白腐菌对染料脱色和降解作用的研究进展

白腐菌应用于废水处理始于二十世纪八十年代,本文对印染废水的处理方法,白腐菌及其对污染物的降解机理作了简要概述,着重介绍了白腐菌对染料脱色和降解作用的研究进展。白腐菌对染料的脱色解降作用机理有部分尚待进一步研究;同时,白腐菌的吸附作用亦不容忽视。     

白腐真菌对染料废水脱色及降解的研究

染料废水是最难处理的工业废水之一,近年来许多学者就白腐真菌对染料废水的脱色进行了广泛的研究,系统介绍了白腐真菌对染料脱色和降解作用的研究进展,脱色机理及其影响因素,旨在为以后真菌对染料废水的脱色及降解提供参考和依据。     

黄孢原毛平革菌对RBBR脱色降解及其降解机制

为研究白腐真菌对蒽醌染料的生物降解机制,以白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌为脱色降解菌株,分析了蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R(RBBR)的浓度、金属离子及脱色参数对染料脱色的影响;采用紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析和植物种子毒性实验进行降解产物分析,以揭示RBBR可能的降解路径及其产物的毒性结果表明:在p...     

白腐真菌生物法处理染料亚甲基蓝的研究

实验采用白腐菌降解染料亚甲基蓝,研究了在不同振荡条件下,不同浓度的亚甲基蓝、染料废水的不同培养时间、不同转速、碳源的不同浓度等条件对染料亚甲基蓝的脱色效果的影响。实验结果表明,白腐菌在无氮条件下,染料亚甲基蓝浓度为4mg/L,振荡速度为120rpm,碳源浓度为2.0%时,其降解能力达到最大,脱色率为78.5%。     

白腐菌菌体对染料的生物吸附脱色及机理研究

目的：研究了白腐菌菌体吸附染料特性、影响因素及吸附机理。方法：采用分光光度法、吸附热特性、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析等系统地对菌体吸附特性及机理进行研究。结果：白腐菌BP对不同类型的染料有不同的吸附效果,240min内染料RBBR脱色率能达82.35%。菌体对RBBR的合适吸附条件为：温度28℃、转速100r/min、菌体粒径小于60目。吸附符合Freun-dlich模式,为多分子层吸附。菌体吸附染料主要通过菌体表面的羟基、羧基、胺基及磷酸基团与染料分子以共价键、离子交换或氢键结合来进行。结论：利用白腐菌菌体能有效的对部分染料进行吸附脱色。     

白腐真菌的木质素降解酶

简述了白腐真菌木质素降解酶的概念、催化反应机理及在纸浆的生物漂白和染料脱色中的应用。     

固定化白腐真菌对多种染料脱色的研究*

白腐真菌F17Schizophyllumsp.对不同结构的多种染料具有较强的脱色能力。聚酯无纺布是该菌固定化的最佳载体。利用正交实验,确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优操作条件。与游离菌相比,固定化菌不仅提高其脱色能力,而且在pH值和染料浓度的变化情况下,仍保持稳定的脱色率。固定化菌对染料脱色后的紫外可见光谱分析表明,可见光区吸收峰消失,紫外区的光吸收峰有所增加,染料结构发生了变化。     

白腐真菌对酸性橙7的脱色降解

偶氮染料广泛应用于纺织、造纸和包装等行业,因其具有三致性、结构稳定且难降解,已成为染料废水处理的研究热点之一。本研究以白腐真菌作为脱色菌株,考察了不同白腐真菌对偶氮类染料酸性橙7(acid orange 7,AO7)的脱色降解,探讨了AO7染料的浓度、pH、温度以及脱色时间对染料脱色率的影响,同时应用紫外-可见光谱吸收法、红外光谱吸收法、高效液相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱法对AO7的降解产物进行分析,并对其产物进行植物毒性实验,以推断AO7可能的降解途径及其降解产物的毒性。结果表明:在pH 4.5、28℃条件下,刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii)和杂色云芝(Trametes versicolor)的混合菌丝脱色降解100 mg/L AO7,24 h脱色率可达93.46%。推测AO7可能的生物降解途径:AO7偶氮键断裂生成对氨基苯磺酸和1-氨基-2-萘酚;接着对氨基苯磺酸脱去磺酸基,生成对苯二酚;同时1-氨基-2-萘酚开环生成邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲醛,之后进一步降解生成苯甲酸;最后对苯二酚和苯甲酸继续氧化成其他小分子中间体、H2O和CO_(2)。植物毒性实验表明,P.eryngii和T.versicolor混合菌丝对AO7脱毒效果较好。以上研究为探究白腐真菌在工业废水中降解偶氮类染料的应用奠定基础。     

固定化白腐真菌对多种染料脱色的研究

白腐真菌F17 Schizophyllum sp．对不同结构的多种染料具有较强的脱色能力。聚酯无纺布是该菌固定化的最佳载体。利用正交实验,确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优操作条件。与游离菌相比,固定化菌不仅提高其脱色能力,而且在pH值和染料浓度的变化情况下,仍保持稳定的脱色率。固定化菌对染料脱色后的紫外可见光谱分析表明,可见光区吸收峰消失,紫外区的光吸收峰有所增加,染料结构发生了变化。     

三种白腐真菌脱色噻嗪染料亚甲基蓝

本研究通过含亚甲基蓝染料的固体培养基,从19株白腐真菌菌株中分离获得3个脱色能力较强的菌株,其在平板上的脱色圈大小分别为7.5cm、6.8cm和5.5cm。鉴定其为：云芝栓孔菌Trametes versicolor（ZT-197）,绒毛栓孔菌Trametes pubescens（ZT-230）和亚黑管孔菌Bjerkandera fumosa（ZT-307）。其中,ZT-230对染料亚甲基蓝的脱色能力最强,可以将染料浓度为50mg/L的100mL液体培养基在6d之内100%脱色,而ZT-197和ZT-307在接种第10天时的脱色率为98%和80%。同时测定了3株白腐真菌在降解染料过程中的漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木素过氧化物酶3种酶活力的规律：ZT-197和ZT-230均可分泌Lac和MnP两种酶,ZT-307只分泌LiP。本研究说明绒毛栓孔菌ZT-197在印染废水治理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Chitosan-coated Lentinus polychrous Lév.: Integrated biosorption and biodegradation systems for decolorization of anionic reactive dyes

Research and development of an effective color removal system is needed to reduce the severity of water pollution caused by effluent that contains dyes. In this study, the integrated biosorption and biodegradation system of chitosan coated Lentinus polychrous Lév. was developed and evaluated for its decolorization efficiency with regard to anionic reactive dye mixtures of Reactive Blue 19, 160, and 198. The fungi were coated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% w/v of low molecular weight chitosan. The scanning electron micrographs confirmed that chitosan was successfully coated on the surface of the fungi. Studies of changes in UV–visible absorption spectra, dye desorption, ligninolytic enzyme activity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that within 6 h, the biosorption was the control mechanism and the dyes were reduced to 91.50, 77.66, 37.39, and 26.93% by the fungi coated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% w/v chitosan, respectively. From the 36th hour to the end of colorization at the 72nd hour, the fungal biodegradation by laccase and manganese peroxidase was dominant and all treatments had 5–8% of the dye remaining. Therefore, the chitosan coat acted as an efficient biosorbent for the anionic reactive dyes, thereby effectively improving the decolorization efficiency of the white rot fungus.     

Synthetic dye decolorization by white rot fungus, Ganoderma sp. WR-1

Decolorization of recalcitrant dyes by an indigenous strain of white rot fungus isolated from bark of dead tree, WR-1 identified as Ganoderma sp. was investigated. The fermentation medium was optimized using a combination of one factor at a time and orthogonal array method. Maximum decolorization (96%) of 100 ppm amaranth was achieved in 8 h with optimized medium containing 2% starch and 0.125% yeast extract. Rate of dye decolorization by the indigenous isolate Ganoderma sp. WR-1 was very high compared to the most widely used strains of Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The broad-spectrum decolorization efficiency of the isolate was assessed using chemically different dyes. The isolate was further evaluated for the decolorization of industrial effluent. Complete decolorization was achieved in 12 days.     

The role of enzymes produced by white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus in the decolorization of the textile industry effluent

The textile industry wastewater has been decolorized efficiently by the white rot fungus, Irpex lacteus, without adding any chemicals. The degree of the decolorization of the dye effluent by shaking or stationary cultures is 59 and 93%, respectively, on the 8th day. The higher level of manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and non-specific peroxidase (NsP) was detected in stationary cultures than in the cultures shaken. Laccase activities were equivalent in both cultures and its level was not affected significantly by the culture duration. Neither lignin peroxidase (LiP) nor Remazol Brilliant Blue R oxidase (RBBR ox) was detected in both cultures. The absorbance of the dye effluent was significantly decreased by the stationary culture filtrate of 7 days in the absence of Mn (II) and veratryl alcohol. In the stationary culture filtrate, three or more additional peroxidase bands were detected by the zymogram analysis.     

Microbial decolorization of azo dyes and dye industry effluent by Fomes lividus

The white rot fungus, Fomes lividus, was isolated from the logs of Shorea robusta in the Western Ghats region of Tamil Nadu, India. The fungus was tested for decolorization of azo dyes such as orange G (50 M) congo red (50 M) amido black 10B (25 M) and also for colour removal from dye industry effluents. The results revealed that the fungus could remove only 30.8% of orange G in the synthetic solution, whereas congo red and amido black 10B were removed by 74.0 and 98.9% respectively. A dye industry effluent was treated by the fungus in batch and continuous mode. In batch mode treatment, a maximum decolorization of 84.4% was achieved on day 4, and in continuous mode a maximum decolorization of 37.5% was obtained on day 5. The colour removal by the basidiomycete fungus might be due to adsorption of the dyes to the mycelial surface and metabolic breakdown. These results suggested that the batch mode treatment of Fomes lividus is one of the most efficient ways for colour removal in dye industry effluents.     

Microbial decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes: a review

The synthesis of dyes and pigments used in textiles and other industries generate the hazardous wastes. A dye is used to impart color to materials of which it becomes an integral part. The waste generated during the process and operation of the dyes commonly found to contain the inorganic and organic contaminant leading to the hazard to ecosystem and biodiversity causing impact on the environment. The amount of azo dyes concentration present in wastewater varied from lower to higher concentration that lead to color dye effluent causing toxicity to biological ecosystem. The physico-chemical treatment does not remove the color and dye compound concentration. The decolorization of the dye takes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomass or biodegradation by the cells. Bioremediation takes place by anaerobic and/or aerobic process. The anaerobic process converts dye in toxic amino compounds which on further treatment with aerobic reaction convert the intermediate into CO₂ biomass and inorganics. In the present review the decolorization and degradation of azo dyes by fungi, algae, yeast and bacteria have been cited along with the anaerobic to aerobic treatment processes. The factors affecting decolorization and biodegradation of azo dye compounds such as pH, temperature, dye concentration, effects of CO₂ and Nitrogen, agitation, effect of dye structure, electron donor and enzymes involved in microbial decolorization of azo dyes have been discussed. This paper will have the application for the decolorization and degradation of azo dye compound into environmental friendly compounds.     

Decolorization of Several Polymeric Dyes by the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The polymeric dyes Poly B-411, Poly R-481, and Poly Y-606 were examined as possible alternatives to the radiolabeled lignin previously used as a substrate in lignin biodegradation assays. Like lignin degradation, the decolorization of these dyes by the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium occurred during secondary metabolism, was suppressed in cultures grown in the presence of high levels of nitrogen, and was strongly dependent on the oxygen concentration in the cultures. A variety of inhibitors of lignin degradation, including thiourea, azide, and 4′-O-methylisoeugenol, also inhibited dye decolorization. A pleiotropic mutant of P. chrysosporium, 104-2, lacking phenol oxidase and ligninolytic activity was also not able to decolorize the polymeric dyes, whereas a phenotypic revertant strain, 424-2, regained this capacity. All of these results suggest that the ligninolytic degradation activity of the fungus was responsible for the decolorization of these dyes.     

Decolorization of Turquoise Blue HFG by Coprinus plicatilis for Water Bioremediation

Synthetic dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing, paper printing, color photography, and the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and leather industries. Most synthetic dyes are toxic and highly resistant to removal due to their complex chemical structures. There is a need for investigation of the biological treatment of synthetic dyes at a low cost and in the shortest possible time; synthetic dyes are used especially in the dye and textile industries and are an important polluting agent in the wastewater dumped into the environment by these industries. White rot fungus contains a variety of extracellular enzymes, and these enzymes are used for biological degradation of organic matter. The aim of the present work is to evaluate removal of the textile dye Turquoise Blue HFG by Coprinus plicatilis. Coprinus plicatilis was able to enzymatically decolorize 100% of the dye (dye concentration 10.0 and 25.0 mg L^?1). Ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric analyses, before and after decolorization, suggest that decolorization was due to biodegradation. There was an attempt to identify metabolites with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at the end of the decolorization process. These results indicate that the samples did not include any detectable metabolite. Therefore, this fungus can be used as an economical and eco-friendly tool to minimize the pollution by industries to a significant extent.     

Bioremediation of Textile Azo Dyes by Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27

Summary The potential of a recently isolated wood-degrading fungus, Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27, for effective decolorization of textile azo dyes was evaluated. Within two days of dye addition, the fungus was able to decolorize 83% of Remazol Tiefschwarz, 86% of Remazol Blue RR and 80% of Supranol Turquoise GGL in liquid cultures. The reactive dyes, Remazol Tiefschwarz and Remazol Blue, were removed by fungal biodegradation, while decolorization of the acid dye, Supranol Turquoise GGL, was accomplished mainly by bioadsorption. Therefore the fungus proved to be efficiently capable of both biodegradation and biosorption as the major dye removal mechanisms. The extent of biodegradation was associated with the levels of the extracellular ligninolytic enzymes such as manganese peroxidase and laccase.     

Purification, characterization and decolorization of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria 3.2190

Myrothecium verrucaria 3.2190 is a nonligninolytic fungus that produces bilirubin oxidase. Both M. verrucaria and the extracellular bilirubin oxidase were tested for their ability to decolorize indigo carmine. The biosorption and biodegradation of the dye were detected during the process of decolorization; more than 98% decolorization efficiency was achieved after 7 days at 26°C. Additionally, the crude bilirubin oxidase can efficiently decolorize indigo carmine at 30°C~50°C, pH 5.5~9.5 with dye concentrations of 50 mg l(-1)~200 mg l(-1). Bilirubin oxidase was purified and visualized as a single band on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Several enzymatic properties of the purified enzyme were investigated. Moreover, the identity of the purified bilirubin oxidase (BOD) was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). These results demonstrate that the purified bilirubin oxidase in M. verrucaria strain has potential application in dye effluent decolorization.