Chemical constituents from the whole herbs of Peperomia tetraphylla and their chemotaxonomic significance

Our studies report the isolation of seventeen compounds (1–17), which include three phenolic acids (12–14), seven flavonoids (3, 6, 8, 11, 15–17), four secolignans (1, 2, 5 and 9), one tetrahydrofuran lignin (10) and two alkaloids (4 and 7). These compounds have been obtained from the Peperomia tetraphylla using chromatographic methods. Their structures were confirmed based on spectroscopic methods. Among them, five compounds (4, 7, 8, 11 and 15) were found in the family, four compounds (3 and 12–14) were firstly reported from genus Peperomia, and four compounds (6, 9, 16 and 17) were firstly obtained from this species. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these ingredients from the whole plants of P. tetraphylla has been discussed in detail.     

Chemical constituents from the roots of Pteroxygonum giraldii Damme et Diels

Twenty-four compounds were obtained from Pteroxygonum giraldii and were classified as five triterpenes (1–5), two sterols (6 and 7), two quinones (8 and 11), three stilbenes (9, 10 and 18) and twelve flavonoids (12–17, 19–24). Seventeen of these compounds were obtained from the genus Pteroxygonum for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also discussed. Compounds 10, 12 and 23 can serve as the fingerprints for P. giraldii, and compounds 12, 13, 17 and 22–24 are recognized as typical metabolites of P. giraldii. Both Pteroxygonum and Polygonum might have the same origin and could be classified into the same tribe among Polygonaceae. Furthermore, due to the presence of stilbenes, Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationships with Fallopia, Rumex and Reynoutria.     

Chemical constituents and chemotaxonomic study of Glycyrrhiza glabra L

Twenty compounds were obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., which were divided as fatty alcohols (1 and 5), sterols (2, 4 and 8), triterpenes (3, 6 and 7), flavones (9, 12–15), coumarins (10, 11, 19 and 20) and stilbenes (16–18). The chemotaxonomic significance of G. glabra and the other species among Fabaceae was also discussed. As a result, genus Glycyrrhiza may have close relationships with genera Caesalpinia and Dalbergia, and Trib. Galegeae may have close relationships with Caesalpinieae, Desmodieae, Dipterygeae and Millettieae.     

Chemical constituents from the aerial part of Peganum multisectum

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial part of Peganum multisectum led to the isolation of thirteen compounds, including seven alkaloids (1–5, 7 and 12), two sterols (6 and 10), one phenylpropanoid (8), one lignanoid (11), one megastigman (9), and one phenol (13). Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods like UV, IR, MS and NMR, and in comparison with the published data in the references. Among them, compounds 10, 12 and 13 were firstly obtained from genus Peganum. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also discussed, which revealed the relationships between P. multisectum and some other species of genus Peganum.     

Phytochemical constituents and chemotaxonomic study of Polygonatum prattii Baker

Fifteen compounds were obtained from Polygonatum prattii Baker, which could be divided into four steroids, nine flavonoids, one lignanoid and one acidamide. The chemotaxonomic significance of P. prattii and the some other species among Asparagaceae was also discussed. As a result, Polygonatum may have close relationships with Liriope, Disporopsis, Ophiopogon and Aspidistra. Additionally, homoisoflavanones and steroids can be recognized as typical biomarkers for the above genus.     

Chemical constituents from Fallopia cynanchoides (Hemsl.) Harald. var. cynanchoides

Fifteen compounds were isolated and elucidated from the alcohol extract of Fallopia cynanchoides by modern phytochemical isolation and spectroscopic methods, and these compounds can be divided into four sterols, a phenol, anthraquinones, a chromone, two stilbenes and three flavonoids. All of these compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time. Chemotaxonomic studies indicated that F. cynanchoides has very close relationships with F. convolvulus and F. aubertii, and the genus Fallopia may have close relationships with the genera Rheum, Fagopyrum, Reynoutria and Polygonum.     

Chemical constituents of Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst. F.) Hooker et Arnott

Sixteen compounds were isolated from the whole herbs of Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst. F.) Hooker et Arnott by phytochemical methods, including eight flavonoids (1–3, 6, 7, 14–16), three lignans (8–10), three beta sitosterols (4, 5, 11), and two phenolic acids (12, 13). Their structures were identified by the analysis of NMR and MS, as well as the comparisons to the reported data. Among them, 2″-O-xylosylisoswertisin (14) was firstly isolated from the Piperaceae family, as well as ten compounds (1–4, 7, 10–11, 13, 15–16) were isolated from P. tytraphylla for the first time. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of constituents isolated from P. tytraphylla was also discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the petioles and leaves of Aquilaria sinensis

Nineteen reported compounds (1–19) were obtained from the dried petioles and leaves of Aquilaria sinensis (Thymelaeacea) by phytochemical methods. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 6–14 and 16 were firstly obtained from the genus Aquilaria, 2 and 3 were obtained from A. sinensis for the first time. In addition, the chemotaxonomic relationships between A. sinensis and some other plants were also discussed.     

Chemical constituents from Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag

Twenty-nine compounds, including five acetophenone derivatives (1–5), three phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids (12–14), seven pentacyclic triterpenoids (15–21) and five C₂₁ steroidal sapogenins (22–26), were isolated from the root of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison with reported data. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic relationships were also discussed. As a result, acetophenone derivatives, pentacyclic triterpenoids and C₂₁ pregnane sapogenins can be recognized as chemotaxonomic markers for Cynanchum genus, and C. paniculatum has close relationships with some species of genus Cynanchum.     

Chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Ajania fruticulosa

The isolation and identification of sixteen compounds extracted from the aerial parts of A. fruticulosa have been reported in the present study, including eight flavonoids (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), three terpenoids (9, 10 and 11), two sterols (12 and 13), one lignan (14), one fatty acid (15) and one fatty acid ethyl ester (16), wherein six compounds (2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 14) have been isolated from A. fruticulosa for the first time. Furthermore, among the identified compounds, three compounds (6, 7 and 11) have also been reported for the first time in the genus Ajanin and three compounds (8, 15 and 16) have not been isolated and reported from other plants of the family Asteraceae. In addition, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed.     

Chemical constituents from Valeriana jatamansi

Phytochemical study of Valeriana jatamansi Jones afforded 45 compounds, including twenty-three iridoids (1–23), five sesquiterpenes (24–28), three steroids (29–31) and fourteen lignins (32–45). The structures of these compounds were assigned by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and comparisons with the published data. This is the first report of isolation of compounds (1–6, 10, 21, 25, 41, 43, 44, 45) from Valerianaceae, compounds (13, 27, 39) within the genus Valeriana and compound 30 from V. jatamans. The chemotaxonomic data can support the genus Valeriana being accepted as a member of transitional taxa between the family Valerianaceae and Caprifoliaceae.     

Chemical constituents from Pteris ensiformis Burm. (Pteridaceae)

Phytochemical study of Pteris ensiformis Burm. resulted in the isolation of eleven compounds, including three sesquiterpenoids (1–3), one alkaloid (5), one amino acid (6), one flavonoid (7), four phenolic acids (4, 8, 9 and 10), and one coumarin (11). Structures of these compounds were deduced from the ESI-MS and NMR data. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 1, 2, 7 and 11 from P. ensiformis, compounds 6 and 9 from the genus Pteris, and compound 5 from the family Pteridaceae. In addition, a detailed discussion of the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was presented.     

Chemical constituents from the stems of Ephedra equisetina

Five new compounds, including two naphthalenes (1, 2), a phenolic derivative (3) and two glycosides (4, 5) were isolated from the stems of Ephedra equisetina Bunge. Their chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic analyses (IR, UV, HRESIMS NMR and ECD). An in vitro bioassay suggested that compound 5 possesses potential anti-asthmatic activities.     

Chemical constituents from the fresh flower buds of Musa nana and their chemotaxonomic significance

Phytochemical study on the fresh flower of Musa nana Lour. provided seventeen known compounds including two alkaloids, 3-(hydroxyacetyl)-indole (1), bi-indol-3-yl (2), two terpenoids, 5-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-3-methyl-, (2Z, 4E) −2, 4-pentadienoic acid (Valdes), 5, 6(S), 7, 7a(R)-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2(4H)-benzofuranone (4), seven phenols (5–11), three phenylphenalenones, 2-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-phenalen-1-one (12), 2-methoxy-9-phenyl-1H-phenalen-1-one (13), 2-methoxy-9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-phenalen-1-one (14), and three lipids (15–17). In the present study, all the compounds were isolated for the first time from the species M. nana. Ten compounds including 1-8 and 15-16 have never been previously encountered in the Musaceae family. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolates was also discussed.     

宽叶大戟化学成分的研究

对宽叶大戟(Euphorbia latifolia)的化学成分进行研究。从其乙醇提取物的石油醚、乙酸乙酯部位分离得到10个化合物,经理化常数和波谱分析,分别鉴定为:山萘酚(kaempferol,1)、槲皮素(quercetin,2)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(kaempferol-3-O--βD-glucopyranoside,3)、槲皮素-3-O--βD-葡萄吡喃糖苷(quercetin-3-O--βD-glucopy-ranoside,4)、白桦酯酸(betulinic acid,5)、白桦酯醇(betulin,6)、齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid,7)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol,8)、β-谷甾醇(-βsitosterol,9)、正二十八烷醇(1-octacosanol,10)。化合物1~10均是首次从该植物中获得。     

Chemical constituents from the aerial sections of Ajania potaninii

Nineteen compounds were isolated from Ajania potaninii, including one sulfur paraffin (1), one monoterpene (6), one lactone (3), one aliphatic acid (15), two sterols (8 and 10), one triterpenes (13), one alkaloid (18), eleven flavonoids (2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16 and 17) and one cyclic amide (19). All of these compounds were obtained from A. potaninii for the first time. This is the first report of N-nonanemercaptan (1), 3-hydroxy-5-decanolide (3), cirsiliol (5), 1,2,4-trihydroxy-p-mentane (6), 6-methoxytricin (7), eriodictyol (11), pectolinarigenin (12), 3,3′-di-O-methylquercetin (14), tetradecanoic acid (15), lappaconitine (18) and 1,1′,1″,1‴,1‴'-tricontane lactam (19) from the genus Ajania. The occurrence of compounds 18 and 19 in A. potaninii warrants further study.     

Chemical constituents from the Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb.

Twelve compounds (1–12) are isolated from Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb. Among them, compounds 5, 7, 8, 11 and 12 are reported here for the first time from J. lanceolarium, and compounds 6, 9, 10 are firstly isolated from Jasminum genus. The existence of iridoids and lignanoids might be regarded as valuable chemotaxonomic markers for further classification and subdivision of the genus of Jasminum.     

Chemical constituents from the stems of Dendrotrophe frutescens

Phytochemical investigation of Dendrotrophe frutescens (Benth.) Danser led to the isolation of eight compounds (1–8), including a furan-2-carbonyl C-glycoside together with a series of polyphenols and their glycosides. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D-NMR experiments and by comparison with data in the literature. This is the first report of the isolation of compounds 1–6 from the family Santalaceae, while compound 7 was isolated from the genus Dendrotrophe for the first time.     

Chemical constituents from the stems of Tripterygium regelii

Phytochemical investigation on the stems of Tripterygium regelii resulted in the isolation of fourteen compounds, including six flavonoids (1–6), seven lignans (7–13), and one cyanogenic glycoside (14). This is the first report of the four dimeric flavonoids bis-8, 8′-catechinylmethane (2), bis (8-epicatechinyl) methane (3), bis-6, 8′-catechinylmethane (4) and montahomobisflavan B (5) from a species of Tripterygium. Previously, these dimeric flavonoids have been mainly identified from species of gymnosperms. This research has shown that the main secondary metabolisms identified in T. regelii were flavonoids and lignans. These data enable this species to be differentiated from T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum that contain the triptolide-resembling diterpenoids.