions studied earlier has been found. Cluster analysis of the frequencies of genes of AD and AR diseases and DNA markers has determined the gene geographic position of Udmurts.     

Genetic structure of the Udmurt population

Integrated study of the genetic structure of the Udmurt population with respect to different genetic systems has been performed. Data on the genes of genetic diseases, abiotic parameters analyzed by population statistic methods, and DNA polymorphism are summarized. The populations of six raions (districts) of Udmurt Republic (the Mozhga, Malaya Purga, Sharkan, Debesy, Igra, and Glazov raions) have been studied. The total population studied was 267 655 people (an urban population of 150 119 people and a rural population of 117 536 people), including 155 346 Udmurts. The population structure has been studied in six districts on the basis of the vital statistics, Crow’s indices, Malecot’s isolation by distance parameters, ethnically assortative marriage parameters, endogamy indices, inbreeding-endogamy (ie) indices, and frequencies of the genotype and allele frequencies of four DNA markers (17 alleles). The prevalences of hereditary diseases have been calculated for different population groups: urban and rural populations, Udmurts and other ethnic groups. These groups, especially the urban and rural populations, substantially differed from one another in the prevalences of autosomal dominant (AD) and autosomal recessive (AR) diseases. The correlation between the prevalence of AD and AR diseases and the ie index is positive and significant. The spectrum of hereditary diseases detected in six districts of Udmurtia comprises 149 diseases (80, 57, and 12 AD, AR, and X-linked diseases, respectively). Accumulation of individual diseases in districts of Udmurtia and accumulation of diseases in Udmurtia as compared to regions studied earlier has been found. Cluster analysis of the frequencies of genes of AD and AR diseases and DNA markers has determined the gene geographic position of Udmurts.     

Aspects of the spatial distribution of the algae of the nant-y-moch reservoir,Ceredigion, Wales

The spatial distribution of algae in the Nant-y-Moch reservoir has been studied in relation to a number of factors. It was not possible to relate the variation in algal numbers to the wind parameters studied and it is postulated that water currents, set up by the abstraction of water, may be influencing the distribution. The variation of species composition in the different parts of the lake was summarised by means of diversity and heterogeneity indices. It was found difficult to relate the differences in diversity indices to the position of the transects sampled; which again was probably the result of the complex water patterns likely to exist in the lake. Average mean heterogeneity indices indicated that four transects were relatively different from each other and from the other transects studied; reasons for the differences are suggested.     

Bioclimatic analysis in a region of southern Italy (Calabria)

In this study, an analysis of precipitation and temperature data has been performed over 67 series observed in a region of southern Italy (Calabria). At first, to detect possible trends in the time series, an analysis was performed with the Mann–Kendall non-parametric test applied at monthly and seasonal scale. An additional investigation, useful for checking the climate change effects on vegetation, has also been included analysing bioclimatic indicators. In particular, Emberger, Rivas-Martinez and De Martonne indices were calculated by using monthly temperature and precipitation data in the period 1916–2010. The spatial pattern of the indices has been evaluated and, in order to link the vegetation and the indices, different indices maps have been intersected with the land cover data, given by the Corine Land Cover map. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the indices and of the vegetation has been analysed. Results suggest that climate change may be responsible for the forest cover change, but, given also the good relationship between the various types of bioclimate and forest formations, human activities must be considered.     

Assessing the multicomponent aspect of coral fish diversity: The impact of sampling unit dimensions

The influence of variations in sampling unit dimensions on the assessment of fish species structuring has been widely documented. However, this issue has been restricted to a very limited range of community and population indices (mainly species richness and density). Here, we have investigated this issue through the analysis of 13 diversity indices related to 3 diversity components (number of species, evenness and functional diversity). We analyzed a large set of 257 standardized underwater visual census (UVC) transects dealing with 254 coral fish species. The sensitivity of the indices to the variation in sampling unit dimensions was studied by comparing a range of 55 couples of transect length and width representing 34 sampling surfaces. We found that the extent and profile of the sensitivity to changes in transect dimensions strongly varied both from one index to another and from one dimension to another (length and width). The most sensitive indices were more strongly impacted by variation in length than width. We also showed that for a fixed transect surface, the couple of chosen length and width may alter the assessment of indices related to each of the three main diversity components studied. Some widely used diversity indices, such as species richness and Shannon index, appeared to be very sensitive to changes in transect length and width. In contrast, while still very little used in coral fish studies, two functional diversity indices (FDiv, FEve), and to a lesser extent an evenness index (Berger–Parker), remained robust in the face of change in sampling dimensions. By showing that the variation in sampling dimensions (length, width and surface) may impact diversity indices in a contrasting manner, we stress the need to take into account the sensitivity of the indices to this criterion in the process of selection of the indices to be analyzed in diversity studies. Finally, we found that 30 m long*5 m wide transects might be a suitable compromise size for assessing the patterns of each of the three major complementary components of coral fish diversity.     

Change in certain indices of the muscle tissue energy metabolism of rats depending on their initial level under the action of vibration]

The response of isolated muscle tissue of white rats to low-frequency vibration has been studied. It was shown on single individuals that a negative correlation exists between the values of changes in respiration intensity, creatinephosphate, and lactic acid contents, and the initial lewel of these indices. Such individual response of muscles to vibration is a non-specific cellular reaction to injury. Notwithstanding the changes of these indices in single individuals, the average populational level of these indices remains unchanged. Hence, the average level is insufficient for the characteristics of cellular reaction.     

Functional characteristics of hemodynamics in adolescents under the conditions of different motor activities

The formation of functional systems in correspondence with the conditions of natural activity is the most important issue of developmental physiology. In this study, data on the assessment of the state of central and cerebral hemodynamics, as well as indices of spectral analysis of the heart rate’s variability (HRV) in adolescents depending on the level of motor activity has been collected and systematized. The possibility of integration of methods of rheoencephallography and cardiorythmography for the assessment of the characteristics of the ontogenetic formation of the cardiovascular system has been studied. Analysis of the formation of indices of hemodynamics during an academic year and the training cycle in swimmers and healthy adolescents who do not enroll in sports classes has been made. Changes in, and correlations between, the parameters of central hemodynamics and cerebral circulation, as well as parameters of HRV, have been detected. Analysis of the changes in the statistical indices of the cardiac rhythm in adolescents during an academic year on the basis of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the state of regulatory systems, as well as the determination of the direction of the response to the combination of academic loads and the factor of physical training, permitted a detailed study of changes that take place in some hemodynamic parameters in athletes and students, which is of particular importance for the diagnosis of their functional state.     

Functional indices of the human state and work capacity under monotonous conditions

The operator's letter apprehension activity has been handled in the experimental conditions. Under monotonous conditions worsening of the capacity for work (the increase of decision time and number of mistakes) has been shown to be correlated with the value of such electrophysiological indices as longevity of alpha-rythm blockade, amplitude and frequency amplitude characteristics of electroencephalogram, interhemispheric and central-occipital asymmetry coefficients, frequency and variability of heart-rate. The character of changes of electrophysiological indices depends on the individual psychophysiological characteristics.     

农业生态经济系统生产力评价指标体系研究

本文着眼于如何把生态经济理论应用于生产实践,探讨了农业生态经济系统生产力评价指标体系的建立原则和方法,设计出一套包括6项综合指标在内的评价指标体系,并根据对北京留民营、窦店2个典型系统的计算,初步确定出京郊农业生态经济系统的参照指标,从而进一步对京郊渠头农场的系统生产力水平进行了评估分析,取得了比较满意的结果。     

Dielectric properties of human sweat fluid in the microwave range

The dielectric properties of sweat fluid gathered from different zones of the human body have been studied in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. It has been shown that the dielectric properties of sweat of different zones differ. The dependence of refraction and absorption indices on the frequency of the signal and the mass concentration of substances dissolved in sweat liquid has been determined.     

Characteristics of the genetic structure of parasite and host populations by the example of helminthes from moor frog Rana arvalis Nilsson

The genetic structure of populations of four helminth species from moor frog Rana arvalis, in comparison with the population-genetic structure of the host, has been studied with the gel-electrophoresis method. As compared with the host, parasites are characterized by more distinct deviation from the balance of genotypic frequencies and higher level of interpopulation genetic differences. The genetic variability indices in the three of four frog helminthes examined are lower than those in the host. Moreover, these indices are lower than the average indices typical of free-living invertebrates; this fact contradicts the opinion on polyhostality of these helminthes and their wide distribution.     

Using the relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity to assess functional redundancy in streams of an altered tropical watershed

The relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity indices has been used to better describe and understand the structure of biological communities. Functional diversity is expected to have an asymptotic relationship with species richness because at some point, the addition of new species will increase some of the already established functional groups (functional redundancy). However, the asymptotic relationship may not be reached in intermediately disturbed systems once many intolerant species that would have played a redundant role or even represented some functional groups have been lost. This study aimed to address such a relationship (taxonomic and functional indices) and to evaluate the functional redundancy in intermediately disturbed streams in the Atlantic Rainforest domain. We expected a positive linear relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity; however, we did not expect to find an asymptotic relationship between richness and functional diversity because of the loss of many intolerant species caused by anthropogenic uses. The taxonomic diversity indices were Species Richness (SR) and Simpson’s Diversity (SD), while the functional diversity indices were the Functional Richness (FRic) and Functional Dispersion (FDisp). The two taxonomic and two functional diversity indices showed a significant positive relationship that never reached an asymptote, suggesting low functional redundancy in the fish communities. Our results indicate that care is needed in the management of the studied streams because assemblies with low functional redundancy are more susceptible to loss of functions in the case of species loss.     

Contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the phenotypic variability of major indices of child development at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis

Main indices of physical development of monozygotic and dizygotic twins were investigated during 13 years period. Using the coefficients of the within-pair correlation of characters studied an attempt was made to estimate the correlative contribution of genetic and environmental determinants to formation of phenotypic variance of height, weight and chest circumference from birth up to 13 years old. The indices of composing components obtained suggest that underlying formation of phenotypic variance of each of the characters analysed are the mechanisms reflecting qualitative, quantitative and time peculiarities of functioning of polygenic systems involved in determination of characters studied and peculiarities of their interaction with environmental factors.     

The effect of gangliosides on the adhesive interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human cells

The influence of a number of gangliosides and sialic acid on the adhesive interaction of meningococci and human cells have been studied. Sialic acid has been found to produce no influence on adhesion, and the preliminary treatment of meningococci with gangliosides or their preparations suppresses the capacity of meningococci for attachment to epithelial cells and erythrocytes. At the same time the degree of the inhibition of adhesion depends on the kind and concentration of gangliosides. On the contrary, after the treatment of target cells with gangliosides (1.25 micrograms/ml) the adhesion indices of meningococci with respect to these cells increase 5- to 8-fold. These data are indicative of the participation of gangliosides in the adhesive interaction of meningococci and human cells.     

The time required for adapting to academic load for students living in a climatically uncomfortable geographic region

The time required for adaptation, as judged by the indices of the cardiovascular system, has been investigated in Tyvan on Russian students of an institution of higher education. It has been shown that adaptation to the academic load is influenced by not only age-specific, but also the ethnic characteristics of the students living in extreme climatic and geographical conditions. First- and second-year students of indigenous ethnic groups have lower functional indices of the cardiovascular system as compared with Russians, and adequate adaptive reactions in response to studying are formed during the final years of education.     

Physical work capacity of athletes with different types of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system

Indices of physical work capacity in athletes with different types of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system that are engaged in various kinds of sports and have sports ranks from Master of Sports to Grade 2 have been studied. It has been shown that the highest physical work capacity is typical of athletes that have the inotropic type of adaptation, and the lowest, of athletes with the chronotropic type of adaptation. High indices of physical work capacity were recorded in athletes with the respiratory type of adaptation. Types of adaptation affect the indices of physical work capacity, and it is possible to forecast sports results on their basis.