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1.
Peng Wang Liesje Mommer Jasper van Ruijven Frank Berendse Trofim C. Maximov Monique M. P. D. Heijmans 《Plant and Soil》2016,406(1-2):55-69
Background &; aims
Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) can affect soil-plant systems via stimulating plant growth, rhizosphere activity and the decomposition of added (crop residues) or existing (priming) soil organic carbon (C). Increases in C inputs via root exudation, rhizodeposition and root turnover are likely to alter the decomposition of crop residues but will ultimately depend on the N content of the residues and the soil.Methods
Two soil column experiments were conducted under ambient CO2 (aCO2, 390 ppm) and eCO2 (700 ppm) in a glasshouse using dual-labelled (13C/15N) residues of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Yitpi) and field pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. PBA Twilight). The effects of eCO2 and soil N status on wheat rhizosphere activity and residue decomposition and also N recovery from crop residues with different N status (C/N ratio 19.4–115.4) by different plant treatments (wheat, wheat + 25 mg N kg?1 and field pea).Results
Total belowground CO2 efflux was enhanced under eCO2 despite no increases in root biomass. Plants decreased residue decomposition, indicating a negative rhizosphere effect. For wheat, eCO2 reduced the negative rhizosphere effect, resulting in greater rates of decomposition and recovery of N from field pea residues, but only when N fertiliser was added. For field pea, eCO2 enhanced the negative rhizosphere effect resulting in lower decomposition rates and N recovery from field pea residue.Conclusions
The effect of eCO2 on N utilisation varied with the type of residue, enhancing N utilisation of wheat but repressing that of field pea residues, which in turn could alter the amount of N supplied to subsequent crops. Furthermore, reduced decomposition of residues under eCO2 may slow the formation of new soil C and have implications for long-term soil fertility.2.
Background and aims
In Malawi, strategies are being sought to boost maize production through improvements in soil fertility. This study assessed the impact of intercropping maize (Zea mays) with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in Lixisols of Malawi on yield, biological N fixation, soil aggregation, and P forms within soil aggregates.Methods
Maize and pigeon pea were grown intercropped in pots, with varying degrees of root interaction in order to understand the relative importance of biochemical versus physical rhizospheric interactions. Following harvest, soils were separated into aggregate fractions using wet-sieving, and the nutrient content of all fractions was assessed.Results
The proportion of macroaggregates and microaggregates increased by 52 and 111%, respectively, in the intercropping treatment compared to sole maize, which significantly increased organic P storage in the microaggregates of intercropped compared to sole maize (84 versus 29 mg P kg?1, respectively). Biologically fixed N increased from 89% in the sole pigeon pea to 96% in the intercropped system.Conclusions
Intercropping maize with pigeon pea can have a significant and positive impact on soil structure as well as nutrient storage in these high P-sorbing soils. This is caused primarily by physical root contact and to a lesser degree by biochemical activities.3.
pH as a proxy for estimating plant-available Si? A case study in rice fields in Karnataka (South India) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jean-Dominique Meunier Kollalu Sandhya Nagabovanalli B. Prakash Daniel Borschneck Philippe Dussouillez 《Plant and Soil》2018,431(1-2):143-157
Background and aims
Soil nutrient dynamics are affected by root-microbe interactions and plant development. We investigated the influence of plant growth stage and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) rhizodeposition and the transfer into the microbial biomass (MB).Methods
Pea varieties (Pisum sativum L.) with (Frisson) and without mycorrhiza (P2) were 13C-15N-labelled and harvested at 45, 63, 71, and 95 days after sowing. Mycorrhization, MB, total C, N, 13C, 15N were determined in plant and soil compartments to calculate C and N derived from rhizodeposition (CdfR, NdfR).Results
Total CdfR increased until pea maturity, NdfR until end of flowering. Their relative contribution steadily decreased over time, accounting for 4–10% of total plant C and N at harvest. Rhizodeposition contributed between 1 and 6% to MB C and N, although 20% of the rhizodeposits were discovered in the MB. Frisson released more NdfR than P2 but it was not possible to accurately estimate AMF effects on C and N due to differences in biomass partitioning.Conclusions
CdfR followed an even flow from early growth until senescence. NdfR flow ceased after flowering possibly due to N relocation within the plant. Rhizodeposits contribute very little to MB in our study.4.
Gustavo Boitt Amanda Black Steve A. Wakelin Richard W. McDowell Leo M. Condron 《Plant and Soil》2018,427(1-2):163-174
Aims
We assessed and quantified the cumulative impact of 20 years of biomass management on the nature and bioavailability of soil phosphorus (P) accumulated from antecedent fertiliser inputs.Methods
Soil (0–2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10 cm) and plant samples were taken from replicate plots in a grassland field experiment maintained for 20 years under contrasting plant biomass regimen- biomass retained or removed after mowing. Analyses included dry matter production and P uptake, root biomass, total soil carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total P, soil P fractionation, and 31P NMR spectroscopy.Results
Contemporary plant production and P uptake were over 2-fold higher for the biomass retained compared with the biomass removed regimes. Soil C, total P, soluble and labile forms of inorganic and organic soil P were significantly higher under biomass retention than removal.Conclusions
Reserves of soluble and labile inorganic P in soil were significantly depleted in response to continued long-term removal of P in plant biomass compared to retention. However, this was only sufficient to sustain plant production at half the level observed for the biomass retention after 20 years, which was partly attributed to limited mobilisation of organic P in response to P removal.5.
N transfer in three-species grass-clover mixtures with chicory,ribwort plantain or caraway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nawa Raj Dhamala Jim Rasmussen Georg Carlsson Karen Søegaard Jørgen Eriksen 《Plant and Soil》2017,413(1-2):217-230
Background and aims
There is substantial evidence that legume-derived Nitrogen (N) is transferred to neighboring non-legumes in grassland mixtures. However, there is sparse information about how deep rooted non-legume forage herbs (forbs) influence N transfer in multi-species grasslands.Methodology
Red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) was grown together with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and one of three forb species: chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) or caraway (Carum carvi L.) in a field experiment. During the first year after the establishment, red clover leaves were labeled with 15N-urea to determine the N transfer from red clover to companion ryegrass and forbs.Results
On an annual basis, up to 15 % of red clover N was transferred to the companion ryegrass and forbs, but predominantly to the grass. The forb species did not differ in their ability to take up clover N, but biomass production and soil N acquisition was higher in chicory and plantain than in caraway.Conclusions
Grass relied to a great extent on clover N, whereas forbs relied on soil N. Soil 15N-enrichment indicated that N transfer occurred in the upper soil layers and that a dependence on clover-derived N did not necessarily give grass a growth advantage.6.
Heithem Ben Abdallah Hans-Jörg Mai Ana Álvarez-Fernández Javier Abadía Petra Bauer 《Plant and Soil》2017,413(1-2):45-57
Aims
Urban soils are the basis of many ecosystem services in cities. Here, we examine formerly residential vacant lot soils in Cleveland, Ohio and Detroit, Michigan, USA for their potential to provide multiple ecosystem services. We examine two key contrasts: 1) differences between cities and 2) differences within vacant lots created during demolition, specifically pre-existing (i.e., prior to demolition) soils outside of the building footprint and fill soils added within the former building’s footprint.Methods
Deep soil cores were collected from vacant lots in Cleveland and Detroit. Soil properties that are proxies for three ecosystem services were measured: hydraulic conductivity for stormwater retention, topsoil depth and soil nitrogen (N) level for support for plant growth, and soil carbon (C) content for C storage.Results
Both city and soil group contrasts created distinct ecosystem service provisioning based on proxy measures. Cleveland soils had greater hydraulic conductivity and greater soil C and N levels but thinner topsoil layers than Detroit. Within vacant lots of both cities, pre-existing soils had greater soil C and N levels, but lower hydraulic conductivity values than fill soils.Conclusions
Soil properties of vacant lots were generally suitable for providing multiple ecosystem services. City-level differences in soil properties created differences in ecosystem service potential between cities and these differences were evident in pre-existing and fill soils. When comparing between cities, though, fill soils were more similar than pre-existing soils indicating some homogenization of ecosystem service potential with greater redistribution of soil.7.
D. Jacob C. Deborde M. Lefebvre M. Maucourt A. Moing 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(4):36
Introduction
Concerning NMR-based metabolomics, 1D spectra processing often requires an expert eye for disentangling the intertwined peaks.Objectives
The objective of NMRProcFlow is to assist the expert in this task in the best way without requirement of programming skills.Methods
NMRProcFlow was developed to be a graphical and interactive 1D NMR (1H & 13C) spectra processing tool.Results
NMRProcFlow (http://nmrprocflow.org), dedicated to metabolic fingerprinting and targeted metabolomics, covers all spectra processing steps including baseline correction, chemical shift calibration and alignment.Conclusion
Biologists and NMR spectroscopists can easily interact and develop synergies by visualizing the NMR spectra along with their corresponding experimental-factor levels, thus setting a bridge between experimental design and subsequent statistical analyses.8.
Improving N management through intercropping alleviates the inhibitory effect of mineral N on nodulation in pea 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Background and aims
Symbiotic N2 fixation is essential in the development of sustainable agriculture, but the nodulation of legumes is usually inhibited by N fertilization. Here, the intercropping of maize and pea in strips under various N managements was used as a means to alleviate the inhibitory effect of mineral N on pea nodulation and N2 fixation and to improve system performance.Methods
N natural abundance (δ 15N) analysis was employed to quantify N2 fixation in the 3 years (2012 to 2014) of field experiment in Hexi Corridor of Northwestern China. Four N management systems with N rate of 0 kg N ha?1 (the control), 90?+?45 kg N ha?1 (base N plus topdressing N), 90?+?90 kg N ha?1, and 90?+?135 kg N ha?1 were implemented in the maize/pea strip intercropping to form different ratios of base N to topdressing N.Results
Intercropped pea improved nodule biomass per plant by 99 %, increased nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by 35 %, and promoted aboveground plant tissue N accumulation by 35 % as compared with sole pea, averaged across the four N treatments. Compared to the highest N fertilizer treatment, a reduction of topdressing to 45 kg N ha?1 increased the nodule biomass of intercropped pea by 116 %, Ndfa by 35 %, and grain yield by 6 %.Conclusions
Adaptation of suitable N management in cereal/legume intercropping systems will allow an effective conversion of atmospheric N2 into crop available N and thus maximizing the system productivity.9.
Nicole M. DeCrappeo Elizabeth J. DeLorenze Andrew T. Giguere David A. Pyke Peter J. Bottomley 《Plant and Soil》2017,416(1-2):271-281
Aim
There is interest in determining how cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) modifies N cycling in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) soils of the western USA.Methods
To gain insight into the roles of fungi and bacteria in N cycling of cheatgrass-invaded and uninvaded sagebrush soils, the fungal protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), and the bacteriocidal compound, bronopol (BRO) were combined with a 15NH4 + isotope pool dilution approach.Results
CHX reduced gross N mineralization to the same rate in both sagebrush and cheatgrass soils indicating a role for fungi in N mineralization in both soil types. In cheatgrass soils BRO completely inhibited gross N mineralization, whereas, in sagebrush soils a BRO-resistant gross N mineralization rate was detected that was slower than CHX sensitive gross N mineralization, suggesting that the microbial drivers of gross N mineralization were different in sagebrush and cheatgrass soils. Net N mineralization was stimulated to a higher rate in sagebrush than in cheatgrass soils by CHX, implying that a CHX inhibited N sink was larger in the former than the latter soils. Initial gross NH4 + consumption rates were reduced significantly by both CHX and BRO in both soil types, yet, consumption rates recovered significantly between 24 and 48 h in CHX-treated sagebrush soils. The recovery of NH4 + consumption in sagebrush soils corresponded with an increase in the rate of net nitrification.Conclusions
These results suggest that cheatgrass invasion of sagebrush soils of the northern Great Basin reduces the capacity of the fungal N consumption sink, enhances the capacity of a CHX resistant N sink and alters the contributions of bacteria and fungi to gross N mineralization.10.
Rebecca A. Durham Kyle D. Doherty Anita J. Antoninka Philip W. Ramsey Matthew A. Bowker 《Plant and Soil》2018,430(1-2):151-169
Background and Aims
Biological soil crust (biocrust) communities, though common and important in the intermountain west, have received little research attention. There are gaps in understanding what influences biocrust species’ abundance and distributions in this ecoregion. Climatic, edaphic, topographic, and biotic forces, in addition to anthropogenic disturbance can all influence the biocrust.Methods
We determined the relative influence of several possible environmental filters in biocrust communities of western Montana (USA) grasslands at two spatial scales. The larger scale exploited strong topographically-dictated climatic variation across >60km2, while the smaller scale focused on differences among distinct microsites within ~700m2 plots.Results
We detected a total of 96 biocrust taxa, mostly lichens. Biocrust richness at each site ranged from 0 to 39 species, averaging 14 species. Insolation, aspect, and disturbance history were the strongest predictors of biocrust richness, abundance, and species turnover across the landscape; soil texture was influential for some biocrust community properties. Steep, north-facing slopes that receive longer periods of shade harbored higher diversity and cover of biocrust than south-facing sites. At a small scale, interspaces among native herbaceous communities supported the greatest diversity of biocrust species, but microsites under shrub canopies supported the greatest cover.Conclusions
We found that, among the variables investigated, tillage, insolation, soil texture and the associated vegetation community were the most important drivers of biocrust abundance and species richness. This study can inform the practice of restoration and conservation, and also guide future work to improve predictions of biocrust properties.11.
Jordane Gavinet Bernard Prévosto Anne Bousquet-Melou Raphaël Gros Elodie Quer Virginie Baldy Catherine Fernandez 《Plant and Soil》2018,430(1-2):59-71
Background & Aims
Oak seedling establishment is difficult and may be partly explained by litter-mediated interactions with neighbors. Litter effects can be physical or chemical and result in positive or negative feedback effects for seedlings. Mediterranean species leaves contain high levels of secondary metabolites which suggest that negative litter effects could be important.Methods
Seedlings of Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens were grown for two years in pots with natural soil and litter inputs from 6 Mediterranean woody species, artificial litter (only physical effect) or bare soil.Results
Litter types had highly different mass loss (41–80%), which correlated with soil organic C, total N and microbial activity. Litter of Q. pubescens increased soil humidity and oak seedlings aerial biomass. Litters of Cotinus coggygria and Rosmarinus officinalis, containing high quantities of phenolics and terpenes respectively, decomposed fast and led to specific soil microbial catabolic profiles but did not influence oak seedling growth, chemistry or mycorrhization rates.Conclusions
Physical litter effects through improved soil humidity seem to be predominant for oak seedling development. Despite high litter phenolics content, we detected no chemical effects on oak seedlings. Litter traits conferring a higher ability to retain soil moisture in dry periods deserve further attention as they may be critical to explain plant-soil feedbacks in Mediterranean ecosystems.12.
Background and Aims
Rock fragments within topsoil have important effects on soil properties and plant growth. This study mainly aimed to investigate the relationships between rock fragments, soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) densities and vegetation biomass in an alpine steppe.Methods
Rock fragments, plant and soil samples were collected from four topographic positions (top, upper, lower, and bottom) on a hillslope.Results
Volumetric rock fragment content within the 0–30 cm soil profile varied from 17.8 to 30.5%, the upper position value was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those at other positions. The highest aboveground biomass was observed at the lower position (921 kg ha?1), while the highest belowground biomass within the 0–30 cm profile was found at the upper position (4460 kg ha?1). More fine earth and plant litter input accompanied by lower C and N losses induced by rainfall erosion resulted in higher soil organic C and total N densities (28.6 Mg C ha?1 and 2.87 Mg N ha?1) at the lower position.Conclusions
Rock fragments may promote root growth but limit aboveground biomass production, and can therefore change the biomass distribution pattern. Our findings provide more evidence for scientifically assessing alpine steppe productivity.13.
Objective
To re-engineer the active site of proteins for non-natural substrates using a position-based prediction method (PBPM).Results
The approach has been applied to re-engineer the E. coli glutamate dehydrogenase to alter its substrate from glutamate to homoserine for a de novo 1,3-propanediol biosynthetic pathway. After identification of key residues that determine the substrate specificity, residue K92 was selected as a candidate site for mutation. Among the three mutations (K92V, K92C, and K92M) suggested by PBPM, the specific activity of the best mutant (K92 V) was increased from 171 ± 35 to 1328 ± 71 μU mg?1.Conclusion
The PBPM approach has a high efficiency for re-engineering the substrate specificity of natural enzymes for new substrates.14.
Nirmalee Bhagya Wijayalath Hengodage Anna Liisa Ruotsalainen Annamari Markkola Hely Häggman 《Plant and Soil》2017,414(1-2):171-180
Aims
Root fungal relationships in forest understory may be affected by tree harvesting. Deschampsia flexuosa forms a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi functioning in nutrient uptake, and a more loose association with dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi. We asked how harvesting affects fungal colonisations and whether DSE is more prone to change than AM.Methods
Deschampsia flexuosa plants were sampled close to a control or a cut tree after top-canopy harvesting in a primary successional site. Colonisations were studied using light microscopy. Shoot N%, vegetation cover and soil nutrients were determined.Results
Tree harvesting did not affect vegetation and soil parameters, except potassium (K+) increasing near cut trees. AM colonisation did not change, while DSE increased. Shoot N% increased with increasing DSE near cut trees. Hyaline septate (HSE) hyphae and soil K+ and magnesium (Mg2+) were positively correlated near control trees. Lichen cover and HSE correlated negatively.Conclusions
DSE colonisation increased but AM did not change after harvesting. Positive correlation of DSE with shoot N% near cut trees may suggest a role for DSE in favouring plant nitrogen uptake after disturbance in an open microsite. HSE may play a role in K+ and Mg2+ uptake.15.
Background and aims
Variations in root-associated fungal communities contribute to the so-called ‘crop rotation benefit’ on soil productivity. We assessed the effects of chickpea, lentil, and pea in wheat-based rotations, as compared to wheat monoculture, on the structure of root-associated fungal communities, and described the legacy of pulses on a following wheat crop.Methods
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 18S rRNA gene markers, and 454 amplicon pyrosequencing were used to describe the fungal communities of crop roots and rhizosphere soil in a field experiment and agronomic data were collected.Results
Pulses influenced only the structure of the non-mycorrhizal fungal community of roots. Fusarium tricinctum, Clonostachys rosea, Fusarium redolens, and Cryptococcus sp. were specific to certain crops. Despite the absence of selective effects of pulses on their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community, pea had a legacy effect on the structure of the AM fungal community associated with the roots of the following wheat crop, in one of the two year/sites examined. Species of Mortierella, Cryptococcus, and Paraglomus in wheat rhizosphere soil may benefit yield, whereas species of Fusarium, Davidiella, Lachnum, Sistotrema and Podospora may reduce yield.Conclusion
The effect of pulse crops on root fungal communities varied with rotation crop species. Pulses had various effects on the physiology of the following wheat crop, including increased productivity.16.
Hai-kun Ma Ana Pineda Andre W. G. van der Wurff T. Martijn Bezemer 《Plant and Soil》2018,431(1-2):257-272
Aim
To investigate the effects of biochar on biological and chemical phosphorus (P) processes and identify potential interactive effects between P fertilizer and biochar on P bioavailability in the rhizosphere of maize.Methods
We conducted a pot-experiment with maize in a sandy loam soil with two fertilizer levels (0 and 100 mg P kg ?1) and three biochars produced from soft wood (SW), rice husk (RH) and oil seed rape (OSR). Sequential P fractionation was performed on biochar, bulk soil, and rhizosphere soil samples. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and root exudates of citrate, glucose, fructose, and sucrose in the rhizosphere were determined.Results
RH and OSR increased readily available soil P, whereas SW had no effect. However, over time available P from the biochars moved to less available P pools (Al-P and Fe-P). There were no interactive effects between P fertilizer and biochar on P bioavailability. Exudates of glucose and fructose were strongly affected by especially RH, whereas sucrose was mostly affected by P fertilizer. Alkaline phosphatase activity was positively correlated with pH, and citrate was positively correlated with readily available P.Conclusion
Biochar effects on biological and chemical P processes in the rhizosphere are driven by biochar properties.17.
N. Cesbron A.-L. Royer Y. Guitton A. Sydor B. Le Bizec G. Dervilly-Pinel 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(8):99
Introduction
Collecting feces is easy. It offers direct outcome to endogenous and microbial metabolites.Objectives
In a context of lack of consensus about fecal sample preparation, especially in animal species, we developed a robust protocol allowing untargeted LC-HRMS fingerprinting.Methods
The conditions of extraction (quantity, preparation, solvents, dilutions) were investigated in bovine feces.Results
A rapid and simple protocol involving feces extraction with methanol (1/3, M/V) followed by centrifugation and a step filtration (10 kDa) was developed.Conclusion
The workflow generated repeatable and informative fingerprints for robust metabolome characterization.18.
Introduction
Root-mediated changes in soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, termed rhizosphere priming effects (RPE), play crucial roles in the global carbon (C) cycle, but their mechanisms and field relevance remain ambiguous. We hypothesize that nitrogen (N) shortages may intensify SOM decomposition in the rhizosphere because of increase of fine roots and rhizodeposition.Methods
RPE and their dependence on N-fertilization were studied using a C3-to-C4 vegetation change. N-fertilized and unfertilized soil cores, with and without maize, were incubated in the field for 50 days. Soil CO2 efflux was measured, partitioned for SOM- and root-derived CO2, and RPE was calculated. Plant biomass, microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), and enzyme activities (β-1,4-glucosidase; N-acetylglucosaminidase; L-leucine aminopeptidase) were analyzed.Results
Roots enhanced SOM mineralization by 35 % and 126 % with and without N, respectively. This was accompanied by higher specific root-derived CO2 in unfertilized soils. MBC, MBN and enzyme activities increased in planted soils, indicating microbial activation, causing positive RPE. N-fertilization had minor effects on MBC and MBN, but it reduced β-1,4-glucosidase and L-leucine aminopeptidase activities under maize through lower root-exudation. In contrast, N-acetylglucosaminidase activity increased with N-fertilization in planted and unplanted soils.Conclusions
This study showed the field relevance of RPE and confirmed that, despite higher root biomass, N availability reduces RPE by lowering root and microbial activity.19.
Marie J. Zwetsloot Johannes Lehmann Taryn Bauerle Steven Vanek Rachel Hestrin Abebe Nigussie 《Plant and Soil》2016,408(1-2):95-105
Aims
The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the fertilizer potential of bone char, (2) the effects of wood biochar on plant-available phosphorus (P), and (3) the role of root-mycorrhizae-biochar interactions in plant P acquisition from a P-fixing soil.Methods
Incubation and pot experiments were conducted with a P-fixing soil and maize with or without root hairs and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) inoculation. Olsen-, resin-P and plant P accumulation were used to estimate P availability from bone char, co-pyrolyzed bone char-wood biochar, and separate bone char and wood biochar additions produced at 60, 350 and 750 °C, and Triple Superphosphate (TSP).Results
Maize inoculated with AM showed similar P accumulation when fertilized with either 750 °C bone char or TSP. Pyrolyzing bone did not increase extractable P in soil in comparison to unpyrolyzed bone, apart from a 67 % increase in resin-extractable P after additions of bone char pyrolyzed at 350 °C. Despite greater Olsen-P extractability, co-pyrolysis of bone with wood reduced maize P uptake. Wood biochars reduced resin-P from bone char by 14–26 %, whereas oven-dried wood increased resin-P by 23 %.Conclusions
Bone char is an effective P fertilizer, especially if root-AM interactions are simultaneously considered. Biochar influences plant access to soil P and requires careful management to improve P availability.20.
B. Gómez-Muñoz L. S. Jensen A. de Neergaard A. E. Richardson J. Magid 《Plant and Soil》2018,429(1-2):159-174