英国生物技术成果转化经验及若干启示

英国是生物技术产业发展强国,综合实力仅次于美国.英国生物技术行业今天的繁荣,是与英国几十年对生物技术成果转化的政策扶持和一系列配套措施分不开的.本文回顾了自20世纪50年代起,英国政府在生物技术成果转化方面的政策和经验、政府的引领和投入以及一系列的孵化政策,促成了英国生物技术产业当今的成就.关注英国在生物技术产业成果方面的经验,旨在为我国发展生物技术产业健康、迅速发展提供参考.     

Emotional segregation: A content analysis of institutional racism in US films, 1980–2001

The purpose of this article is to empirically demonstrate a concept, known as “emotional segregation” through a systematic analysis of US films. Emotional segregation is defined as an institutionalized process, whereby European Americans are unable to see people of colour as emotional equals or as capable of sharing the same human emotions and experiences. This concept was inspired by Charles C. Stember's (1976) study of sexual racism and Patricia Hill Collins’ (2000) work on sexualized racism. In order to examine the existence of emotional segregation in the United States, a content analysis was conducted of forty US films chosen from a stratified random sample. Differences were found in media portrayals of inter- and intra-racial relationships involving African Americans. Future research on emotional segregation is suggested to assess how this phenomenon creates emotional barriers among ethnic groups.     

Four thoughts on Charles Mills – Black rights/white wrongs: the critique of racial liberalism

In what follows I provide a review of Charles Mills’ text, Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism. In four points I critique and build upon Mills’ contributions on (1) the multidimensional character of race, (2) the faith in liberalism to alleviate racial injustices, (3) the place of patriarchal tendencies in philosophy, and (4) the “white space” of sociology.     

Out of bounds? Racial discourse on college basketball message boards

While the frequency of overt racism has decreased in most public spaces, being replaced by more subtly racialized narratives, the Internet appears to be an exception where explicit racism continues to proliferate. Online message boards dedicated to US collegiate basketball are sites where groups dominated by white male users discuss the lives and performances of young, primarily black, student-athletes. Against this backdrop, the current study investigated the racialized nature of discourse on college basketball message boards in cases where players were involved in disciplinary incidents. We found that, although overt mention of race was rare in these spaces, racialized assumptions and expectations often still shaped interpretations of players' actions. Reasons for the presence of such ‘colour-blind’ discourse are discussed.     

Descendants of European immigrants in Southern Brazil as participants and heads of Afro‐Brazilian religious centres

This article is about a unique case of assimilation: the entry of descendants of nineteenth‐ and early‐twentieth‐century European immigrants to southern Brazil into Afro‐Brazilian religious groups, some as heads of their own centres. The discussion is placed within the framework of the contemporary multiculturalist debate over assimilation. The emigration of Europeans to rural southern Brazil is summarized. African slaves are shown to have been established ‐ with their syncretized Afro‐Catholic religions ‐ in the incipient urban centres. The transformation of Brazilian society in the second half of the twentieth century is examined focusing on 1) the massive growth of the population and 2) its urbanization. The difficulties faced by the migrants to the cities and their descendants is discussed. Umbanda, a secondary religious syncretism of the Afro‐Catholic tradition with European Spiritism, is shown to provide help to those in need as it competes with Catholicism and other religions for converts. Large numbers of Brazilians have converted to Umbanda, with some of them later turning to the more ‘African’ Candomblé, Batuque, etc. Cases of European immigrants who joined Umbanda and Batu‐que centres in Porto Alegre are presented.     

Facilitation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Urtica dioica</Emphasis> colonisation by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus arboreus</Emphasis> on a nutrient-poor mining spoil

Facilitation is an important process during succession. Legumes often play a significant role as facilitators, particularly in primary succession, enriching the soil with nitrogen (N). The leguminous shrub Lupinus arboreus (Sims) can fix significant N on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. An apparent association between L. arboreus and Urtica dioica (L), which requires high concentrations of soil N and phosphorus (P), suggested that L. arboreus might facilitate colonisation by Urtica of nutrient-poor soils by increasing both soil N and P. I measured significantly higher concentrations of extractable soil P and higher values of soil pH beneath L. arboreus canopy, compared with areas between bushes, occupied by herbaceous vegetation. Litter inputs beneath L. arboreus were more than two and a half times higher in terms of mass of material and P and three times higher in terms of N, than in areas between bushes. This high litter input accounted for the higher soil P concentration and higher pH. It did not lead to higher soil organic matter content however, probably because high nutrient concentration in L. arboreus litter leads to rapid decay. A glasshouse trial showed that Urtica grew poorly on soil collected from areas between bushes of L. arboreus without the addition of supplementary N and P fertiliser, indicting co-limitation, by both N and P. Growth of Urtica on soil from beneath L. arboreus was more than four times higher than on soil from between L. arboreus. Amendment of the latter soil with N significantly increased growth of Urtica, but amendment with P did not, indicating that Urtica growth on this soil was not P limited, even when amended with N. Facilitation of colonisation of this site by Urtica therefore can be attributed to increased soil N and P, derived from litter of L. arboreus. However, in the field Urtica was only found beneath dead and senescent L. arboreus, suggesting a period of inhibition caused by shading, before senescence of L. arboreus allows light penetration to the nutrient-rich soil below.     

Surveys of diseases of spring barley in England and Wales, 1976–1980

Samples from 200–300 randomly selected spring barley crops were taken annually at growth stage 73–77 (milky ripe) from 1976 to 1980. The number of samples from each region was proportional to the area of barley grown in each region. The percentage of the area of the top two leaves affected by diseases was recorded. Mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was the most widespread and severe disease recorded. Brown rust (Puccinia hordei) and rhynchosporium (Rhyn-chosporium secalis) occurred frequently but at relatively low levels. Yellow rust {Puccinia striiformis) and septoria (Septoria nodorum) were seen on less than 50% of the samples in most years, and halo spot (Selenophoma donacis) and net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) were rarely recorded. There was an association between the severity of rhynchosporium and the number of rain days in May and June. The highest levels of brown rust occurred in the south and east and rhynchosporium was more common in Wales and the south-west than in the east, but there were no differences in the regional distribution of other diseases. Cultivar resistance, sowing date, previous cropping and fungicide usage were all found to be associated with altered disease levels. The proportion of crops treated with a foliar fungicidal spray rose from 26% in 1976 to 47% in 1980. The use of tridemorph declined but that of triadimefon increased reaching 29% of crops treated by 1980. The use of ethirimol as a seed treatment declined from 16% of crops grown from treated seed in 1976 to 7% in 1980. Estimated yield losses between 1976 and 1980 varied between 4% and 9% due to mildew, between 0.3% and 0.8% due to brown rust and between 0.2% and 0.5% due to rhynchosporium.     

Whither the diversity bargain?

In Natasha Warikoo’s account, the “diversity bargain” is widespread among white elite American college students. This bargain is tentative support for preferences for underrepresented minorities in college admissions, conditioned on the admitted minority students providing white students with multicultural experiences that signal elite cosmopolitanism. This essay reviews three possible explanations for the pervasiveness of the diversity bargain: campus experiences with the benefits of diversity; socialization into expectations that elites give lip service to the benefits of diversity; and Warikoo’s methodological and analytical choices.     

Distribution of Oriental and German cockroaches, Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera), in the United Kingdom

Results are presented of a survey carried out by Rentokil Ltd on the distribution of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L. and the German cockroach Blattella germanica L. in the United Kingdom. The known ranges of both species are increased considerably by the findings of the survey, with several new vice-county records for Scotland (including the Western Isles), England and Wales. The frequency at which Blatta orientalis was observed in outdoor habitats may indicate that this species sometimes spreads to new areas without human assistance.     

‘Islamophobia never stands still’: race,religion, and culture

Abstract

Islamophobia bundles religious, ethnic and cultural prejudices together even though a narrow definition of the term flags religion as playing the central part. Calls for decoupling religion from ethnicity and culture appear justifiable: religions are increasingly disconnected from the cultures in which they have been embedded. But established political discourse infrequently makes such distinctions and may go further to racialize cultural and religious attributes of non-Europeans through essentialist framing. Islamophobia becomes a cryptic articulation of race and racism even if overtly it appears as religiously-based prejudice. Islam has been culturalized and racialized by its adherents and antagonists alike. Survey data on attitudes towards Muslims confirm such framing: the most common grounds given for experiencing discrimination was race or ethnic origin; religion and belief system were cited less often. Racialization, race and differential racism have become more endemic to Islamophobesã stigmatizing of Muslims, but to categorize Islamophobes as racists is bad politics.     

Observational and experimental studies on the acquisition of Anisakis sp. larvae (nematoda: Ascaridida) by trout in fresh water

In the enclosed fresh-water environmsnt of Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex, England, Anisakis sp. larvae (parasites of marine fish) were found in 55 per cent of 40 brown trout and in 26·2 per cent of 61 rainbow trout. Experimental infection by intubating larvae into the stomach was more successful in brown trout (50·6 per cent recovery rate) than in rainbow trout (27 per cent recovery rate). Some larvae reached the body-cavity as early as 2 h after infection. They penetrated the region between the oesophagus and intestine immediately posterior to the caecal openings. Fewer larvae successfully penetrated the gut wall of brown trout within 24 h at 8°C than at 15 ± 1°C. It appears that the reservoir trout acquired Anisakis by being fed as juveniles on untreated marine fish offal containing live larvae.