miR-17-92基因簇microRNAs对哺乳动物器官发育及肿瘤发生的调控

microRNAs(miRNAs)是近年发现的一种高度保守的非编码小RNA, 它们通过抑制靶基因mRNA的翻译或将其降解, 在转录后水平调控基因的表达, 参与调控哺乳动物多个器官的发育过程和人类疾病的发生。miR-17-92基因簇是一个高度保守的基因簇, 编码miR-17-5p、miR-17-3p、miR-18a、miR-19a、miR-20a、miR-19b-1和miR-92-1等7个miRNAs。大量证据表明, miR-17-92基因簇miRNAs参与了心、肺、免疫系统的发育、血管生长及前脂肪细胞的分化等过程。此外, miR-17-92基因簇miRNAs在多种肿瘤中高表达, 能作为致癌基因诱发淋巴瘤和血管化肿瘤的发生, 但它也可以作为抑癌基因抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖。文章对miR-17-92基因簇miRNAs在哺乳动物器官发育及肿瘤发生中的作用进行综述     

miR-133b可能通过调控foxO1的表达影响小鼠B细胞发育

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类具有转录后调控作用的非编码RNA,在发育、细胞增殖、凋亡及肿瘤发生等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用.为全面了解小鼠B细胞中miRNAs的表达模式,利用流式细胞仪(FACS)分选处于不同发育时期的B细胞,采用TaqMan誖低密度芯片对其进行检测,筛选到pre-B阶段9个miRNAs表达量显著上调.将筛选出的miRNAs进行靶基因预测,并对预测靶基因进行功能聚类和通路分析,发现约4%的基因参与免疫系统过程,包括Bcl2、Kit等.选取foxO1与miR-19b、miR-142-3p、miR-106b、miR-182及miR-133b进行初步功能验证,双荧光素酶报告系统及Westernblot检测结果均显示,miR-133b可直接作用于foxO1 3′UTR从而降低foxO1的表达.结合人类和小鼠B细胞中foxO1的表达情况分析,其表达模式同miR-133b表达模式呈负相关,说明miR-133b可能参与了B细胞发育过程中foxO1的表达调控过程.     

microRNAs与TP53基因调控网络研究进展

TP53基因(编码p53蛋白)作为一个重要的抑瘤基因,通过调控一系列信号转导通路广泛参与了多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展,一直是肿瘤分子生物学研究领域的热点.最近的研究发现,microRNAs(miRNAs)参与了TP53的信号通路,它们之间存在着复杂的调控网络.一方面,p53通过调控一些miRNAs的转录及转录后成熟,促进细胞周期阻滞、诱导细胞凋亡和衰老,抑制肿瘤发生.另一方面,许多miRNAs,如miR-25、miR-30d、miR-125b和miR-504等可直接调控p53的表达与活性,参与TP53信号通路的调节,还有一些miRNAs则通过调节p53上下游基因,发挥重要的生物学功能.其中,最具有代表性的是miR-34家族,它们受p53直接调控并参与TP53信号通路,通过靶向抑制多个TP53信号通路关键分子的表达,发挥抑瘤作用.此外,它们还可以通过抑制沉默信息调节子,增强p53的活性,反馈调节TP53信号通路.miRNAs与TP53之间调控网络的研究,是对TP53抑瘤机制的重要补充.     

miRNAs的表达调控机制

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在转录后基因调控中发挥功能的非编码小RNAs,在发育、生长和分化等过程中发挥重要作用.至今已经在动物、植物和微生物等不同生物体中鉴定出来数千种miRNAs. miRNAs可以通过降解mRNA或抑制蛋白翻译的方式调节特异基因表达.生物体内约30%的基因都受miRNAs的调节.miRNAs的表达与功能受到转录因子、表观遗传学、多核苷酸多态性及其RNA编辑等多种因素的调节.此外,特异miRNA基因敲除的成功为研究miRNAs功能提供了有力的实验模型.     

miR-20b-5p在肿瘤及其他疾病中的生物学功能

miRNAs是一类非编码的小RNA分子,在多种疾病的发病和治疗中发挥重要作用,可调控细胞增殖、细胞周期、凋亡和迁移等过程中关键基因的表达。miR-20b-5p属于miR-17家族,在多种肿瘤中和非肿瘤性疾病中存在异常表达。在肿瘤中,miR-20b-5p扮演着癌基因或抑癌基因的角色,可通过调控相应靶分子的表达影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、侵袭与迁移等生物学行为,进而促进或抑制肿瘤的发生发展。该文对miR-20b-5p在肿瘤和非肿瘤性疾病中的生物学功能和机制进行简要综述。相信随着对miR-20b-5p的功能和机制的深入阐明,miR-20b-5p有望作为多种疾病的诊治靶点。     

MicroRNA-17-92与肿瘤

microRNA是一类在生物体中广泛表达的、非编码调节性小分子RNA(约22～24nt).它们一经问世,即被发现参与多种疾病的发生.miR-17-92及其旁系同源序列就是其中之一,它们已被证实在肺、心脏及免疫系统的正常发育及肿瘤形成中均起到重要作用.本文从miR-17-92及其旁系同源序列在不同肿瘤组织中的表达及其在肿瘤发生中的分子机制,对这一基因簇与肿瘤发生的关系进行综述.     

鸡mir-17-92基因簇的结构、功能及其调控

mir-17-92基因簇(mir-17-92 cluster)是脊椎动物的一个保守miRNA基因簇,在哺乳动物细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及发育等多种生物学过程中起重要的调控作用.同时,mir- 17-92基因簇又是一个癌基因,在多种肿瘤中表达.尽管对mir-17-92基因簇的研究非常广泛,但其作用机制还不完全清楚.鸡mir- 17-92基因簇的结构组成特点、功能及其作用机制尚未见研究报道.该文根据同一miRNA基因簇的miRNAs在功能上相关的特点,以鸡mir- 17-92基因簇序列为研究对象,采用生物信息学研究方法和手段,开展了鸡mir- 17-92基因簇的基因组结构、miRNAs序列组成、靶生物学过程和信号通路以及miRNAs结合位点分布特点等分析研究.结果发现,鸡mir- 17-92基因簇调控MAPK、Wnt和TGF-β等多个重要细胞信号通路;miRNA结合位点分布分析显示,该miRNA基因簇多个成员共同作用于同一个靶基因,提示该基因簇的miRNAs成员以组合和协同的方式调控靶基因.该研究为深入了解mir-17-92基因簇如何调控癌症和发育中的关键细胞过程奠定了基础.     

microRNAs与糖尿病肾病

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性非编码调控单链小RNA,通过与靶mRNA的3'端非翻译区(3'UTRs)序列相互识别而引起靶mRNA降解或蛋白翻译抑制,从而参与机体器官发育分化、细胞增殖凋亡、肿瘤发生等多种生理病理过程。目前研究表明,miRNAs在糖尿病肾病(DN)的发病进展中发挥重要作用,一些miRNAs的表达异常(如miR-192、miR-21、miR-29、miR-377、miR-93、miR-200家族、miR-451和miR-251等的上调或下调)与DN的发生、发展密切相关。近期发现miRNAs在血清、血浆和尿液等多种体液中稳定存在,并且在DN发病状态下,一些miRNAs会发生特异性改变,提示miRNAs可作为DN诊断性标志物。而且,随着对miRNAs调控机制的深入研究,特定的miRNAs有可能成为DN的治疗靶点,为疾病的预防和进展提供新的治疗策略。     

调节小鼠胰腺发育中Ptf1a基因表达的microRNAs的鉴定研究

Ptf1a,又名p48,是Ptf1转录因子的一个亚基,为胰腺命运决定与细胞分化必需的转录因子．最近研究发现,Ptf1a表达的丰度变化与发育中胰腺细胞生长、分化和胰岛?茁细胞数量密切相关．然而,胰腺细胞中Ptf1a的表达调节机制还不清楚．MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类约22nt的非编码小RNA,它们通过切割靶mRNA或抑制靶mRNA的翻译调节基因的表达．一些研究提示,miRNAs参与调控胰腺发育的多个过程．因而推测,miRNAs可能在胰腺发育中参与调控Ptf1a的表达变化．为了验证这一假设,结合两个靶基因预测算法的结果,获得4个可能调控Ptf1a表达的miRNAs．随后,利用双荧光素酶报告系统研究发现,预测得到miRNAs中的miR-18a,miR-145 和miR-495能通过结合到小鼠Ptf1a mRNA的3′UTR而有效抑制其表达．还利用qRT-PCR和免疫荧光染色实验研究了miR-18a、miR-145和miR-495与Ptf1a在小鼠胰腺发育过程中的表达模式．结果表明,miR-18a,miR-145和miR-495与Ptf1a mRNA及蛋白质的表达成负相关,进一步说明miR-18a, miR-145和miR-495可能在小鼠胰腺发育中调节Ptf1a的表达．     

microRNA在心脏发育与疾病中功能研究进展

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一种基因组编码的小RNA,它们通过与目标mRNA分子的3'端非编码区域(3'UTR)互补配对导致mRNA分子稳定性和翻译受到抑制,在调节细胞增殖、凋亡、分化和肿瘤发生等多种生物学过程中起重要作用.心脏是人体的重要器官之一,其发育与疾病发生过程非常复杂,受到多种信号通路的调控.近期的研究表明,miRNAs在心脏的发生发育与疾病过程中都发挥着重要的作用,本文将对这方面的研究进展作一综述.     

Targeting of Integrin ��1 and Kinesin 2�� by MicroRNA 183

MicroRNA 183 (miR-183) has been reported to inhibit tumor invasiveness and is believed to be involved in the development and function of ciliated neurosensory organs. We have recently found that expression of miR-183 increased after the induction of cellular senescence by exposure to H₂O₂. To gain insight into the biological roles of miR-183 we investigated two potential novel targets: integrin β1 (ITGB1) and kinesin 2α (KIF2A). miR-183 significantly decreased the expression of ITGB1 and KIF2A measured by Western blot. Targeting of the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ITGB1 and KIF2A by miR-183 was confirmed by luciferase assay. Transfection with miR-183 led to a significant decrease in cell invasion and migration capacities of HeLa cells that could be rescued by expression of ITGB1 lacking the 3′-UTR. Although miR-183 had no effects on cell adhesion in HeLa cells, it significantly decreased adhesion to laminin, gelatin, and collagen type I in normal human diploid fibroblasts and human trabecular meshwork cells. These effects were also rescued by expression of ITGB1 lacking the 3′-UTR. Targeting of KIF2A by miR-183 resulted in some increase in the formation of cells with monopolar spindles in HeLa cells but not in human diploid fibroblast or human trabecular meshwork cells. The regulation of ITGB1 expression by miR-183 provides a new mechanism for the anti-metastatic role of miR-183 and suggests that this miRNA could influence the development and function in neurosensory organs, and contribute to functional alterations associated with cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts and human trabecular meshwork cells.     

miR-290家簇在小鼠胚胎干细胞中的表达与调控功能

微RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类约22nt的非编码小分子RNA,主要在转录后水平负调控基因表达,其在生物发商、疾病、肿瘤中行使着重要调控作用。胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ESC）具有发育的全能性,能分化出成体动物的所有组织和器官。研究和利用ESC是当前生物工程领域的热点之一。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,miRNA在ESC的自我更新、分化、命运决定等方面行使着重要的调控作用。其中,miR-290家簇是在鼠科动物ESC中特异且高表达的miRNA。本文综述了miR-290家簇在ESC中的表达、功能及其分子调控网络方面的研究进展。     

The microRNA-183 cluster: the family that plays together stays together

The microRNA (miR)183 cluster, which is comprised of miRs-183, -96 and -182, is also a miR family with sequence homology. Despite the strong similarity in the sequences of these miRs, minute differences in their seed sequences result in both overlapping and distinct messenger RNA targets, which are often within the same pathway. These miRs have tightly synchronized expression during development and are required for maturation of sensory organs. In comparison to their defined role in normal development, the miR-183 family is frequently highly expressed in a variety of non-sensory diseases, including cancer, neurological and auto-immune disorders. Here, we discuss the conservation of the miR-183 cluster and the functional role of this miR family in normal development and diseases. We also describe the regulation of vital cellular pathways by coordinated expression of these miR siblings. This comprehensive review sheds light on the likely reasons why the genomic organization and seeming redundancy of the miR-183 family cluster was conserved through 600 million years of evolution.     

Autocrine/Paracrine Human Growth Hormone-stimulated MicroRNA 96-182-183 Cluster Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion in Breast Cancer

Human growth hormone (hGH) plays critical roles in pubertal mammary gland growth, development, and sexual maturation. Accumulated studies have reported that autocrine/paracrine hGH is an orthotopically expressed oncoprotein that promotes normal mammary epithelial cell oncogenic transformation. Autocrine/paracrine hGH has also been reported to promote mammary epithelial cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely obscure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to be involved in regulation of multiple cellular functions of cancer. To determine whether autocrine/paracrine hGH promotes EMT and invasion through modulation of miRNA expression, we performed microarray profiling using MCF-7 cells stably expressing wild type or a translation-deficient hGH gene and identified miR-96-182-183 as an autocrine/paracrine hGH-regulated miRNA cluster. Forced expression of miR-96-182-183 conferred on epithelioid MCF-7 cells a mesenchymal phenotype and promoted invasive behavior in vitro and dissemination in vivo. Moreover, we observed that miR-96-182-183 promoted EMT and invasion by directly and simultaneously suppressing BRMS1L (breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1-like) gene expression. miR-96 and miR-182 also targeted GHR, providing a potential negative feedback loop in the hGH-GHR signaling pathway. We further demonstrated that autocrine/paracrine hGH stimulated miR-96-182-183 expression and facilitated EMT and invasion via STAT3 and STAT5 signaling. Consistent with elevated expression of autocrine/paracrine hGH in metastatic breast cancer tissue, miR-96-182-183 expression was also remarkably enhanced. Hence, we delineate the roles of the miRNA-96-182-183 cluster and elucidate a novel hGH-GHR-STAT3/STAT5-miR-96-182-183-BRMS1L-ZEB1/E47-EMT/invasion axis, which provides further understanding of the mechanism of autocrine/paracrine hGH-stimulated EMT and invasion in breast cancer.     

miRNA expression profile during osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) are capable of differentiating into an osteogenic lineage. It is believed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating this osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived cells, although its molecular mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the miRNA expression profile during osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs, and assessed the roles of involved miRNAs during the osteogenic differentiation. We obtained and cultured human adipose-derived stems cells from donors who underwent elective liposuction or other abdominal surgery at our institution. miRNA expression profiles pre- and post-osteogenic induction were obtained using microarray essay, and differently expressed miRNAs were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of osteogenic proteins was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Putative targets of the miRNAs were predicted using online software MiRanda, TargetScan, and miRBase. Eight miRNAs were found differently expressed pre- and post-osteogenic induction, among which four miRNAs (miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, and miR-106a) were up-regulated and four miRNAs (miR-31, miR-125a-5p, miR-125b, and miR-193a) were down-regulated. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed the results. Predicted target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs based on the overlap from three public prediction algorithms: MiRanda, TargetScan, and miRBase Target have the known functions of regulating stem cell osteogenic differentiation, self-renewal, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. We identified a group of miRNAs that may play important roles in regulating hADSC cell differentiation toward an osteoblast lineage. Further study of these miRNAs may elucidate the mechanism of hADSC differentiation into adipose tissue, and thus provide basis for tissue engineering.     

Big roles of microRNAs in tumorigenesis and tumor development

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-protein-coding small RNAs that are evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed among species. Their major function is to negatively regulate target gene expression. A single miRNA can regulate multiple target genes, indicating that miRNAs may regulate multiple signaling pathways and participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Currently, approximately 50% of identified human miRNA-coding genes are located at tumor-related fragile chromosome regions. Abnormal miRNA expression and/or mutations have been found in almost all types of malignancies. These abnormally expressed miRNAs play roles similar to tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes by regulating the expression and/or function of tumor-related genes. Therefore, miRNAs, miRNA target genes, and the genes regulating miRNAs form a regulatory network with miRNAs in the hub. This network plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and tumor development.