中梁山岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式坡地产流规律

坡地产流是造成岩溶区水土流失的主要驱动力,研究典型岩溶槽谷区坡地产流规律,对岩溶区防治水土流失、合理利用地下水资源具有重要理论意义。在重庆市中梁山龙凤和龙车槽谷选取不同土地利用方式的4个标准径流小区,对降水、地表径流、壤中流、裂隙流和土壤含水率进行了同步监测,探讨了坡地产流特征。结果表明:(1)4个不同土地利用方式的径流小区,坡地总产流量从大到小依次为:耕地(3696.9L)果园地(3657.2L)竹林地(2922.9L)林地(2211.1L),总径流系数(3.1%—5.2%)远低于非岩溶区(约20%);(2)4个径流小区的产流形式主要为地表径流,壤中流和裂隙流产生滞后于地表径流;(3)降水因子、前期土壤含水率共同影响地表径流,但降水因子对地表径流的影响远大于前期土壤含水率。降水因子中,15min最大雨强是影响耕地、果园地的地表径流的主要因素,降水量是影响林地、竹林地的地表径流的主要因素;前期土壤含水率对耕地、林地、果园地地表径流影响较大,对竹林地地表径流影响较小。     

Effects of Rice Hull Particle Size and Content on the Mechanical Properties and Visual Appearance of Wood Plastic Composites Prepared from Poly(vinyl chloride)

This research aims to develop Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) from rice hull and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The influences of the rice hull particle size and content on the mechanical properties and the visual appearance of the WPC decking board were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the impact strength tended to decrease with increasing rice hull content. The composites with larger particle sizes exhibited higher impact strength. Under tensile and flexure load, higher rice hull content induced greater modulus and ultimate strength when the rice hull was applied at less than 60 phr. Beyond this concentration, the modulus and the strength dropped due to the formation of rice hull agglomerates. The smaller particles of the milled rice hull, the greater tendency there was for them to act as a pigment to form a darker shade close that of the rice hull on the composite decking board. The larger particle sizes were 106 μm and beyond simply embedded in the white PVC matrix.     

太湖流域丘陵区两种土地利用类型土壤水分分布控制因素

为探究太湖流域丘陵区典型土地利用类型(如竹林地和茶园)土壤水分的控制因素,在不同深度土壤水分定期观测的基础上,根据前7d降雨量将研究时段划分为干旱状态和湿润状态,利用分类与回归树(CART)方法得出不同干湿状态下土壤水分分布的主控因子,并借助典范对应分析(CCA)定量分析不同土地利用类型、不同土壤深度土壤水分格局与环境因子关系。结果表明:(1)高程、土地利用类型和土层厚度对土壤水分分布的相对贡献率最大,但在不同干湿状态下其影响程度存在差异;(2)干旱状态时土壤水分主要受高程、坡度、地形湿度指数(TWI)和剖面曲率等地形因素的作用,而土层厚度和粘粒也分别为0—20 cm和20—40 cm深度土壤水分的主控因子;(3)在湿润状态下,茶园0—20 cm土壤水分的主控因素为地形因子,在20—40 cm则以土壤性质为主,竹林地两个深度的土壤水分受地形和土壤性质的作用都很强,其中20—40 cm深度土壤水分与环境因子的关系较0—20 cm深度更为复杂。     

Enhancing the combustible properties of bamboo by torrefaction

Bamboo has wide range of moisture content, low bulk energy density and is difficult to transport, handle, store and feed into existing combustion and gasification systems. Because of its important fuel characteristics such as low ash content, alkali index and heating value, bamboo is a promising energy crop for the future. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of torrefaction on the main energy properties of Bambusavulgaris. Three different torrefaction temperatures were employed: 220, 250 and 280 °C. The elemental characteristics of lignite and coal were compared to the torrefied bamboo. The characteristics of the biomass fuels tend toward those of low rank coals. Principal component analysis of FTIR data showed a clear separation between the samples by thermal treatment. The loadings plot indicated that the bamboo samples underwent chemical changes related to carbonyl groups, mostly present in hemicelluloses, and to aromatic groups present in lignin.     

Properties of biodegradable citric acid-modified granular starch/thermoplastic pea starch composites

Pea starch-based composites reinforced with citric acid-modified pea starch (CAPS) and citric acid-modified rice starch (CARS), respectively, were prepared by screw extrusion. The effects of granular CAPS and CARS on the morphology, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the relationship between the mechanical properties and water content, as well as the water vapor permeability of the composite films were investigated. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction reveal that the reinforcing agents, the granules of CAPS and CARS, are not disrupted in the thermoplastic process, while the pea starch in the matrix is turned into a continuous TPS phase. Granular CAPS and CARS can improve the storage modulus, the glass transition temperature, the tensile strength and the water vapor barrier, but decrease thermal stability. CARS/TPS composites exhibit a better storage modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break and water vapor barrier than CAPS/TPS composites because of the smaller size of the CARS granules.     

麦秸秆/高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）复合材料中纤维分散性的描述模型

麦秸秆纤维作为一种重要生物质资源已被广泛应用于热塑性复合材料中。纤维在复合材料中的分散性是影响复合材料力学性能的重要因素之一,而目前对其定量化的描述和分析方法仍存在一定不足。本研究基于实验获得的纤维尺寸的统计分布规律,利用随机生成算法模拟纤维在复合材料中的分布;构建描述纤维分散性的指标:分散度,单个纤维数和接触纤维数;统计分析纤维含量、纤维大小对分散性指标影响。结果表明单个纤维数随纤维含量增加而增加,但其增量随纤维含量的增加而降低,降低规律符合三次函数。纤维接触数随纤维含量增加,增加规律符合二次函数,亦符合理论估计。纤维大小影响单个纤维数和接触纤维数的增加幅度,但不影响单个纤维数的百分比。分散度随纤维含量的增加呈线性下降规律。纤维分散性的定量化描述为进一步的复合材料性能分析和建模提供了量化指标。     

Characteristics of Eucheuma cottonii waste from East Malaysia: physical,thermal and chemical composition

The aim of this paper was to examine the characteristics of Eucheuma cottonii waste in order to analyse its potential as renewable material. The morphology of Eucheuma cottonii (raw and wastes) was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the thermal behaviour through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the physical properties through FT-IR, XRD, gas pycnometer, particle size analyser, water absorption and moisture content analysis. The chemical compositions were determined by using acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) analysis. It was found that Eucheuma cottonii wastes have better thermal stability, higher crude fibre content, lower moisture content and similar density to the raw Eucheuma cottonii, which suggests that these biomass wastes have good potential as renewable filler material.     

Effects of moisture availability on clonal growth in bamboo Pleioblastus maculata

The effects of moisture availability on clonal growth and biomass investment in the bamboo Pleioblastus maculata were investigated over a four-year period by transplanting Pleioblastus maculata clones into soils with different levels of moisture availability in the field. The results showed that: (1) The higher the moisture availability, the greater the total biomass of P. maculata clones. Although fewer culms are produced at the higher moisture levels, mean tiller biomass is greater. (2) Under different levels of moisture availability, obvious differences in the total rhizome length (p < 0.01), spacer length (p < 0.05) and the sizes of bamboo culms (height, p < 0.01; diameter, p < 0.01) were observed. Thus, the higher the moisture availability, the shorter the rhizomes and the larger ramets. (3) In microhabitats with low moisture availability, bamboo allocated more biomass to underground organs, which promotes elongation of rhizomes and increases root production, thereby helping to capture underground resources essential to growth. In microhabitats of high moisture availability, the biomass is primarily allocated to the aboveground growth of ramets. (4) We suggest that soil moisture availability effects the foraging strategies of bamboo, that bamboo plants growing with low moisture availability produce longer rhizomes (that is, more, although shorter, spacers) with more biomass allocation than plants in high moisture and have a better ability to forage to increase the probability of locating adequate moisture patches. Also, longer length distance between shoots (that is, longer spacers) in high soil moisture than in low is adapted to avoid intense competition from faster growing aboveground growth in high moisture patches.     

Mechanical properties of chitosan/bamboo charcoal composite films made with normal and surface oxidized charcoal

Chitosan/bamboo charcoal composite films were prepared by blending chitosan with either virgin bamboo charcoal or bamboo charcoal modified by nitric acid oxidation to provide more hydrophilic regions on the bamboo charcoal surface. Investigation of the physical properties of these composite films revealed that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the chitosan films were enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by the inclusion of modified bamboo charcoal at up to 1% (w/w), whilst the elongation at break was increased by inclusion of modified bamboo charcoal at up to 0.5% (w/w). In contrast, chitosan composites with virgin bamboo charcoal at up to 0.5% or 1.0% (w/w) showed no enhancement of the tensile strength or Young’s modulus, respectively, and both parameters were reduced with higher levels of virgin bamboo charcoal. Oil, and especially water, absorption of the composite films displayed a marked and dose-dependent increase compared to those of the pure chitosan film.     

Effect of seed moisture content and d‐limonene on oviposition decisions of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a cosmopolitan pest of stored pulses and legumes. Under legume storage conditions neither adults nor larvae drink, with larvae obtaining their hydration from metabolic water. However, lack of water limits female fecundity and longevity, thus females might be expected to preferentially oviposit on seeds with high moisture content so as to minimize water stress on their offspring. This was tested by offering females a choice of seeds that differed in relation to their level of water content. After controlling for differences in seed size, females were found to preferentially oviposit on the driest seeds. Offspring size and larval survival were equivalent on seeds that differed in moisture content, which in combination with the preference to lay on the driest seeds would indicate that the egg laying decisions of C. maculatus females do not function to minimize larval water stress. Analysis of the chemical volatiles released by seeds that differed in their moisture content revealed a greater level of d ‐limonene in the environment surrounding high moisture seeds. d ‐limonene has known anti‐herbivory properties, thus we suggest the observed female preference for dry seeds may be related to the observed difference in the level of d ‐limonene in the immediate vicinity of beans that differ with respect to their moisture content.     

Effect of Root Moisture Content and Diameter on Root Tensile Properties

The stabilization of slopes by vegetation has been a topical issue for many years. Root mechanical characteristics significantly influence soil reinforcement; therefore it is necessary to research into the indicators of root tensile properties. In this study, we explored the influence of root moisture content on tensile resistance and strength with different root diameters and for different tree species. Betula platyphylla, Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis, and Larix gmelinii, the most popular tree species used for slope stabilization in the rocky mountainous areas of northern China, were used in this study. A tensile test was conducted after root samples were grouped by diameter and moisture content. The results showedthat:1) root moisture content had a significant influence on tensile properties; 2) slightly loss of root moisture content could enhance tensile strength, but too much loss of water resulted in weaker capacity for root elongation, and consequently reduced tensile strength; 3) root diameter had a strong positive correlation with tensile resistance; and4) the roots of Betula platyphylla had the best tensile properties when both diameter and moisture content being controlled. These findings improve our understanding of root tensile properties with root size and moisture, and could be useful for slope stabilization using vegetation.     

两种芒箕覆盖度下毛竹林土壤团聚体的稳定性及生态化学计量特征比较研究

为了解毛竹林下不同盖度芒萁种群对土壤碳含量和养分状况的影响，研究了四川长宁县芒萁(Dicranopteris dichoyoma)盖度分别为7.75%(PE)和63.25%(DD)下的毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤团聚体稳定性和生态化学计量特征。结果表明,DD样方土壤大团聚体含量显著低于PE样方，进而导致团聚体稳定性降低。DD样方土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量显著低于PE样方，且TP降幅最大，使得土壤C:N、C:P和N:P显著增加。毛竹凋落叶和细根的TOC、TN、TP、C:N、C:P和N:P在DD和PE样方间无显著差异，但DD样方芒萁凋落叶和细根的TN和TP含量显著高于毛竹。相关分析表明PE毛竹细根的TP含量仅与大团聚体的TP含量呈显著正相关；DD毛竹和芒萁细根的TP含量与大团聚体、微团聚体和中团聚体的TP含量均呈显著正相关。毛竹林下高盖度的芒萁种群降低了土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤C、N、P含量，通过改变土壤生态化学计量特征进而增加毛竹和芒萁细根对土壤不同粒径团聚体N和P的吸收，尤其是对P的吸收。因此，在川南地区粗放经营毛竹林中应考虑调整林下...     

冻融条件和土壤湿度对森林土壤渗漏液溶解性有机质含量与光谱结构特征的影响

土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)含量及其稳定性影响土壤碳氮循环关键过程,目前气候变化下森林土壤DOM含量及其光谱结构特征仍不明确.本研究利用长白山阔叶红松混交林和次生白桦林表层土壤进行室内冻融模拟试验,结合三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法,研究冻融强度和冻融循环次数及其交互作用对不同湿度温带森林土壤渗漏液DOM含量、组分和光谱结构特征的影响.结果表明: 森林土壤渗漏液DOM含量及其组分因林分类型、土壤湿度、冻融强度、冻融循环次数不同而存在差异.2种林分土壤渗漏液DOM含量均在中湿度下最低,并受高强度冻融影响显著,且随冻融循环次数增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势.可鉴别DOM的3个荧光组分:胡敏酸类DOM、富里酸类DOM和蛋白类DOM;阔叶红松混交林土壤渗漏液DOM组分以富里酸类物质为主,腐殖化程度较高;而次生白桦林土壤渗漏液DOM组分以胡敏酸类物质为主,3组分受冻融强度显著影响,稳定性较低.经冗余分析(RDA)发现,林分在很大程度上决定森林土壤DOM属性变化,次生白桦林土壤渗漏液DOM含量及其3组分荧光强度大于阔叶红松混交林;土壤湿度显著影响DOM芳香性,2种林分土壤渗漏液DOM芳香性均呈中湿度>高湿度>低湿度的趋势;随冻融强度增加,阔叶红松混交林土壤渗漏液DOM芳香性显著降低;多次冻融循环显著提高2种林分土壤渗漏液DOM腐殖化程度.因此,不同冻融作用下,低湿度温带森林土壤渗漏液DOM含量及其生物有效性呈现增加的趋势,尤其是次生白桦林土壤,可能会增加春季冻融期温带森林土壤溶解性有机质淋溶损失.这些结果可为深入研究野外冻融期温带森林土壤溶解性有机质周转机制提供参考.     

Synergistic anti-biofouling effect of Ag-exchanged zeolite and D-Tyrosine on PVC composite against the clinical isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii

Due to their susceptibility to bacterial biofilm formation, commercial tubes for medical use are one of the main sources of hospital infections with Acinetobacter baumannii. The anti-biofouling activity of novel composites against the clinical isolate of the multi-drug resistant A. baumannii is reported here. The composites were prepared by addition of micronised silver-exchanged natural zeolite (Ag-NZ) into poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), followed by coating of the composites with D-Tyrosine (D-Tyr). The Ag-NZ composites (containing 1–15 wt% of Ag-NZ) coated with D-Tyr (Ag-NZ-Tyr) showed a bactericidal effect (100% or a 6.9 log CFU reduction) towards immobilised bacterial cells. The uncoated Ag-NZ composites showed a reduction of up to 70% (4.4 log CFU) of immobilised bacteria in comparison with the original PVC. Rheological testing of the composites revealed that the addition of Ag-NZ slightly affected processability and formability of the PVC and increased the elasticity of the polymer matrix.     

Plant material features responsible for bamboo's excellent mechanical performance: a comparison of tensile properties of bamboo and spruce at the tissue,fibre and cell wall levels

MethodsThe mechanical properties of single fibres and tissue slices of stems of mature moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and spruce (Picea abies) latewood were investigated in microtensile tests. Cell parameters, cellulose microfibril angles and chemical composition were determined using light and electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering and confocal Raman microscopy.ConclusionsThe superior tensile properties of bamboo fibres and fibre bundles are mainly a result of amplified cell wall formation, leading to a densely packed tissue, rather than being based on specific cell wall properties. The material optimization towards extremely compact fibres with a multi-lamellar cell wall in bamboo might be a result of a plant growth strategy that compensates for the lack of secondary thickening growth at the tissue level, which is not only favourable for the biomechanics of the plant but is also increasingly utilized in terms of engineering products made from bamboo culms.     

Recording relative water table depth using PVC tape discolouration: Advantages and constraints in fens

Question: Recognizing water table dynamics in wetlands is crucial for understanding species‐environment relationships, ecosystem function and changes during restoration. The PVC tape discolouration method enables spatially and temporally extensive studies of reductive conditions associated with long‐term water table dynamics in peat soils. The reliability of the method has been verified only for ombrotrophic bogs, even though wide usage can be expected in minerotrophic fens. Location: T?reboň basin, Czech Republic. Methods: Using data from 49 plots in six poor and moderately rich fens, we correlated the directly measured lowest, highest and mean water table depths and the same variables indicated by discolouration of PVC tape attached to green bamboo stakes installed vertically in the soil profile. Results: The depth to the first sign of PVC discolouration was highly correlated with the directly measured position of the highest water table, the correlation between the depth of complete discolouration and the directly measured position of the lowest water table was poorer. The accuracy of the minimum water table measurement depended on the depth of the peat layer. Surprisingly, the depth at which the green bamboo stakes turned brown correlated highly with the minimum water table. Conclusions: The PVC tape discolouration method reliably indicates water table maxima in fens, but minima are not accurately indicated. The depth of the green bamboo discolouration is suggested as a new alternative indicator of the minimum water table, even in fens and mineral soils. Combining both methods enables efficient monitoring of water table dynamics at a large number of mire sites.     

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable copolyester-starch based foams

Regular (25% amylose) and waxy corn starches blended to various ratios with Eastar Bio Copolyester 14766 (EBC) were extruded into loose-fill foams using a twin screw extruder. Included in this study were two types of corn starch, three levels of EBC content, and three levels of starch moisture content. Waxy starch produced foams with greater radial expansions and lower unit and bulk densities than regular starch. Regular starch foams had lower water solubility indices (WSIs) than waxy starch foams. Foams made of both types of starch possessed similar mechanical properties. No differences were observed in compressibilities and spring indices of either waxy or regular starch foams. Higher levels of EBC addition resulted in less radial expansion and higher unit and bulk densities. Foams made with 10% EBC had higher compressibility than foams containing 25% EBC. Spring indices of single-piece samples and compressibilities and spring indices of bulk samples were not affected by the differences in the level of EBC addition. At 19% and 22% of moisture contents, foams had greater radial expansion than at 25% moisture content. Unit and bulk densities were not affected by variations in moisture content. At 22% moisture content, a lower WSI of 18.5% was obtained. At 22% moisture content, softer foams were produced. At all three levels of moisture content, no differences were detected in the spring indices.     

Surface modification of bacterial cellulose nanofibers for property enhancement of optically transparent composites: dependence on acetyl-group DS

Bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers were acetylated to enhance the properties of optically transparent composites of acrylic resin reinforced with the nanofibers. A series of BC nanofibers acetylated from degree-of-substitution (DS) 0 to 1.76 were obtained. X-ray diffraction profiles indicated that acetylation proceeded from the surface to the core of BC nanofibers, and scanning electron microscopy images showed that the volume of nanofibers increases by the bulky acetyl group. Since acetylation decreased the refractive index of cellulose, regular transmittance of composites comprised of 63% BC nanofiber was improved, and deterioration at 580 nm because of fiber reinforcement was suppressed to only 3.4%. Acetylation of nanofibers changed their surface properties and reduced the moisture content of the composite to about one-third that of untreated composite, although excessive acetylation increased hygroscopicity. Furthermore, acetylation was found to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of a BC sheet from 3 x 10(-6) to below 1 x 10(-6) 1/K.     

黄土高寒区坡面土壤水分的时间稳定性

为揭示黄土高寒区人工林土壤水分的时空变化特征,基于2018年植被生长期一处典型人工植被恢复坡面0-200cm剖面土壤含水率连续动态数据,运用经典统计和时间稳定性分析,研究不同深度土壤含水率的时空变异性和时间稳定性。结果表明：在测定时段内,剖面各土层深度土壤含水率无显著差别,在空间上均表现为中等变异性,呈现随土层深度的增加而增大的趋势,在时间上表层表现为中等变异性,其余各层均表现为弱变异性,深层土壤水分的时间变异性小于浅层;随着测定时间变化,试验地0-200cm土壤含水率Spearman秩相关系数均达到0.8以上,且呈极显著相关,表现出一定的时间稳定性特征;土壤含水率的时间稳定性随土层深度的增加而增强,具有深度依赖性;基于相对差分分析可以选择代表性测点监测区域平均土壤含水率（决定系数R²为0.7138-0.8605）,以期为合理布设土壤水分监测点提供理论依据,对于植被恢复与生态重建模式的选择具有指导意义。     

Influences of Sodium Carbonate on Physicochemical Properties of Lansoprazole in Designed Multiple Coating Pellets

Lansoprazole (LSP), a proton-pump inhibitor, belongs to class II drug. It is especially instable to heat, light, and acidic media, indicating that fabrication of a formulation stabilizing the drug is difficult. The addition of alkaline stabilizer is the most powerful method to protect the drug in solid formulations under detrimental environment. The purpose of the study was to characterize the designed multiple coating pellets of LSP containing an alkaline stabilizer (sodium carbonate) and assess the effect of the stabilizer on the physicochemical properties of the drug. The coated pellets were prepared by layer–layer film coating with a fluid-bed coater. In vitro release and acid-resistance studies were carried out in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, respectively. Furthermore, the moisture-uptake test was performed to evaluate the influence of sodium carbonate on the drug stability. The results indicate that the drug exists in the amorphous state or small (nanometer size) particles without crystallization even after storage at 40°C/75% for 5 months. The addition of sodium carbonate to the pellet protects the drug from degradation in simulated gastric fluid in a dose-dependent manner. The moisture absorbed into the pellets has a detrimental effect on the drug stability. The extent of drug degradation is directly correlated with the content of moisture absorption. In conclusion, these results suggest that the presence of sodium carbonate influence the physicochemical properties of LSP, and the designed multiple coating pellets enhance the drug stability.