Chemical constituents from Euphorbia hirta

Thirty-one compounds, including fourteen triterpenoids (1–14), seven coumarins (15–21), four lignans (22–25), and six diterpenes (26–31) were isolated from the aerial part of Euphorbia hirta. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by comparison of their reported spectroscopic data. These compounds have shown the chemical relationships between this plant and other species from the genus Euphorbia.     

Chemical constituents from the whole herbs of Peperomia tetraphylla and their chemotaxonomic significance

Our studies report the isolation of seventeen compounds (1–17), which include three phenolic acids (12–14), seven flavonoids (3, 6, 8, 11, 15–17), four secolignans (1, 2, 5 and 9), one tetrahydrofuran lignin (10) and two alkaloids (4 and 7). These compounds have been obtained from the Peperomia tetraphylla using chromatographic methods. Their structures were confirmed based on spectroscopic methods. Among them, five compounds (4, 7, 8, 11 and 15) were found in the family, four compounds (3 and 12–14) were firstly reported from genus Peperomia, and four compounds (6, 9, 16 and 17) were firstly obtained from this species. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these ingredients from the whole plants of P. tetraphylla has been discussed in detail.     

Chemical constituents from the petioles and leaves of Aquilaria sinensis

Nineteen reported compounds (1–19) were obtained from the dried petioles and leaves of Aquilaria sinensis (Thymelaeacea) by phytochemical methods. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 6–14 and 16 were firstly obtained from the genus Aquilaria, 2 and 3 were obtained from A. sinensis for the first time. In addition, the chemotaxonomic relationships between A. sinensis and some other plants were also discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the roots of Pteroxygonum giraldii Damme et Diels

Twenty-four compounds were obtained from Pteroxygonum giraldii and were classified as five triterpenes (1–5), two sterols (6 and 7), two quinones (8 and 11), three stilbenes (9, 10 and 18) and twelve flavonoids (12–17, 19–24). Seventeen of these compounds were obtained from the genus Pteroxygonum for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also discussed. Compounds 10, 12 and 23 can serve as the fingerprints for P. giraldii, and compounds 12, 13, 17 and 22–24 are recognized as typical metabolites of P. giraldii. Both Pteroxygonum and Polygonum might have the same origin and could be classified into the same tribe among Polygonaceae. Furthermore, due to the presence of stilbenes, Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationships with Fallopia, Rumex and Reynoutria.     

Chemical constituents and chemotaxonomic study of Glycyrrhiza glabra L

Twenty compounds were obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., which were divided as fatty alcohols (1 and 5), sterols (2, 4 and 8), triterpenes (3, 6 and 7), flavones (9, 12–15), coumarins (10, 11, 19 and 20) and stilbenes (16–18). The chemotaxonomic significance of G. glabra and the other species among Fabaceae was also discussed. As a result, genus Glycyrrhiza may have close relationships with genera Caesalpinia and Dalbergia, and Trib. Galegeae may have close relationships with Caesalpinieae, Desmodieae, Dipterygeae and Millettieae.     

Chemical constituents from Valeriana jatamansi

Phytochemical study of Valeriana jatamansi Jones afforded 45 compounds, including twenty-three iridoids (1–23), five sesquiterpenes (24–28), three steroids (29–31) and fourteen lignins (32–45). The structures of these compounds were assigned by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and comparisons with the published data. This is the first report of isolation of compounds (1–6, 10, 21, 25, 41, 43, 44, 45) from Valerianaceae, compounds (13, 27, 39) within the genus Valeriana and compound 30 from V. jatamans. The chemotaxonomic data can support the genus Valeriana being accepted as a member of transitional taxa between the family Valerianaceae and Caprifoliaceae.     

Pentacyclic triterpenoids and other constituents isolated from the leaves of Gambeya lacourtiana and their antibacterial activity

The phytochemical study was done on the leaves of Gambeya lacourtiana. This plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat of different ailments such as uterine heamorrhage, metritis and other vaginal infections. Chromatographic fractionation and purification on the leaves crude extract afforded lupeol acetate (1), lupenone (2), lupeol (3), taraxerol (4) stigmasterol (5), erythrodiol (6), chamaedrydiol (7), methyl pheophorbide-a (8), corosolic acid (9), tormentic acid (10), epicatechin (11) and 22-dihydrospinasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12). The structures of compounds 1–12 were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometric and the spectroscopic data as well as comparison with the literature. Compounds 4, 7–10 and 12 were isolated for the first time from Gambeya genus. Crude extract, fractions and compounds 6–12 were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Methyl pheophorbide-a (8) demonstrated moderate activity against Salmonella typhi CPC with MIC values of 62.5 μg/mL. The chemophenetic significance of these compounds is also discussed.     

Chemical constituents from Polygonatum odoratum

Twenty-two compounds, including five homoisoflavanones (1–3, 7 and 8), three isoflavones (9–11), flavone glycoside (19), one triterpenoid aglycon (5), two steroidal sapogenins (4, 6), five steroidal saponins (12, 13, 20–22), three lignanoids (14, 17 and 18) and two fatty acids (15 and 16) were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by comparison of the reported spectral data. Additionally, the relationships between this plant and other species from Liliaceae family have also been discussed on the basis of the given compounds.     

Chemical constituents from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and chemotaxonomic significance

Sixteen compounds were isolated from the root barks of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, including thirteen lignans (1–13), two coumarins (14–15), and one chalcone (16). This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 1–16 in the genus Ailanthus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data. The plant distribution network of all isolated compounds was described to illustrate the significance of taxonomy. The presence of these congenetic lignans (1–13) and their biosynthetic relationships may be used for identification of Ailanthus genus.     

Chemical constituents from the Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb.

Twelve compounds (1–12) are isolated from Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb. Among them, compounds 5, 7, 8, 11 and 12 are reported here for the first time from J. lanceolarium, and compounds 6, 9, 10 are firstly isolated from Jasminum genus. The existence of iridoids and lignanoids might be regarded as valuable chemotaxonomic markers for further classification and subdivision of the genus of Jasminum.     

白粉藤的木脂素和三萜成分

从白粉藤（Cissus repens Lank）地上部分分离得到5个木脂素和8个三萜,其中一个木脂素是新化合物,它的结构通过波谱分析和碱水解的方法鉴定为：（＋）-异落叶松树脂醇-9′-（2-对-香豆酰）-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（1）。其余化合物分别是：（＋）-异落叶松树脂醇-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（2）,（＋）-Lyoniside（3）,（—）-开环异落叶松树脂醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（4）,（7′R,8′S）-4′-hydroxy-3′,5-dimethoxy-7,8′-dihydrobenzofuran-1-propanolneolignan-9′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside（5）,木栓酮（6）,表木栓醇（7）,蒲公英赛醇乙酸酯（8）,熊果酸（9）,2α-羟基乌索酸（10）,积雪草酸（11）,Niga-ichigoside F1（12）,羽扇豆醇（13）。这些化合物都是首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Chemical constituents from the stems of Tripterygium regelii

Phytochemical investigation on the stems of Tripterygium regelii resulted in the isolation of fourteen compounds, including six flavonoids (1–6), seven lignans (7–13), and one cyanogenic glycoside (14). This is the first report of the four dimeric flavonoids bis-8, 8′-catechinylmethane (2), bis (8-epicatechinyl) methane (3), bis-6, 8′-catechinylmethane (4) and montahomobisflavan B (5) from a species of Tripterygium. Previously, these dimeric flavonoids have been mainly identified from species of gymnosperms. This research has shown that the main secondary metabolisms identified in T. regelii were flavonoids and lignans. These data enable this species to be differentiated from T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum that contain the triptolide-resembling diterpenoids.     

Chemical constituents from the stems of Dendrotrophe frutescens

Phytochemical investigation of Dendrotrophe frutescens (Benth.) Danser led to the isolation of eight compounds (1–8), including a furan-2-carbonyl C-glycoside together with a series of polyphenols and their glycosides. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D-NMR experiments and by comparison with data in the literature. This is the first report of the isolation of compounds 1–6 from the family Santalaceae, while compound 7 was isolated from the genus Dendrotrophe for the first time.     

Chemical constituents from the aerial part of Peganum multisectum

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial part of Peganum multisectum led to the isolation of thirteen compounds, including seven alkaloids (1–5, 7 and 12), two sterols (6 and 10), one phenylpropanoid (8), one lignanoid (11), one megastigman (9), and one phenol (13). Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods like UV, IR, MS and NMR, and in comparison with the published data in the references. Among them, compounds 10, 12 and 13 were firstly obtained from genus Peganum. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also discussed, which revealed the relationships between P. multisectum and some other species of genus Peganum.     

Chemical constituents from Fallopia cynanchoides (Hemsl.) Harald. var. cynanchoides

Fifteen compounds were isolated and elucidated from the alcohol extract of Fallopia cynanchoides by modern phytochemical isolation and spectroscopic methods, and these compounds can be divided into four sterols, a phenol, anthraquinones, a chromone, two stilbenes and three flavonoids. All of these compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time. Chemotaxonomic studies indicated that F. cynanchoides has very close relationships with F. convolvulus and F. aubertii, and the genus Fallopia may have close relationships with the genera Rheum, Fagopyrum, Reynoutria and Polygonum.     

Chemical constituents from the roots of cultivated Ilex pubescens

Phytochemical study of butanol extract from the roots of cultivated Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn. obtained nine ursane triterpenes (1–9), two oleanane triterpenes (10–11) and three phenylpropanoids (12–14). All of the compounds were determined on the basis of MS and NMR and comparison with literature. Among them, compounds 2 and 13 were isolated from I. pubescens for the first time, of which 13 was a new finding in the Aquifoliaceae family. Our present study exhibited the taxonomic relationships between I. pubescens and other species in genus Ilex and those between Aquifoliaceae and other families. Furthermore, the study suggested the cultivated I. pubescens may be as an alternative for those wild resource collected freshly from mountain.     

Chemical constituents of Physochlaina physaloides (L.) G. Don (Solanaceae)

The study of the whole plants of Physochlaina physaloides (L.) G. Don. has led to the isolation of eight alkaloids (1–6, 18, and 25), fourteen flavonoids (9, 11–17, and 19–24), two coumarins (7 and 10), one iridoid (8). The structures of these compounds were identified spectroscopically, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were compared with previously reported data. This is the first study to describe the isolation and identification of compounds 1–3, 7, and 10–25 in P. physaloides. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds in the genus Physochlaina and its closely related genera was discussed.     

Chemical constituents from Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. and their network analysis of chemotaxonomic significance

A phytochemical investigation of Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn led to the isolation of seventeen compounds including five coumarins (1–5), six lignans (6–11), two alkaloids (12–13), two phenolic compounds (14–15), one megastigman glycoside (16) and one phenylpropanoid (17). The structures of those compounds were determined by spectroscopy data of NMR spectra. All of the compounds were isolated from P. quassioides for the first time. In this study, in order to discuss the chemotaxonomic significance of those compounds from P. quassioides, network analysis was carried out to determine the chemotaxonomic relationships among the Simaroubaceae family and the other families. The result showed that the Simaroubaceae family and the Rutaceae family, together with the Asteraceae family have some chemotaxonomic relationships.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Solanum incanum L

Phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Solanum incanum L. resulted in the isolation of nine compounds, including three steroidal glycoalkaloids (1-3), two neolignans (4–5), two simple phenolics (6–7), one monoterpene glycoside (8), and one coumarin glucoside (9). The structure elucidation of isolated compounds was determined based on NMR and mass spectral data. Compounds 4 and 9 were isolated for the first time from the genus Solanum and their chemotaxonomic significance was discussed.