激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究APOBEC3G蛋白的亚细胞定位

采用RT-PCR技术,从HIV的非允许性H9细胞中获得载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽样蛋白3G(APOBEC3G)的全长cDNA。APOBEC3G cDNA全长1 155nt,编码384个氨基酸。将APOBEC3G克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-C3上,转染CD4 HeLa细胞,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下可观察到表达的GFP-APOBEC3G融合蛋白定位于细胞质。     

病毒感染因子在APOBEC3G抗病毒中的拮抗作用

病毒感染因子(virion infectivity factor, Vif)是人免疫缺陷病毒(human im_mu_n_o_de_fi_cien_cy virus, HIV)的6个辅助蛋白之一, 是病毒进行有效复制所必需的.由于Vif功能的复杂性以及对相应复合物体系的不了解, 一直以来, 对Vif的研究进展缓慢.直到2002年发现载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽样蛋白3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G, APOBEC3G)是存在于细胞内的一种天然抗病毒因子后, Vif的功能才被逐步阐明.APOBEC3G主要通过嘧啶脱氨基活性使HIV-1的负链DNA在逆转录过程中发生致死性超突变, 从而起到抗病毒作用.HIV-1基因编码Vif来拮抗APOBEC3G, 二者在宿主细胞内达到动态平衡.Vif通过介导APOBEC3G降解、减少在胞内的表达、阻碍其向病毒粒子的包装以及促使其装配成无活性的高分子质量复合体等多种途径起到中和作用.对Vif/APOBEC3G相互作用及其调节机制的进一步研究, 将为新型抗HIV-1病毒药物的研制与开发提供理论依据.     

反转录病毒载体介导的猪APOBEC3F在猪源细胞PK15中的表达

目的:利用反转录病毒载体构建猪载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽样蛋白(APOBEC)3F重组质粒,并实现其在猪肾细胞PK15中的表达。方法:用RT-PCR方法扩增五指山猪来源的外周血淋巴细胞APOBEC3F基因,将其定点插入反转录病毒载体pMSCV neo中,同时于插入位点两侧分别添加FLAG和GFP标签,构建重组质粒pMSCV-FLAG-A3F-GFP,并进行酶切、测序鉴定;将鉴定正确的重组质粒与pVSV-G、pGag-Pol共转染包装细胞HEK293T,分别于转染后48~72 h收集细胞的培养上清以获得假型病毒粒子;用该假型病毒感染猪源细胞PK15,通过PCR、Western印迹检测目的基因的整合及表达。结果:PCR扩增到1254 bp的猪APOBEC3F基因,重组质粒pMSCV-FLAG-A3F-GFP经酶切、测序,结果无误;3质粒共转染HEK293T细胞包装出的假型病毒感染PK15细胞后观察到GFP表达;从感染假型病毒的PK15细胞基因组中扩增到1254 bp的猪APOBEC3F基因,Western印迹检测到78.1×103的猪APOBEC3F蛋白的表达。结论:实现了反转录病毒载体介导的猪APOBEC3F在猪源细胞PK15中的整合与表达,为深入研究该分子对猪内源性反转录病毒(PERV)的抑制作用奠定了基础。     

稳定表达猪APOBEC3F的PK15细胞单克隆株的建立

目的:利用慢病毒载体建立稳定表达猪载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽样蛋白3F(pAPOBEC3F,简称pA3F)的PK15细胞系。方法:以实验室前期构建的pBPLV-flag-pA3F质粒为模板,PCR扩增pA3F基因,克隆到pLenti-Puro-3Flag载体构建成pLenti-Puro-pA3F-3Flag质粒,Western印迹鉴定其在HEK293T细胞中的表达;将pLenti-Puro-pA3F-3Flag质粒与包装载体共转染HEK293T细胞,包装成Lenti-pA3F慢病毒并测定病毒滴度;将Lenti-pA3F慢病毒感染PK15细胞,通过嘌呤霉素压力筛选并结合有限稀释法,筛选稳定表达pA3F的细胞单克隆株,最终Western印迹检测细胞单克隆株中pA3F的表达。结果:菌落PCR和序列测定表明pLenti-Puro-pA3F-3Flag质粒构建正确,Western印迹显示该质粒可在HEK293T细胞中表达pA3F蛋白;包装了Lenti-pA3F慢病毒,滴度为1.32×10~8TU/mL,慢病毒感染PK15细胞后可检测到pA3F蛋白的表达;经Western印迹鉴定,筛选得到的单克隆细胞可稳定表达pA3F蛋白。结论:建立了稳定表达pA3F的PK15细胞单克隆株,为进一步深入研究猪内源性反转录病毒在pA3F作用下的免疫逃逸机制奠定了基础。     

补体C3促进HIV-1感染的作用

补体是天然免疫的重要组成部分。C3是补体经典途径、旁路途径及甘露糖结合凝集素(MBL)途径的共同通路,在补体清除1型人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)的过程中发挥重要作用。同时,C3在促进病毒黏膜进入、传播与储存、感染免疫细胞等方面也起重要作用。     

癌症新型的诊疗靶点－APOBEC

APOBEC（“载脂蛋白质B mRNA编辑催化多肽”）是一类进化保守的胞苷脱氨酶家族。在人体内,已知含有保守的DNA胞嘧啶脱氨酶结构域的基因共有11种,包括AID、APOBEC1、APOBEC2、APOBEC3基因家族APOBEC3A、APOBEC3B、APOBEC3C、APOBEC3DE、APOBEC3F、APOBEC3G、APOBEC3H（分别称为A3A、A3B、A3C、A3D、A3F、A3G和A3H）和APOBEC4。APOBEC利用其脱氨酶活性通过与RNA和/或DNA结合,催化mRNA或使DNA中的胞嘧啶核苷酸转变为尿嘧啶,或者胞嘧啶核苷酸转变为胸腺嘧啶核苷酸,进而完成各自不同的功能。目前研究发现,AID及APOBEC3（A3s）的7种脱氨酶在人类的天然免疫和适应性免疫防御过程中发挥重要的作用,且在口腔癌,肺癌（腺癌和鳞状细胞癌）,结直肠癌和乳腺癌等的诊疗过程中具有重要的潜在应用价值。AID可以通过将胞嘧啶脱氨基成尿嘧啶,来启动SHM (体细胞超突变)和CSR (类别转换重组),进而在抗体多样性方面发挥作用。它的异常表达能够使B细胞淋巴瘤等恶性肿瘤的发病频率显著增加。而A3A、A3B通过胞嘧啶到尿嘧啶转换,以及自身表达量上调而在乳腺癌和肺癌诊疗中起作用。A3G通过APOBEC3G/miR 29/MMP2为了解结直肠癌肝转移和开发治疗晚期结肠癌的有效疗法开辟了新的途径。综上所述,本文将以AID,A3A,A3B,A3G为例子,对APOBEC在癌症诊断和治疗方面的应用进行综述,以期为进一步药物研究和临床应用等提供参考。     

癌症新型的诊疗靶点－APOBEC

APOBEC（“载脂蛋白质B mRNA编辑催化多肽”）是一类进化保守的胞苷脱氨酶家族。在人体内,已知含有保守的DNA胞嘧啶脱氨酶结构域的基因共有11种,包括AID、APOBEC1、APOBEC2、APOBEC3基因家族APOBEC3A、APOBEC3B、APOBEC3C、APOBEC3DE、APOBEC3F、APOBEC3G、APOBEC3H（分别称为A3A、A3B、A3C、A3D、A3F、A3G和A3H）和APOBEC4。APOBEC利用其脱氨酶活性通过与RNA和/或DNA结合,催化mRNA或使DNA中的胞嘧啶核苷酸转变为尿嘧啶,或者胞嘧啶核苷酸转变为胸腺嘧啶核苷酸,进而完成各自不同的功能。目前研究发现,AID及APOBEC3（A3s）的7种脱氨酶在人类的天然免疫和适应性免疫防御过程中发挥重要的作用,且在口腔癌,肺癌（腺癌和鳞状细胞癌）,结直肠癌和乳腺癌等的诊疗过程中具有重要的潜在应用价值。AID可以通过将胞嘧啶脱氨基成尿嘧啶,来启动SHM (体细胞超突变)和CSR (类别转换重组),进而在抗体多样性方面发挥作用。它的异常表达能够使B细胞淋巴瘤等恶性肿瘤的发病频率显著增加。而A3A、A3B通过胞嘧啶到尿嘧啶转换,以及自身表达量上调而在乳腺癌和肺癌诊疗中起作用。A3G通过APOBEC3G/miR 29/MMP2为了解结直肠癌肝转移和开发治疗晚期结肠癌的有效疗法开辟了新的途径。综上所述,本文将以AID,A3A,A3B,A3G为例子,对APOBEC在癌症诊断和治疗方面的应用进行综述,以期为进一步药物研究和临床应用等提供参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术在HIV-1感染治疗中的应用进展

基因治疗是将外源正常基因通过一定方式导入人体靶细胞以纠正或补偿因基因缺陷和异常引起的疾病,从而达到治疗目的。因此,基因治疗的技术方法在研究持续感染HIV-1或潜伏感染HIV-1原病毒患者的治疗中具有重大的现实意义。目前,现有的基因治疗方法存在识别靶向位点有限及脱靶几率大等主要问题。最新研究表明来源于细菌和古菌的规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列及其相关核酸酶9系统[Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9), CRISPR/Cas9]已被成功改造成基因组定点编辑工具。因此,如何利用CRISPR/Cas9系统实现对HIV-1病毒基因组进行高效靶向修饰,从而达到治疗HIV-1感染病患的目的已经成为当前研究的热点。本文参考最新国内外研究成果,重点介绍了 CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术在HIV-1感染疾病治疗中的应用,主要包括CCR5基因编辑、清除HIV-1原病毒以及活化HIV-1原病毒,以期为HIV-1感染疾病的预防与治疗提供重要研究参考。     

病毒巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-Ⅱ对载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化样蛋白3G和正常T细胞表达分泌的调节活化蛋白表达的影响

目的:明确病毒巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-II(viral macrophage inflammatory protein-II,vMIP-II)对HIV-1抑制因子:载脂蛋白BmRNA编辑酶催化蛋白3G(apolipoproteon B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-3G,APOBEC 3G)和正常T细胞表达分泌的调节活化蛋白(regulated upon activation normal T expressed and secreted,RANTES)表达的影响。方法:构建vMIP-II真核表达载pEGFP-N3-vMIP-II,分别采用电穿孔和脂质体转染的方法将其转染至Jurkat和293T细胞。荧光定量PCR检测vMIP-II基因对Jurkat细胞和293T细胞内的抗艾滋病基因APOBEC3G和RANTES表达水平的影响。结果:测序结果显示成功构建了的vMIP-II真核表达载体,荧光显微镜观察估计转染效率达到50%左右。与空载体组相比较,转染pEGFP-N3-vMIP-II组的Jurkat细胞内的APOBEC3G和RANTES分别上调4.97倍和7.31倍,293T细胞内的APOBEC3G和RANTES分别上调为5.73倍和8.14倍。结论:vMIP-II基因不同程度的上调了Jurkat细胞和293T细胞内的抗艾滋病基因APOBEC3G和RANTES的表达。     

PD-1及其配体在慢性病毒感染中的作用

慢性病毒感染是严重威胁人类健康的世界性问题.据统计,仅由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)引致慢性感染的人口即达5亿之多.     

Characterization of conserved motifs in HIV-1 Vif required for APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F interaction

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G, or A3G) and related cytidine deaminases such as apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3F (APOBEC3F, or A3F) are potent inhibitors of retroviruses. Formation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 requires suppression of multiple cytidine deaminases by Vif. HIV-1 Vif suppresses various APOBEC3 proteins through a common mechanism by recruiting Cullin5, ElonginB, and ElonginC E3 ubiquitin ligase to induce target protein polyubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Domains in Vif that mediate APOBEC3 recognition have not been fully characterized. In the present study, we identified a VxIPLx_4-5LxΦx₂YWxL motif in HIV-1 Vif, which is required for efficient interaction between Vif and A3G, Vif-mediated A3G degradation and virion exclusion, and functional suppression of the A3G antiviral activity. Amino acids 52 to 72 of HIV-1 Vif (including the VxIPLx_4-5LxΦx₂YWxL motif) alone could mediate interaction with A3G, and this interaction was abolished by mutations of two hydrophobic amino acids in this region. We have also observed that a Vif mutant was ineffective against A3G, yet it retained the ability to interact with Cullin5-E3 ubiquitin complex and A3G, suggesting that interaction with A3G is necessary but not sufficient to inhibit its antiviral function. Unlike the previously identified motif of HIV-1 Vif amino acids 40 to 44, which is only important for A3G suppression, the VxIPLx_4-5LxΦx₂YWxL motif is also required for efficient A3F interaction and suppression. On the other hand, another motif, TGERxW, of HIV-1 Vif amino acids 74 to 79 was found to be mainly important for A3F interaction and inhibition. Both the VxIPLx_4-5LxΦx₂YWxL and TGERxW motifs are highly conserved among HIV-1, HIV-2, and various simian immunodeficiency virus Vif proteins. Our data suggest that primate lentiviral Vif molecules recognize their autologous APOBEC3 proteins through conserved structural features that represent attractive targets for the development of novel inhibitors.     

Species‐specific differences in the ability of feline lentiviral Vif to degrade feline APOBEC3 proteins

How host–virus co‐evolutionary relationships manifest is one of the most intriguing issues in virology. To address this topic, the mammal–lentivirus relationship can be considered as an interplay of cellular and viral proteins, particularly apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide‐like 3 (APOBEC3) and viral infectivity factor (Vif). APOBEC3s enzymatically restrict lentivirus replication, whereas Vif antagonizes the host anti‐viral action mediated by APOBEC3. In this study, the focus was on the interplay between feline APOBEC3 proteins and two feline immunodeficiency viruses in cats and pumas. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of non‐primate lentiviral Vif being incapable of counteracting a natural host's anti‐viral activity mediated via APOBEC3 protein.     

HIV-1 Vif protein mediates the degradation of APOBEC3G in fission yeast when over-expressed using codon optimization

Interaction between the HIV-1 Vif protein and the cellular host APOBEC3G protein is a promising target for inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Considering that human cells are a very complicated environment for the study of protein interactions, the goal of this study was to check whether fission yeast could be used as a model cell for studying the Vif-APOBEC3G interaction. Vif and APOBEC3G were expressed in fusion with GFP protein in the S. pombe SP223 strain. Subcellular localizations of Vif and APOBEC3G were observed with fluorescent microscopy. Codon optimization was used to over express the Vif protein in S. pombe cells. The degradation of APOBEC3G mediated by Vif was tested through expressing Vif and GFP-APOBEC3G proteins in the same cell. Western Blot analysis was used to measure the corresponding protein levels under different experimental conditions. The results showed that the Vif protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus of S.pombe cells, APOBEC3G was localized in the cytoplasm and concentrated at punctate bodies that were often in close proximity to the nucleus but were not necessarily restricted from other regions in the cytoplasm. Vif protein expression levels were increased significantly by using codon optimization and APOBEC3G was degraded when Vif was over-expressed in the same S. pombe cells. These results indicate that fission yeast is a good model for studying the interaction between the Vif and APOBEC3G proteins.     

Prokaryotic expression and purification of HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G,preparation of polyclonal antibodies

To prepare HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G and to produce their antibodies, the full length gene fragment of HIV-1 Vif was amplified by PCR from a plasmid of HIV-1 NL4.3 cDNA, and the APOBEC3G gene was obtained by RT-PCR from the total RNA of H9 cells. The resulting DNA construct was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector (pET-32a). Recombinant pET-vif and pET-APOBEC3G were expressed respectively in Eserichia coli BL21 (DE3) as an insoluble protein. The vector also contained a six-histidine tag at the C-terminus for convenient purification and detection. To express and purify the HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G in E. coli cells, the accuracy of inserted gene and specificity of proteins were detected by the two enzyme digestion method, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. Rabbits were then immunized by Vif or APOBEC3G protein and serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA to determine the level of antibodies. Immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence assays were performed to identify the specificity of polyclonal antibodies. The titer of the anti-Vif antibodies was 1:204800, and that of the anti-APOBEC3G antibodies was 1:102400. Thus the antibodies could detect the antigen expression in the cells, demonstrating that fusion proteins with high purity and their corresponding polyclonal antibodies with high titer and specificity were achieved.     

Prokaryotic Expression and Purification of HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G, Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies

To prepare HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G and to produce their antibodies, the full length gene fragment of HIV-1 Vif was amplified by PCR from a plasmid of HIV-1 NL4.3 cDNA, and the APOBEC3G gene was obtained by RT-PCR from the total RNA of H9 cells. The resulting DNA construct was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector (pET-32a). Recombinant pET-vif and pET-APOBEC3G were expressed respectively in Eserichia coli BL21 (DE3) as an insoluble protein. The vector also contained a six-histidine tag at the C-terminus for convenient purification and detection. To express and purify the HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G in E. coli cells, the accuracy of inserted gene and specificity of proteins were detected by the two enzyme digestion method, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. Rabbits were then immunized by Vif or APOBEC3G protein and serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA to determine the level of antibodies. Immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence assays were performed to identify the specificity of polyclonal antibodies. The titer of the anti-Vif antibodies was 1204800, and that of the anti-APOBEC3G antibodies was 1102400. Thus the antibodies could detect the antigen expression in the cells, demonstrating that fusion proteins with high purity and their corresponding polyclonal antibodies with high titer and specificity were achieved.     

Structural perspectives on HIV‐1 Vif and APOBEC3 restriction factor interactions

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retroviral pathogen that targets human immune cells such as CD4⁺ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The human apo lipoprotein B mRNA‐ e diting c atalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3 or A3) cytidine deaminases are a key class of intrinsic restriction factors that inhibit replication of HIV. When HIV‐1 enters the cell, the immune system responds by inducing the activation of the A3 family proteins, which convert cytosines to uracils in single‐stranded DNA replication intermediates, neutralizing the virus. HIV counteracts this intrinsic immune response by encoding a protein termed viral infectivity factor (Vif). Vif targets A3 to an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for poly‐ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Vif is unique in that it can recognize and counteract multiple A3 restriction factor substrates. Structural biology studies have provided significant insights into the overall architectures and functions of Vif and A3 proteins; however, a structure of the Vif‐A3 complex has remained elusive. In this review, we summarize and reanalyze experimental data from recent structural, biochemical, and functional studies to provide key perspectives on the residues involved in Vif‐A3 protein–protein interactions.     

Identification of Two APOBEC3F Splice Variants Displaying HIV-1 Antiviral Activity and Contrasting Sensitivity to Vif

Approximately half of all human genes undergo alternative mRNA splicing. This process often yields homologous gene products exhibiting diverse functions. Alternative splicing of APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F), the major host resistance factors targeted by the HIV-1 protein Vif, has not been explored. We investigated the effects of alternative splicing on A3G/A3F gene expression and antiviral activity. Three alternatively spliced A3G mRNAs and two alternatively spliced A3F mRNAs were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in each of 10 uninfected, healthy donors. Expression of these splice variants was altered in different cell subsets and in response to cellular stimulation. Alternatively spliced A3G variants were insensitive to degradation by Vif but displayed no antiviral activity against HIV-1. Conversely, alternative splicing of A3F produced a 37-kDa variant lacking exon 2 (A3FΔ2) that was prominently expressed in macrophages and monocytes and was resistant to Vif-mediated degradation. Alternative splicing also produced a 24-kDa variant of A3F lacking exons 2–4 (A3FΔ2–4) that was highly sensitive to Vif. Both A3FΔ2 and A3FΔ2–4 displayed reduced cytidine deaminase activity and moderate antiviral activity. These alternatively spliced A3F gene products, particularly A3FΔ2, were incorporated into HIV virions, albeit at levels less than wild-type A3F. Thus, alternative splicing of A3F mRNA generates truncated antiviral proteins that differ sharply in their sensitivity to Vif.     

HIV-1辅助蛋白Vif的结构与功能

HIV-1 Vif(viral infectivity factor)蛋白是由保守的vif基因编码的碱性蛋白质,是HIV-1病毒的辅助调节蛋白之一.研究表明Vif蛋白具有调节病毒侵入、组装、出芽和成熟等功能.此外,Vif蛋白能够特异性地与体内抗病毒因子APOBEC3G相互作用,增强病毒的感染性.因此,针对HIV-1Vif蛋白进行抑制剂设计已经成为抗HIV药物研究的热点之一.本文对HIV-1Vif蛋白的结构与功能研究的最新进展进行了综述.