Remediation of AMD Contaminated Soil by Two Types of Reeds

Acid mine drainage (AMD) adversely impacts many regions in the world. The interactions among citric acid (CA), rhizosphere bacteria and metal uptake in different types of Phragmites australis cultured in spiked AMD contaminated soil were investigated. Compared with non-contaminated reeds cultured under the same conditions, wild reeds harvested from a contaminated site accumulated more metals into tissues. Rhizosphere iron oxidizing bacteria (Fe(II)OB) enhanced the development of Fe plaque but had no significant impact on the formation of Mn and Al plaque on the root surface of either reeds. Plaque may restrain the accumulation of Fe and Mn into tissues of reeds. CA inhibited the growth of Fe(II)OB, reduced the formation of metal plaque and significantly elevated metal accumulations into both underground and aboveground biomass of reeds. The concentrations of Fe, Al and Mn were higher in belowground organs than aboveground tissues. The roots contained 0.28 ± 0.01 mg/g Mn, 3.09 ± 0.51 mg/g Al, 94.47 ± 5.75 mg/g Fe, while the stems accumulated 0.19 ± 0.01 mg/g Mn, 1.34 ± 0.02 mg/g Al, 10.32 ± 0.60 mg/g Fe in wild reeds cultured in soil added with 33,616 ppm CA. Further field investigations may be required to study the effect of CA to enhance phytoremediation of metals from real AMD contaminated sites.     

Moss and Peat Leachate Degradability by Heterotrophic Bacteria: The Fate of Organic Carbon and Trace Metals

The respiration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by aerobic heterotrophic bacterioplankton in boreal surface waters is one of the major factors that regulate CO₂ exchange of lakes and rivers with the atmosphere in arctic and subarctic zones. The DOM that originates from topsoil leaching and vegetation degradation is brought to the lakes by surface flow and is subjected to coagulation and degradation by heterotrophic bacteria, which are well-established processes in the majority of boreal aquatic settings. The behavior of colloids and organic complexes of trace metals during this process is virtually unknown. In this work, we studied the interaction of two model heterotrophic bacteria, soil Pseudomonas aureofaciens and aquatic Pseudomonas reactans, with peat and Sphagnum moss leachates from the permafrost region under controlled laboratory conditions in nutrient-free media. The moss leachate was the better substrate for bacterial survival, with P. reactans exhibiting an order of magnitude higher live cell number compared with P. aureofaciens. In eight-day experiments, we analyzed organic carbon and ～40 major and trace elements (TEs) during heterotrophic bacteria growth. The total net decrease in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was similar for both bacteria and ranged from 30 mg g_wet^?1 to ≤10 mg g_wet^?1 during 8 days for the moss and peat leachate, respectively. Despite significant evolutions of pH, DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and cell number, most major (Mg, K, and Ca) and TEs remained nearly constant (within ±30% of the control). Only Fe, Al, P, Zn, Mn, Co, and Ba and to a much lesser extent Cd, Pb, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), U, Ti, and Zr were affected (p??1 to µg L^?1 and followed the order DOC >> P >> Ba > Zn ≥ Fe ≥ Al > Mn > Cu ≥ Sr > Zr ≥ Ti > Ni ≥ Co > REEs ≥ U > Hf～Th, which reflected the abundance of the elements in the two substrates. Generally, the soil exopolysaccharide producing bacterium P. aureofaciens in the peat leachate had the greatest impact of the four combinations investigated in this study (two bacteria with two substrates). Under ongoing environmental changes in the boreal zone, the autochthonous processes of bacterioplankton activity are able to decrease the concentrations of a very limited number of TEs, including mainly Fe and several macro- (P) and micro- (Zn, Mn, and Ba) nutrients.     

Mineral composition variation in the shells of freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana at different growth stages

The levels of mineral element Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Al, As, Ag, Cd, and Tl were quantified in the whole shells of the freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana at three different growth stages (i.e. J1 juveniles of 1 month old, J2 juveniles of 3.5 months old, and adults of 36 months old). The concentrations of Na and Al were different between different growth stages (p < 0.05). The highest Na concentrations (2715 ± 86 μg/g dry weight) were found in J2 juveniles. The highest Al concentrations (303.9 ± 5.95 μg/g dry weight) were found in J1 juveniles. Manganese concentrations (517.0 ± 47.98 μg/g dry weight) were significantly higher in J2 juveniles than in J1 juveniles (432.3 ± 9.87 μg/g dry weight) (p < 0.05). Copper concentrations (27.32 ± 0.15 μg/g dry weight) were significantly higher in J1 juveniles than in J2 juveniles (26.21 ± 0.86 μg/g dry weight) and adults (24.74 ± 1.43 μg/g dry weight) (p < 0.05). Burdens of Na, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, Ag, and Tl were positively correlated with the shell length (p < 0.05). These findings can possibly contribute to an understanding of elemental requirements for shell growth and, hence, facilitate improvement of survival and growth rates during artificial mussel culture.     

Decontamination of coal mine effluent generated at the Rajrappa coal mine using phytoremediation technology

Toxicity of the effluent generated at the Rajrappa coal mine complex under the Central Coalfields Limited (CCL, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited) in Jharkhand, India was investigated. The concentrations (mg L^?1) of all the toxic metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd) in the coal mine effluent were above the safe limit suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 2003). Among these, Fe showed the highest concentration (18.21 ± 3.865), while Cr had the lowest effluent concentration (0.15 ± 0.014). Efforts were also made to detoxify the effluent using two species of aquatic macrophytes namely “‘Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes.” After 10 days of phytoremediation, S. molesta removed Pb (96.96%) > Ni (97.01%) > Cu (96.77%) > Zn (96.38%) > Mn (96.22%) > Fe (94.12%) > Cr (92.85%) > Cd (80.99%), and P. stratiotes removed Pb (96.21%) > Fe (94.34%) > Ni (92.53%) > Mn (85.24%) > Zn (79.51%) > Cr (78.57%) > Cu (74.19%) > Cd (72.72%). The impact of coal mine exposure on chlorophyll content showed a significant decrease of 42.49% and 24.54% from control values in S. molesta and P. stratiotes, respectively, perhaps due to the damage inflicted by the toxic metals, leading to the decay of plant tissues.     

Chemical speciation of some heavy metals and human health risk assessment in soil around two municipal dumpsites in Sagamu,Ogun state,Nigeria

Environmental and health risk posed by heavy metals from municipal landfill cannot be over emphasized. However, the toxicity and fate of metal in the soil is dependent on its chemical form and therefore quantification of the different forms of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its total concentration. This study investigated the chemical form and potential hazards of heavy metal pollution at two municipal landfills in Sagamu, Ogun state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected around the landfills and chemical form of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Fe were studied, using the Tessier Five-step sequential chemical extraction procedure. The results showed that Cu and Fe were speciated into residual fractions with averages of 23.9 and 31.3% respectively, while Cd and Zn were associated with Carbonate fractions with respective averages of 20.3 and 20.6%. The order of mobility and bioavailability of these metals are: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Fe. A comparison of the result of total extractible metals with standard set by USEPA reveals that Cd and Cu level in the dumpsite soils are far above the critical permissible limit of 3.0 and 250 mg kg^?1, respectively which potent a health risk. Assessment of soil pollution level using geoaccumulation index (I_geo) revealed that the landfill was extremely polluted by Cd (I_geo > 5). Pearson correlation and principal component analysis showed that there were no significant correlations (p < 0.05) among all the metals, suggesting that they are all from different anthropogenic sources. The cancer risk ranged from 1.36E?01 to 2.18E?04 and 5.82E?01 to 9.35E?04 for Children and Adult respectively. The level of cancer risk falls above the threshold values (10^?4–10^?6) which US Environmental Protection Agency considered as unacceptable risk. Based on the above findings, it was suggested that environmental management policy should be implemented to decrease the environmental risks.     

Accumulation of metals and metalloids in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) irrigated with domestic wastewater in the peri-urban areas of Khushab City,Pakistan

Accumulation of different metals and metalloids was assessed in two vegetables radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) irrigated with domestic wastewater in the peri-urban areas of Khushab City, Pakistan. In general, the metal and metalloid concentrations in radish and spinach were higher at site-II treated with sewage water than those found at site-I treated with canal water. In case of radish at both sites the levels of metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, and Pb) were below the permissible level except those of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.047–228.3 mg kg^?1 with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: As > Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Mo > Se > Co > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cu, respectively. While in case of spinach at both sites, the concentrations of metals and metalloids in vegetable samples irrigated with canal and sewage water were observed below the permissible level except Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.038–245.4 mg kg^?1 with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: Cd > Ni > Co > Se > Mn > Zn > Mo > Pb > Fe > Cr > As > Cu, respectively.     

INTRACELLULAR METAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION IN THE GREEN ALGAL MODEL SYSTEM MICRASTERIAS DENTICULATA (STREPTOPHYTA) MEASURED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY–COUPLED ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY1

Entry of metals in form of aerosols into areas of high air humidity such as peat bogs represents a serious danger for inhabiting organisms such as the unicellular desmid Micrasterias denticulata Bréb. ex Ralfs (Desmidiaceae, Zynematophyceae, Streptophyta). To understand cellular detoxification and tolerance mechanisms, detailed intracellular localization of metal pollutants is required. This study localizes the metals aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) in the green algal model system Micrasterias after experimental exposure to sulfate solutions by highly sensitive TEM‐coupled electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Concentrations of the metals shown to induce inhibiting effects on cell development and cytomorphogenesis were chosen for these experiments. Long‐term exposure to these metal concentrations led to a pronounced impact on cell physiology expressed by a general decrease in apparent photosynthesis. After long‐term treatment, Zn, Al, and Cu were detected in the cell walls by EELS. Zn was additionally found in vacuoles and mucilage vesicles, and Cu in starch grains and also in mucilage vesicles. Elevated amounts of oxygen in areas where Zn, Al, and Cu were localized suggest sequestration of these metals as oxides. The study demonstrated that Micrasterias can cope differently with metal pollutants. In low doses and during a limited time period, the cells were able to compartmentalize Cu the best, followed by Zn and Al. Cu and Zn were taken up into intracellular compartments, whereas Al was only bound to the cell wall. Cd was not compartmentalized at all, which explains its strongest impact on growth, cell division rate, and photosynthesis in Micrasterias.     

Heavy Metals in Antarctic Notothenioid Fish from South Bay, Livingston Island, South Shetlands (Antarctica)

The Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mn contents of the liver, spleen, muscle, bones, scales, gills, and the whole body of 3- to 7-year-old notothenioid Antarctic cod (Notothenia coriiceps, Richardson, 1844) were measured. The highest heavy metal concentrations obtained are as follows: Cd in liver, the mean value was 1.36 ± 0.19 mg/kg dry weight (wt); Pb and Zn in spleen, the mean values were 3.33 ± 0.86 and 143.97 ± 16.17 mg/kg dry wt, respectively; Cu in gills, 3.76 ± 1.16 mg/kg dry wt; and Mn in scales, 14.80 ± 4.77 mg/kg dry wt. The comparison with the data reported up to now shows that the metal concentrations varied within relative wide ranges. These first data obtained could be used as a baseline to investigate further relationships among metal contents in fish, their diet, and habitat.     

Zn,Cd, S and trace metal bioaccumulation in willow (Salix spp.) cultivars grown hydroponically

Willows (Salix spp.) can be used to phytoremediate soils contaminated by Zn and Cd under certain conditions. In this study, the ability of 14 Salix cultivars to concentrate Cd, Zn and S in leaves was measured in hydroponic culture with 10 and 200 µM Cd and Zn, respectively, in the nutrient medium. The cultivars showed a wide range of biomass yields, tolerance to metals, and foliar concentrations of Zn and Cd, with some cultivars accumulating up to 1000 mg kg^?1 Zn, 70 mg kg^?1 Cd and 10,000 mg kg^?1 S with only mild phytotoxicity symptoms attributable to excess Zn. Cultivars with higher foliar Zn concentrations tended to have higher foliar Cd concentrations as well, and competition between Zn and Cd for uptake was observed. Exposure of Salix cultivars to Cd and Zn did not affect foliar concentrations of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, but trace metal concentrations in leaves were significantly reduced (Fe and Cu) or increased (Mn) by exposure to excess Zn and Cd. Sulfur-XANES spectroscopy showed foliar S to be predominantly in highly oxidized (sulfate plus sulfonate) and reduced (thiol) forms, with oxidized S more prevalent in willows with the highest total S content.     

Concentration Levels of Selected Metals in the Leaves of Different Species of Thyme (T. schimperi and T. vulgaris) Grown in Ethiopia

The contents of some selected metals Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd in different thyme leaf samples widely consumed in Ethiopia were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) after acid digestion with 1:1 HNO₃/HClO₄ for 3 h at a temperature of 240°C by a Kjeldahl apparatus hot plate digester. The level of the nutrients in the four samples ranged from 1,239–2,517 μg/g, Ca; 1,524–1,786 μg/g, Mg; 728–2,517 μg/g, Fe; 37.7–114 μg/g, Mn; 2.59–4.3 μg/g, Co; 7.69–9.3 μg/g, Cu; 8.7–52 μg/g, Zn; and 9.83–14.2 μg/g, Ni; respectively. While the level of toxic metal Cd in the four samples ranged from 0.87–1.3 μg/g. The concentration of Ca was higher than the other metals in the three samples and Cd was the least of all the metals in the analyzed samples. The overall reproducibility of the method obtained from spiking experiment was within the range ±10%. This result will complement available data on food composition in Ethiopia.     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价.结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全.个别产区常山...     

Comparison of heavy metal phytoremediation in monoculture and intercropping systems of Phyllostachys praecox and Sedum plumbizincicola in polluted soil

A bamboo species (Phyllostachys praecox) and a Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator (Sedum plumbizincicola) were tested under different planting systems to compare their heavy metal phytoremediation ability. P. praecox (MP), S. plumbizincicola (MS) and P. praecox × S. plumbizincicola (IPS) plantations were established in Cu, Zn, and Cd-contaminated soil. Soil properties and heavy metal contents in plants were determined and compared after four years of plantation establishment. The rankings of available and total metal contents in soil layers were MP > MS > IPS (0–20 cm) and MP > IPS > MS (20–40 cm, except for Cu), respectively. The Cu and Zn contents in mature bamboo tissues were significantly lower, but the Cd contents in bamboo tissues (except for leaves) higher, in the IPS than in the MP. The bioconcentration and the translocation factors in most of bamboo tissues showed an increasing trend from the MP to the IPS. Heavy metal distribution in plants is greatly affected by the planting patterns. The tested intercropping system of two plant species showed higher biomass productivity, implying more heavy metals can be removed from the soil through the harvesting of plants. Therefore, the IPS leads to significant improvement of soil phytoremediation.     

Evaluation of trace metals in sediment,water, and fish (Mugil cephalus) of the central Black Sea coast of Turkey

In this study, concentrations of trace metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Ni, Sn, Se, and Zn were determined in sediments, water, and a kind of fish (Mugil cephalus) of the central Black Sea coasts by employing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and microwave digestion technique. Gill, muscle, liver, and other tissues were analyzed separately for each sample. The accuracy of the results were checked by using a certified reference material (DORM-4). In water samples, the metal determined at highest concentrations was Cu (1645.44 µg/L). In sediment samples, the metal determined at highest concentrations was Fe (12223.50 mg/kg). The levels of trace metals found in the different parts of the fish were: Zn in muscle tissue (30393.28 mg/kg), Sn in gill tissue (5140.08 mg/kg), and Cu in liver tissue (289.31 mg/kg). These results were also compared with various relevant guidelines and literature.     

Phytoextraction of Risk Elements by Willow and Poplar Trees

To characterize the phytoextraction efficiency of two clones of willow trees (Salix x smithiana Willd., Salix rubens) and two clones of poplar trees (Populus nigra x maximowiczii, Populus nigra Wolterson) were planted in contaminated soil (0.4–2.0 mg Cd.kg^?1, 78–313 mg Zn.kg^?1, 21.3–118 mg Cu.kg^?1). Field experiment was carried out in Czech Republic. The study investigated their ability to accumulate heavy metals (Cd, Zn, and Cu) in harvestable plant parts. The poplars produced higher amount of biomass than willows. Both Salix clones accumulated higher amount of Cd, Zn and Cu in their biomass (maximum 6.8 mg Cd.kg^?1, 909 mg Zn.kg^?1, and 17.7 mg Cu.kg^?1) compared to Populus clones (maximum 2.06 mg Cd.kg^?1, 463 mg Zn.kg^?1, and 11.8 mg Cu.kg^?1). There were no significant differences between clones of individual species. BCs for Cd and Zn were greater than 1 (the highest in willow leaves). BCs values of Cu were very low. These results indicate that Salix is more suitable plant for phytoextraction of Cd and Zn than Populus. The Cu phytoextraction potential of Salix and Populus trees was not confirmed in this experiment due to low soil availability of this element.     

Phytotoxic Effects of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Fe on Sinapis Alba L. Seedlings and their Accumulation in Roots and Shoots

The inhibitory effects of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Fe on root elongation, contents of photosynthetic pigments, and metal accumulation in the roots and shoots of Sinapis alba were assessed. On the basis of growth inhibition metals can be arranged in a order Cu > Cd > Fe = Zn > Pb. All the metals, except Fe, were accumulated in significantly higher amount in the roots than in the shoots. Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb reduced chlorophyll a, and especially chlorophyll b content, and Zn and Pb reduced the carotenoid content, but less than that of chlorophyll a+b. The plants contained the highest concentration of Cd, and the lowest concentration of Zn.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of wheat in Golestan Province,Iran

Concentration of five heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in wheat collected from silages of Golestan Province, Iran, was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Dry ashing method was applied for precise determination of the five heavy metal contents. The concentrations of heavy metals were recorded as the following: Pb (0.013–0.14), Cd (0.008–0.031) by graphite furnace method and Cu (0.48–6.2), Fe (58.50–406.9), and Zn (3.41–32.75) by flame method, all in mg.kg^?1. The mean concentration of all the aforementioned heavy metals was (0.057 ± 0.003), (0.016 ± 0.005), (2.7 ± 0.17), (111.2 ± 21), and (5.7 ± 0.22) mg.kg^?1, respectively. The level of heavy metals decreased in the order of Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb > Cd. Highest amount was related to Fe and the lowest amount to Cd. Concentrations of heavy metals in all the wheat samples were below the permissible limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization and Iranian National Standard Organization and did not pose any threat to the health of consumers.     

Screening of metal uptake by plant colonizers growing on abandoned copper mine in Kapunda,South Australia

Systematic site survey for sample collection and analysis was conducted at a derelict copper (Cu) mine at Kapunda, South Australia. Cu concentrations in the soils at this former mine ranged from 65–10107 mg kg^?1. The pH and EC varied widely in the 3.9–8.4 and 152–7311 µS ranges, respectively. Nine plant species growing over the copper mine site were selected to screen for metal uptake to determine their suitability for phytoremediation. The Australian native tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis indicated enrichment factor (EF) of 2.17, 1.89, and 1.30 for Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively, suggesting that this species of tree can accumulate these metals to some degree. The stress-resistant exotic olive, Olea europaea exhibited EF of ≤ 0.01 for Cu, Cd, and Pb, and 0.29 for Zn, which is characteristic of an excluder plant. Acacia pycnantha, the Australian pioneer legume species with EF 0.03, 0.80, 0.32, and 0.01 for Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, respectively, emerged as another strong metal excluder and consequently as an ideal metal stabilizer.     

The expression of heterologous Fe (III) phytosiderophore transporter HvYS1 in rice increases Fe uptake,translocation and seed loading and excludes heavy metals by selective Fe transport

Many metal transporters in plants are promiscuous, accommodating multiple divalent cations including some which are toxic to humans. Previous attempts to increase the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content of rice endosperm by overexpressing different metal transporters have therefore led unintentionally to the accumulation of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). Unlike other metal transporters, barley Yellow Stripe 1 (HvYS1) is specific for Fe. We investigated the mechanistic basis of this preference by constitutively expressing HvYS1 in rice under the control of the maize ubiquitin1 promoter and comparing the mobilization and loading of different metals. Plants expressing HvYS1 showed modest increases in Fe uptake, root‐to‐shoot translocation, seed accumulation and endosperm loading, but without any change in the uptake and root‐to‐shoot translocation of Zn, Mn or Cu, confirming the selective transport of Fe. The concentrations of Zn and Mn in the endosperm did not differ significantly between the wild‐type and HvYS1 lines, but the transgenic endosperm contained significantly lower concentrations of Cu. Furthermore, the transgenic lines showed a significantly reduced Cd uptake, root‐to‐shoot translocation and accumulation in the seeds. The underlying mechanism of metal uptake and translocation reflects the down‐regulation of promiscuous endogenous metal transporters revealing an internal feedback mechanism that limits seed loading with Fe. This promotes the preferential mobilization and loading of Fe, therefore displacing Cu and Cd in the seed.     

Metal accumulation in two contiguous eutrophic peri-urban lakes,Chivero and Manyame,Zimbabwe

Concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc were determined in surface water, benthic sediments, and the gills, liver and stomach muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in peri-urban lakes Chivero and Manyame, Zimbabwe. Five sites were sampled in each lake once per month in November 2015, February, May, August and November 2016. Pollution load index detected no metal contamination, whereas the geo-accumulation index reflected heavy to extreme sediment pollution, with Fe, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu present in both lakes. Significant spatial temporal variations were detected for Al, Cr, Cu and Pb across sites within and between the two lakes. High Fe, Al and Cr concentrations in water and sediments in lakes Chivero and Manyame derive from geogenic background sources in addition to anthropogenic loads and intensity. Elevated concentrations of Al, Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn detected in gills, liver and stomach tissue of catfish corroborate concentrations in water and sediments, and pose the highest ecological and health risk for hydrobionts in lakes Chivero and Manyame. Contiguity of peri-urban lakes exposes them to similar threats, necessitating creative water management strategies, which ensure ecological continuity.     

Accumulation of Minerals by Leccinum scabrum from Two Large Forested Areas in Central Europe: Notecka Wilderness and Tuchola Forest (Pinewoods)

Leccinum scabrum sporocarps and associated topsoils from two areas in Poland have been characterized for contents and bioconcentration potential of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn. Topsoil and fruitbody element composition varied between the two study sites, most likely as a result of local soil geochemistry. Element content of the labile fraction in topsoil from both sites followed the ‘pseudo‐total’ fraction and median values (mg kg^?1 dry matter) were: K 380 and 340, Mg 760 and 840, P 1100 and 920, Al 3800 and 8100, Ag 0.31 and 0.28, Ba 28 and 37, Ca 920 and 790, Cd 0.23 and 0.23, Co 2.0 and 1.7, Cu 3.2 and 3.6, Fe 2800 and 6300, Mn 280 and 180, Na 99 and 110, Ni 7.8 and 8.8, Pb 12 and 18, Rb 1.3 and 2.1, Sr 4.8 and 4.0 and Zn 22 and 19, respectively. Only for some elements such as K, Mg, Al, Ag, Ca, Co, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr and Zn we found concentration differences between the two study sites for the caps of sporocarps. With the exception of Al, Mn, Na and Pb, stipes showed a similar tendency. Caps had a higher concentration of K, Rb, P, Mg, Al, Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni compared to stipes, while Na, Ba and Sr contents were higher in stipes. The comparison of soil and fruitbody concentrations indicates that L. scabrum bioconcentrate some elements while others are bioexcluded.