白色念珠菌分泌型天冬氨酸蛋白酶在口腔扁平苔藓患者唾液中的表达

研究白色念珠菌分泌型天冬氨酸蛋白酶(SAP)家族在扁平苔藓患者唾液中的表达,进而探讨白色念珠菌病与扁平苔藓的关系。选取白色念珠菌携带者、白色念珠菌病患者、携带白色念珠菌的扁平苔藓患者、伴有白色念珠菌病的扁平苔藓患者各20例,念珠菌培养阴性的扁平苔藓患者10例。从唾液标本中直接提取RNA,进行RT-PCR。白色念珠菌携带者唾液中有SAP2、SAP4-6、SAP7的不同表达,携带白色念珠菌的口腔扁平苔藓患者唾液中有SAP2、SAP4-6、SAP7、SAP8、SAP9的不同表达,所有携带者中均未表现SAP1、SAP3和SAP10的阳性扩增。白色念珠菌患病者及伴有白色念珠菌病的口腔扁平苔藓患者唾液中有SAP1-10的不同表达。念珠菌培养阴性的扁平苔藓患者均无SAP1-10的阳性扩增。SAP9与扁平苔藓密切相关。     

口腔念珠菌基因多态性检测

目的检测正常人群口腔念珠菌基因型,以了解口腔念珠菌基因多态性。方法采集162例正常人群口腔样本,用念珠菌显色培养基(CHROM agar)进行菌种分离培养鉴定,用玉米Tween80培养基进行真菌孢子形态学检查鉴定,随机抽取45个菌株样本进行内含子转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer region,ITS)序列检测,并比对同源性,建立进化树,观察菌株进化分支情况。结果分离培养出念珠菌菌株57株(57/162,35.2%),其中白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)36株(36/57,63.1%)。进行ITS序列检测的45个菌株申请GenBank序列注册号为FJ697166-GQ280292。结论正常人群口腔念珠菌基因具有多态性。     

口腔黏膜真菌鉴定方法的比较

比较常见用于黏膜真菌菌种鉴别的多种方法,探寻最佳的鉴别方法。采集230例普通人群口腔黏膜样本,分别用玉米吐温-80培养观察厚膜孢子法、糖发酵生化反应法、CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法、ITS基因的PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性)法、ITS测序菌种鉴定法,鉴别真菌各菌株。结果显示:有56例菌株至少通过1种方法检出真菌;玉米吐温-80分离培养假丝酵母菌37株;50例菌株ITS基因测序共鉴定出8个菌种,白假丝酵母菌(C.albicans)29株,近平滑假丝酵母菌(C.parapsilosis)10株,热带假丝酵母菌(C.tropicalis)5株,Candida metapsilosis 1株,Lodderomyces elongisporus 1株,克柔假丝酵母菌(Candida krusei)1株,乙醇假丝酵母菌(C.ethanolica)1株,季也蒙毕赤酵母菌(Pichia guilliermondii)2株;CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法鉴定出3种菌株,分别是白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌;PCR-RFLP法检出5种菌株,分别是白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、季也蒙毕赤酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌,与基因的测序鉴定一致率为91%;糖发酵生化反应法阳性标本占被检出真菌例数的46.4%(26/56)。结果表明:ITS基因的测序法可以准确鉴定真菌各个菌种;PCR-RFLP法能鉴定常见的菌种,但操作繁琐;CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法能快速准确鉴别3种常见假丝酵母菌菌种;玉米吐温-80可以准确培养鉴别白假丝酵母菌;糖发酵生化反应法,缺乏足够的敏感度和特异性,难以准确鉴别各个菌种。     

Incidence of oral candidiasis in a sample group of diabetics

The recurrence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity of diabetic subjects is examined in connection with the capacity of dismetabolic diseases, and diabetes in particular, to support the development of various mycoses. Results from the study of (not - saliva samples taken from) 50 diabetic but stomatologically healthy subjects show that Candida albicans was present in half of the cases examined and was more frequent in females than in males (15 and 10 cases, respectively). Oral cavity pH was also found to be lower in Candida albicans subjects than in normal cases.     

SCID小鼠肠道菌群失调对深部白色念珠菌感染的影响研究

目的建立重度联合免疫缺陷（SCID）小鼠白色念珠菌感染模型,探讨肠道菌群失调与深部白色念珠菌感染的联系。方法SCID小鼠随机口服万古霉素水溶液7d,饥饿24h后给予白色念珠菌灌胃,建立小鼠白色念珠菌感染模型,观察小鼠死亡情况。荧光定量PCR检测肠道细菌总量、基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱仪鉴定肠道菌群种类,并应用扫描电镜观察肠壁黏膜组织超微结构的改变。结果应用万古霉素可致肠道菌群失调,肠道黏膜完整性受损。在万古霉素致肠道菌群失调的基础上,外源性白色念珠菌攻击可加重肠道菌群失调和肠壁黏膜损伤程度,促进深部白色念珠菌感染的发生。结论肠道菌群失衡可以导致深部白色念珠菌感染的发生,肠壁黏膜的完整性可能参与了肠道白色念珠菌播散过程。     

影响正常口腔念珠菌检出率的方法学研究

目的:研究不同检测方法对正常口腔念珠菌检出率的影响,寻找一种比较简便可靠的检测方法.方法:以健康的平均年龄7.4岁的儿童为检测人群,比较不同的取样部位,取样方法,检测方法,被检人群口腔中白色念珠菌以及其他念珠菌的检出率.结果:取样和检测方法对检出率有不同程度的影响,PCR检测方法的检出率显著高于培养法.结论:黏膜拭子加离心,和CHROMagar CandidaTM鉴定培养基相结合的方法是一种简便理想的分离培养方法,PCR方法则敏感度更高.     

The antilysozyme activity of yeasts in the genus Candida

The fungi of the genus Candida isolated from patients with oral mucosa candidiasis and from candidiasis carriers have been studied for their antilysozyme activity. These fungi (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. quilliermondii) are antilysozyme-active. A high antilysozyme activity of the fungi isolated from patients with oral mucosa candidiasis permits supposing that the presence of this trait may be one of the factors of microorganism pathogenicity. The effective antimycotic therapy (clotrimasole, sanguirhitrin) decreases the antilysozyme activity of fungi of the genus Candida.     

Candida albicans and Streptococcus salivarius modulate IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha expression and secretion by engineered human oral mucosa cells

We investigated the involvement of oral epithelial cells via two cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and one chemokine (IL-8) in local defences against live yeast (Candida albicans) and bacteria (Streptococcus salivarius) using an engineered human oral mucosa model. We report that the yeast changed from the blastospore to the hyphal form and induced significant tissue disorganization at later contact periods (24 and 48 h) compared to the bacteria. However, this effect did not reduce the viability or total number of epithelial cells. Gene activation analyses revealed that IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels rose in tissues in contact with live C. albicans or S. salivarius. Gene activation was followed by an upregulation of protein secretion. IL-6 levels were higher after contact with C. albicans than with S. salivarius. IL-8 levels after contact with S. salivarius were higher than with C. albicans. Our study suggests that S. salivarius is more efficient at inducing proinflammatory mediator release than C. albicans. These results provide additional evidence for the contribution of oral epithelial cells to the inflammatory response against fungi and bacteria.     

白色念珠菌对人口腔黏膜上皮角质细胞凋亡和增殖的影响

目的:探索白色念珠菌对人口腔黏膜上皮角质细胞(KB细胞)凋亡和增殖的影响。方法:分别培养孢子型白色念珠菌和菌丝型白色念珠菌,取健康志愿者的颊粘膜制备KB细胞,分别加入孢子型白色念珠菌(孢子组)和菌丝型白色念珠菌(菌丝组),另外取单纯KB细胞作为对照组。对比分析各组细胞凋亡率及各个周期的细胞数,统计分析各组细胞增殖指数(PI)。结果:菌丝组凋亡率显著高于对照组及孢子组(P0.05);菌丝组在G0/G1期的细胞比例均显著低于对照组及孢子组(P0.05);菌丝组在S期和G2/M期的细胞比例均显著高于对照组及孢子组(P0.05);菌丝组的PI显著高于孢子组和对照组(P0.05)。结论:菌丝型白色念珠菌可诱导KB细胞凋亡率的上升及改变KB细胞周期变化,并引起KB细胞的PI升高,对于临床上治疗口腔念珠菌病具有重要的指导意义。     

Analysis of oral microbial community and Th17‐associated cytokines in saliva of patients with oral lichen planus

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of oral mucosa of unknown cause. Microbial infection and dysimmunity appear to play important roles in its pathogenesis. In this study, differences in genetic profiling of salivary microbial communities in two subtypes of OLP and healthy controls were evaluated by means of PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Additionally, ELISA was used to investigate the possible role of Th17 in lesion formation by detecting two related cytokines IL‐17 and IL‐23 in the saliva of OLP patients. When the DGGE profiles were analyzed, the bacterial populations were found to be significantly less rich in subjects with reticular and erosive OLP than in healthy controls. There was significantly less microbial diversity, as denoted by the Shannon index, in saliva samples from subjects with erosive OLP than in those from healthy controls. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that the DGGE profiles formed distinctly group‐specific clusters. Salivary concentrations of IL‐17 in subjects with erosive OLP group were significantly higher than in those with reticular OLP and healthy controls. What's more, significantly positive correlations were observed between salivary IL‐17 concentrations and disease clinical scores. Microbial richness and diversity was negatively correlated with salivary IL‐17 concentrations. These results suggest there is significantly less salivary bacterial diversity and complexity in subjects with OLP han in healthy controls and that the shifted community composition is closely related to an immune cytokine, IL‐17.     

Smoking-aggravated oral candidiasis: Nrf2 pathway dampens NLRP3 inflammasome

While cigarette smoke compounds are known to have immunosuppressive effects on the oral mucosa, the relationship between in vivo immune dysfunction caused by smoking and the development of oral Candida infections remains largely unexplored. In a recent issue of The Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ye and colleagues provide evidence that smoking increases oral mucosa susceptibility to Candida albicans infection via the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which in turn negatively regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome. This opens new perspective in considering Nrf2 as a relevant target for smoking-induced C. albicans-related oral diseases.     

抗菌肽对糜烂型OLP患者唾液中真菌的影响

抗菌肽经临床研究,发现具有抗生素不具备的优点,可对糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓(oral lichen planus,OLP)患者唾液中真菌有抑制和杀菌的作用,弥补了抗生素的缺点。通过使用不同浓度、不同种类的抗菌肽,作用于自糜烂型OLP患者口腔唾液标本中提取并经鉴定的菌种,对三种常见菌——白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌进行抑菌试验。结果表明,抗菌肽使用前后的数值比对、菌落生长情况、最小抑菌值有明显变化。发现RISE-AP12对三种常见真菌的抑菌、杀菌效果优于其他的抗菌肽,在临床上有较大应用前景。     

Multicenter Brazilian study of oral Candida species isolated from AIDS patients

Oropharyngeal candidiasis continues to be considered the most common opportunistic disease in Aids patients. This study was designed to investigate species distribution, serotype and antifungal susceptibility profile among Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of Aids patients recruited from six Brazilian university centers. Oral swabs from 130 Aids patients were plated onto CHROMagar Candida medium and 142 isolates were recovered. Yeast isolates were identified by classical methods and serotyped using the Candida Check or target system-Iatron. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the NCCLS microbroth assay. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species (91%), and 70% of the isolates belonged to serotype A. We detected 12 episodes of co-infection (9%), including co-infection with both serotypes of C. albicans. Non-albicans species were isolated from 12 episodes, 50% of them exhibited DDS or resistance to azoles. Otherwise, only 8 out 130 isolates of C. albicans exhibited DDS or resistance to azoles. Brazilian Aids patients are infected mainly by C. albicans serotype A, most of them susceptible to all antifungal drugs.     

家族传播的口腔白色念珠菌基因型多态性分析

目的检测家族传播的口腔白色念珠菌基因多态性。方法采集35个家庭（119个样本）的口腔牙菌斑,采用PCR ITS1-ITS2基因分型方法,检测、分析家族传播的口腔白色念珠菌基因多态性。结果 18个家庭（18/35,61%）,34个样本（34/119,28.6%）有白色念珠菌感染,11个家庭存在家族传播（11/18,61%）。在5个母子（父子）垂直传播的家庭成员中,白色念珠菌基因型均不一致。在3个呈水平传播的家庭成员中,两家基因型一致,1家不一致。在3个垂直-水平传播的家庭成员中,两家基因型一致,1家不一致。白色念珠菌家族传播基因型差异有显著统计学意义（χ2=26.571,P〈0.01）。白色念珠菌感染与年龄、性别、学历、吸烟、饮酒、义齿和龋病均无显著相关。结论白色念珠菌在口腔定植,受宿主自身遗传背景影响较大,在家族垂直传播中呈明显的基因多态性。呈水平传播的白色念珠菌菌种具有较高的传染性,基因型可保持不变。     

Salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in oral lichen planus

OBJECTIVE: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, presenting in various clinical forms. The etiology of OLP is still unknown but mounting evidence points to the immunologic basis of this disorder. AIM: Our study was undertaken to quantify the salivary levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the reticular and the erosive/atrophic forms of OLP, compared with age-matched healthy control volunteers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Whole saliva from 40 patients with active lesions of OLP, as well as from 20 healthy persons, was investigated for the presence of TNF-alpha by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Salivary TNF-alpha levels were significantly increased in patients with OLP in comparison with healthy subjects. The presence of TNF-alpha showed positive correlation to clinical forms of OLP, being significantly higher in the erosive/atrophic type than in the reticular type of disease. CONCLUSION: Saliva provides an ideal medium for the detection of pro-inflammatory markers of the oral cavity. In patients with OLP, TNF-alpha levels in saliva are elevated, correlating with the severity of illness. Salivary TNF-alpha analysis may be a useful diagnostic tool and a potential prognostic marker in OLP.     

Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) detection of medically important Candida species.

Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (iNASBA), an isothermal amplification technique for nucleic acids, was evaluated for the identification of medically important Candida species using primers selected from 18S rRNA sequences conserved in fungi. An RNA fragment of 257 nucleotides was amplified for Candida albicans. Nineteen different fungi were tested for rRNA amplification with the NASBA. All were positive when analyzed on agarose gel, whereas human RNA was negative. For the identification of Candida species, NASBA amplification products were analyzed in an enzyme bead-based detection format, using species-specific biotinylated probes and a generic Candida HRPO probe or a membrane-based system using biotinylated probes and avidin-HPRO. Discrimination of the major human pathogenic Candida spp. was based on a panel of biotinylated probes for C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. lusitaniae. Using rRNA dilutions obtained from pure cultures of C. albicans, the combination of NASBA and the enzymatic bead-based detection yielded a sensitivity equivalent to 0.01 CFU. In a model system using 1 ml of artificially contaminated blood as few as 1-10 CFU of C. albicans could be detected. Testing of 68 clinical blood samples from patients suspected of candidemia showed that eight samples were positive for C. albicans and one for C. glabrata. Testing of 13 clinical plasma samples from patients suspected of fungemia identified the presence of C. albicans in two specimens. The whole procedure of sample preparation, amplification and identification by hybridization can be performed in 1 day. This speed and the observed sensitivity of the assay make the NASBA a good alternative to PCR for the detection of candidemia.     

The oral yeast flora of 10-year-old schoolchildren

The yeast flora of the hard palate mucosa and pooled saliva of 122 schoolchildren (average age 9 years 10 months, 63 males, 59 females) has been studied in detail. Of the population sampled, 71.3% carried oral yeasts. The carriage was approximately 3 times greater in females than in males. The yeast isolates were Candida albicans 71% Saccharomyces spp. 19.7% and Candida tropicalis 8.6%. No isolates of Torulopsis spp. or Rhodotorula spp. were recovered. 71.5% of the Candida albicans isolates were serotype A and 26.3% were serotype B.     

Evaluation of biochemical and serological methods to identify and clustering yeast cells of oral Candida species by CHROMagar test, SDS-PAGE and ELISA.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate biochemical and serological methods to characterize and identify Candida species from the oral cavity. The strains used were five Candida species previously identified: C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus, as a negative control. The analyses were conducted through the SDS-PAGE associated with statistical analysis using software, chromogenic medium, and CHROMagar Candida (CA), as a differential medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of clinically important yeasts and an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), using antisera produced against antigens from two C. albicans strains. This method enabled the screening of the three Candida species: C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, with 100% of specificity. The ELISA using purified immunoglobulin G showed a high level of cross-reaction against protein extracts of Candida species. The SDS-PAGE method allowed the clustering of species-specific isolates using the Simple Matching coefficient, S(SM) = 1.0. The protein profile analysis by SDS-PAGE increases what is known about the taxonomic relationships among oral yeasts. This methodology showed good reproducibility and allows collection of useful information for numerical analysis on information relevant to clinical application, and epidemiological and systematical studies.     

Presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity of healthy subjects

The influence of possible changes in bacterial flora in the etiology of periodontal disease assessed during a study of saprophitism of Candida albicans in the oral cavity is reported. Three saliva samples, each from each of 50 healthy subjects not on drugs, taken prior to breakfast and after careful cleaning of the oral cavity the previous evening were subjected to bacterioscopic examination both immediately and after culturing on Sabouraud medium. pH levels were also determined. 17 subjects, of which females predominated, (12 cases compared to 5 male cases) were found to be C.a carriers.     

Phenotypic evaluation to differentiate Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis

This study evaluated the phenotypic tests used to differentiate Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis. A total of 55 isolates from vaginal secretions, oral cavity and hemoculture were studied. They were originally identified as C. albicans, based on their morphological and physiological characteristics. These isolates were tested for colony color development on CHROMagar Candida medium, growth at 45 degrees C on Sabouraud Dextrose agar, lipolytic activity on Tween 80 Agar medium and colony morphology and chlamydoconidia formation on Staib agar medium. Of the 55 isolates studied, seven yielded one or more phenotypic characteristics suggestive of Candida dubliniensis. These isolates were tested by PCR with specific primers for Candida dubliniensis and API ID 32. The seven isolates were confirmed as Candida albicans. All of these finding indicate that DNA based tests should be used for definitive identification of Candida dubliniensis.