眼皮肤白化病患者酪氨酸酶基因突变的研究

目的：对临床诊断为眼皮肤白化病（OCA）患者的酪氨酸酶（TYR）基因进行突变筛查,了解我国大陆OCA患者TYR基因突变类型,探讨基因突变对人TYR蛋白结构和功能的影响。方法：应用PCR技术,扩增患者及其父母的TYR基因外显子、外显子-内含子交界区及启动子区;以DNA序列测定技术,进行突变筛查与鉴定;利用生物信息学方法,对突变引起蛋白结构和功能的改变进行预测与分析。结果：在15名患者的30个TYR等位基因内,查明11种突变;其中错义突变5种（W400L、R299H、E294K、R77Q和K142M）,无义突变3种（R116X、R278X和G295X）,插入突变2种（929insC和232insGGG）,剪切位点突变1种（IVS1-3 C〉G）;对4个突变W400L、R299H、929insC、232insGGG的生物信息学分析显示,突变的致病性与蛋白结构和功能的改变相关。结论：W400L占本研究所检出全部OCA1突变等位基因的30．0％（9／30）,可能为中国大陆人群中较常见的TYR基因突变类型;应用生物信息学分析方法对TYR基因突变的致病性做出一些合理可能的解释是可行的。     

眼皮肤白化病Ⅱ型相关的P基因突变与DNA多态性

眼皮肤白化病Ⅱ型(OCA2)是白化病中最常见的类型,呈常染色体隐性遗传。P基因为其致病基因,定位于15q11.1－q12,由24个外显子和23个内含子构成。P基因编码838个氨基酸残基构成的110 KDa跨膜蛋白,该蛋白含12个跨膜区,其确切功能尚未完全清楚。迄今至少已报道P基因内60种导致OCA2的病理性突变和43种多态性变异。病理突变主要为错义突变、无义突变、移码突变和剪切位点突变,多数位于肽链的C末端,但并不象OCA1的TYR基因突变那样多成簇出现。P基因多态性变异中的大部分位于外显子,这增加了对致病性突变定义的难度,其中一些导致氨基酸替换的多态性变异可能与正常人色素沉着的表型变     

与耳聋相关的线粒体12S rRNA突变

线粒体DNA突变是引起听力损伤的重要原因之一. 其中,线粒体12S rRNA基因突变与综合征型耳聋和非综合征型耳聋相关. 导致综合征型耳聋的线粒体DNA突变多为异质性,然 而对于非综合征型耳聋突变则多以同质性或高度异质性存在,说明这种分子致病性需要较高的阈值. 位于12S rRNA解码区的A1555G和C1494T突变是造成氨基糖甙类抗生素耳毒性和 非综合征型耳聋常见的分子机制. 这些突变可能造成12S rRNA二级结构的改变,影响线粒体蛋白质的合成,降低细胞内ATP的产生,由此引起的线粒体功能障碍导致耳聋. 但是多数 基因突变的致病机制还仅处于推测阶段. 其它修饰因子如氨基糖甙类抗生素、线粒体单体型、核修饰基因参与了线粒体12S rRNA基因A1555G和C1494T突变相关的耳聋表型表达.     

一种新型眼皮肤白化病——OCA4

眼皮肤白化病(OCA)在遗传学上是一组由不同基因的突变导致的具有相同或相似临床症状的遗传病。根据涉及基因的不同, OCA进一步分为4型, 即眼皮肤白化病Ⅰ~Ⅳ型(OCA1~OCA4)。OCA4为近年新发现的一种眼皮肤白化病类型, 首报病例是一名土尔其后裔。与小鼠uw基因同源的MATP基因突变导致OCA4表型的发生。MATP 基因定位于5p13.3, 由7个外显子和6个内含子构成, MATP基因在转录水平上受黑素细胞特异性转录因子调控, 编码由530个氨基酸残基构成的膜相关转运蛋白。迄今, 至少已报道了18种MATP基因病理性突变和8种DNA多态性变异。     

POLG1外显子1、3、4、7突变与弱精子症的相关性及其对mtDNA和4977bp缺失的影响

为了探索POLG1外显子1、3、4、7突变与弱精子症的相关性及对mtDNA序列突变和4977bp缺失的影响,按WHO标准收集了120例弱精子症和101例精子活力正常的精液标本,经PCR测序分析POLG1外显子1、3、4、7突变,继而测序检测9例外显子4c．948G〉A突变的弱精子症标本、9例无C．948G〉A突变的弱精子症标本和9例正常对照标本的mtDNA全序列,利用巢式PCR技术分析94Pie．948G〉A突变标本、9例无C．948G〉A突变的弱精子症标本和9例对照标本的4977bp缺失。结果显示：在120例弱精子症中发现P说G,外显子4c．948G〉A突变9例（7．5％）,显著高于对照组（0％,P〈0．05）。c．948G〉A突变组mtDNA全序中突变率与对照组比无统计学差异俨〉0．05）。作者关注的两组中,突变数有差异的位点累积突变频次突变组显著高于对照组俨〈0．05）,但与无C．948G〉A突变的弱精子症标本的累积突变频次比较无统计学意义;突变组mtDNA4977bp缺失率（7／9,77．8％）显著高于对照组（2／9,22．2％,P〈0．05）和无c．948G〉A突变的弱精子症组（2／9,22．2％,P〈0．05）。以上结果提示,弱精子症的发生可能与POLG,c．948G〉A突变有相关性,弱精子症线粒体DNA某些位点的累积突变率增高,但可能不是POLGlc．948G〉A突变引起;c．948G〉A突变可能会增加mtDNA4977bp缺失,从而影响精子线粒体功能,导致精子活动力下降。     

男性性腺功能减退症的致病基因分析

[目的]通过全外显子组测序(WES)技术筛选男性性腺功能减退症的致病基因,并对基因突变位点进行生物信息学分析。[方法]收集5例男性性腺功能减退症患者临床及遗传学检测资料。采用WES技术筛选相关致病基因,并通过PCR扩增、Sanger测序以及生物信息学分析等验证突变位点。[结果]先证者1为PROKR2基因c.533G>C(p.W178S)纯合突变,家系验证结果发现其父母均为PROKR2基因c.533G>C(p.W178S)杂合突变携带者,符合常染色体隐性遗传。先证者2为ZFPM2基因c.1498C>G(p.Q500E)杂合突变,生物信息学分析发现,该突变位点编码的氨基酸在不同物种中高度保守,并在人类外显子数据库、参考人群千人基因组1000G、SNP数据库及人群基因组突变频率数据库中未发现该突变位点,该突变经SIFT、Polyphen2和Mutation Taster软件预测结果均为有害。[结论]PROKR2基因c.533G>C(p.W178S)和ZFPM2基因c.1498C>G(p.Q500E)突变可能是男性性腺功能减退症的致病原因。     

不同品种实验兔虹膜酪氨酸酶基因序列和表达量的变化

目的从酪氨酸酶基因序列和表达量两个方面探讨酪氨酸酶与家兔虹膜颜色表型的关系。方法通过PCR扩增和测序检测4个具有不同颜色性状的家兔品种的酪氨酸酶基因外显子序列多态性;通过荧光定量PCR检测酪氨酸酶基因表达水平。结果白化品种日本大耳白兔和獭兔的TYR基因序列在第1118个碱基处都由C突变为A,并导致编码蛋白在373位,即最后一个N-糖基化位点发生由Thr到Lys的突变。白毛黑眼兔和青紫兰兔在第870个碱基处全部发生由A到T的无义突变。在白毛黑眼兔种群的所有个体和獭兔种群的部分个体中都发现TYR基因序列在第91个碱基处发生G到A的突变,导致氨基酸序列第31位处Val到Met的变异。经内参基因GAPDH的校正,TYR基因在白毛黑眼兔和青紫兰兔中表达水平显著高于在日本大耳白兔和獭兔中的表达水平（P〈0.01）。而在白毛黑眼兔和青紫兰兔之间、日本大耳白兔和獭兔之间,TYR基因的表达差异没有显著性。结论家兔TYR基因突变可能大幅度降低TYR基因表达,导致酪氨酸酶功能低下,从而影响虹膜颜色表型。     

基于连接酶—ELISA反应的单核苷酸多态性分型新方法

随着大量与人类疾病和药物治疗相关的单核苷酸多态性（Single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）的发现,出现了多种SNP分型检测的方法和技术。然而,大多数方法由于受限于检测灵敏度低或对检测设备和实验条件要求较高,不适宜于在一般实验条件下进行常规临床检测。通过建立一种基于连接酶-ELISA的SNP快速分型新方法,以非小细胞肺癌个体化治疗中,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂药物的生物标记基因—表皮生长因子受体基因（EGFR）为检测对象,对EGFR,c.2573T〉G（L858R）,EGFR,c.2582T〉A（L861Q）和EGFR,c.2155 G〉T（G719C）3个SNP位点进行了突变检测。经过18~28个循环的PCR扩增,能够通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和ELISA反应,根据电泳条带的有无和ELISA显色值清晰判断检测位点的基因型,并且能够从混合等位基因样本中检测出5%的突变型等位基因。结果表明,方法具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,适合于在常规实验条件下从不均一的样本中进行突变等位基因的检测。     

PIK3CA基因突变的MassARRAY分子量阵列分析

目的：利用MassARRAY分子量阵列分析系统检测胃癌组织PIK3CA基因突变。方法：从胃癌石蜡包埋组织中提取基因组,PCR反应扩增目的基因片段,MassARRAY分子量阵列分析系统检测PIK3CA基因突变;焦磷酸测序验证检测结果。结果：中国西部地区144例胃癌组织样本中PIK3CA_E542K（1624G〉A）突变携带率为77．6％,PIK3C_LIE545K（1633G〉A）突变携带率为84％。MassARRAY分子量阵列分析系统检测结果与焦磷酸测序结果达到100％吻合。结论：建立了MassARRAY分子量阵列分析系统检测基因突变的方法,初步建立了中国西北地区汉族人群胃癌组织PIK3CA基因PIK3CA_E542K（1624G〉A）PIK3CA_E545K（1633G〉A）位点突变频数。     

一个中国B1型短指家系致病基因的突变分析

文章收集了一个中国B1型短指家系,通过连锁分析,发现该家系疾病的致病基因与ROR2基因连锁。PCR扩增ROR2基因突变热点区域后直接测序,在家系患者中发现一个c.2265C>A的杂合突变,该突变在蛋白质水平导致p.Y755X的改变,从而产生缺失部分结构域的截短ROR2蛋白,而在家系正常人以及家系外正常人中均未发现此突变。文章是国内首次报道B1型短指家系ROR2基因c.2265C>A突变,丰富了中国人ROR2基因突变谱。     

Mutational analysis of TYR gene and its structural consequences in OCA1A

Oculocutaneous albinism type 1A (OCA1A) is the most severe form of albinism characterized by a complete lack of melanin production throughout life and is caused by mutations in the TYR gene. TYR gene codes tyrosinase protein to its relation with melanin formation by knowing the function of these SNPs. Based on the computational approaches, we have analyzed the genetic variations that could change the functional behaviour by altering the structural arrangement in TYR protein which is responsible for OCA1A. Consequences of mutation on TYR structure were observed by analyzing the flexibility behaviour of native and mutant tyrosinase protein. Mutations T373K, N371Y, M370T and P313R were suggested as high deleterious effect on TYR protein and it is responsible for OCA1A which were also endorsed with previous in vivo experimental studies. Based on the quantitative assessment and flexibility analysis of OCA1A variants, T373K showed the most deleterious effect. Our analysis determines that certain mutations can affect the dynamic properties of protein and can lead to disease conditions. This study provides a significant insight into the underlying molecular mechanism involved in albinism associated with OCA1A.     

Prenatal Genotyping of Four Common Oculocutaneous Albinism Genes in 51 Chinese Families

Oculocutaneous albinism(OCA)is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypopigmentation in eyes,hair and skin,accompanied with vision loss.Currently,six genes have been identified as causative genes for non-syndromic OCA(OCA-1w4,6,7),and ten genes for syndromic OCA(HPS-1e9,CHS-1).Genetic counseling of 51 Chinese OCA families(39 OCA-1 with mutations in the TYR gene,6 OCA-2 with mutations in the OCA2 gene,4 OCA-4 with mutations in the SLC45A2 gene,1 HPS-1(Hermanskye Pudlak syndrome-1)with mutation in the HPS1 gene,and 1 mixed OCA-1 and OCA-4)led us to perform the prenatal genetic testing of OCA using amniotic fluid cells through the implementation of our optimized strategy.In our cohort,eleven previously unidentified alleles(PUAs)(5 in TYR,2 in OCA2,and 4 in SLC45A2)were found.Three missense PUAs(p.C112R,p.H363R and p.G379V of TYR)and one in-frame deletional PUA(p.S222del of SLC24A5)led to fetuses with OCA when co-inherited with other disease causative alleles.Three PUAs(p.P152H and p.W272X of TYR,p.A486T of SLC24A5)identified in the OCA probands did not co-transmit with known pathological alleles and thus gave rise to unaffected fetuses.Four PUAs(p.Q83X and p.A658T of TYR,p.G161R and p.G366R of SLC24A5)did not transmit to the unaffected fetuses.In addition,the in vitro transfection assays showed that the p.S192Y variant of TYR produced less pigment compared to the wild-type allele.A fetus with a digenic carrier of OCA-1 and OCA-4 was unaffected.In combination with functional assays,the family inheritance pattern is useful for the evaluation of pathogenicity of PUAs and genetic counseling of OCA.     

Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in Indo-Pakistani patients with type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism (OCA).

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by deficient synthesis of melanin pigment. Type I (tyrosinase-deficient) OCA results from mutations of the tyrosinase gene (TYR gene) encoding tyrosinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps of melanin biosynthesis. Mutations of the TYR gene have been identified in a large number of patients, most of Caucasian ethnic origin, with various forms of type I OCA. Here, we present an analysis of the TYR gene in eight Indo-Pakistani patients with type I OCA. We describe four novel TYR gene mutations and a fifth mutation previously observed in a Caucasian patient.     

Oculocutaneous albinism with TYRP1 gene mutations in a Caucasian patient

Non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder with mutations identified in several genes: OCA1 (tyrosinase, TYR), OCA2 (OCA2), OCA3 (tyrosinase-related protein 1, TYRP1), and OCA4 (membrane-associated transporter protein, MATP). OCA3 was thought to be restricted to black populations, where it was clinically described as rufous or brown albinism, until the recent report of a homozygous TYRP1 mutation in Caucasian patients from a consanguineous Pakistani family. Here, we describe a German patient of Caucasian origin, with a light-yellow skin, yellow-gold hair with orange highlights, fair eyelashes, several pigmented naevi, and no tendency to tan, only to burn. Eye-colour is blue-green with substance defects of the iris. Molecular analysis did not reveal any mutation in the TYR and OCA2 genes. Two mutations were found in the TYRP1 gene: a missense mutation (c.1066G>A/p.Arg356Glu) that was inherited from the mother, and a de novo single-base deletion (c.106delT/p.Leu36X). This finding suggests that mutation screening should be extended to the TYRP1 gene in patients from all ethnic origins, at least in cases where no mutations have been identified in the other OCA genes.     

Molecular genetic studies and delineation of the oculocutaneous albinism phenotype in the Pakistani population

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is caused by a group of genetically heterogeneous inherited defects that result in the loss of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. Mutations in the TYR, OCA2, TYRP1 and SLC45A2 genes have been shown to cause isolated OCA. No comprehensive analysis has been conducted to study the spectrum of OCA alleles prevailing in Pakistani albino populations. METHODS: We enrolled 40 large Pakistani families and screened them for OCA genes and a candidate gene, SLC24A5. Protein function effects were evaluated using in silico prediction algorithms and ex vivo studies in human melanocytes. The effects of splice-site mutations were determined using an exon-trapping assay. RESULTS: Screening of the TYR gene revealed four known (p.Arg299His, p.Pro406Leu, p.Gly419Arg, p.Arg278*) and three novel mutations (p.Pro21Leu, p.Cys35Arg, p.Tyr411His) in ten families. Ex vivo studies revealed the retention of an EGFP-tagged mutant (p.Pro21Leu, p.Cys35Arg or p.Tyr411His) tyrosinase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at 37degreesC, but a significant fraction of p.Cys35Arg and p.Tyr411His left the ER in cells grown at a permissive temperature (31degreesC). Three novel (p.Asp486Tyr, p.Leu527Arg, c.1045-15T>G) and two known mutations (p.Pro743Leu, p.Ala787Thr) of OCA2 were found in fourteen families. Exon-trapping assays with a construct containing a novel c.1045-15T>G mutation revealed an error in splicing. No mutation in TYRP1, SLC45A2, and SLC24A5 was found in the remaining 16 families. Clinical evaluation of the families segregating either TYR or OCA2 mutations showed nystagmus, photophobia, and loss of pigmentation in the skin or hair follicles. Most of the affected individuals had grayish-blue colored eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that ten and fourteen families harbored mutations in the TYR and OCA2 genes, respectively. Our findings, along with the results of previous studies, indicate that the p.Cys35Arg, p.Arg278* and p.Gly419Arg alleles of TYR and the p.Asp486Tyr and c.1045-15T>G alleles of OCA2 are the most common causes of OCA in Pakistani families. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first documentation of OCA2 alleles in the Pakistani population. A significant proportion of our cohort did not have mutations in known OCA genes. Overall, our study contributes to the development of genetic testing protocols and genetic counseling for OCA in Pakistani families.     

Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation

Albino phenotypes are documented in a variety of species including the domestic cat. As albino phenotypes in other species are associated with tyrosinase (TYR) mutations, TYR was proposed as a candidate gene for albinism in cats. An Oriental and Colourpoint Shorthair cat pedigree segregating for albinism was analysed for association with TYR by linkage and sequence analyses. Microsatellite FCA931, which is closely linked to TYR and TYR sequence variants were tested for segregation with the albinism phenotype. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from wild-type and albino cats identified a cytosine deletion in TYR at position 975 in exon 2, which causes a frame shift resulting in a premature stop codon nine residues downstream from the mutation. The deletion mutation in TYR and an allele of FCA931 segregated concordantly with the albino phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that the TYR gene corresponds to the colour locus in cats and its alleles, from dominant to recessive, are as follows: C (full colour) > c(b) (burmese) > or = c(s) (siamese) > c (albino).     

Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in patients with oculocutaneous albinism from various ethnic groups in Israel.

We have analyzed the tyrosinase (TYR) gene in 38 unrelated patients with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), derived from several different ethnic groups of the diverse population of Israel. We detected TYR gene mutations in 23 of the 34 patients with apparent type I (i.e., tyrosinase-deficient) OCA and in none of the patients with other clinical forms of albinism. Among Moroccan Jews with type IA (i.e., tyrosinase-negative) OCA, we detected a highly predominant mutant allele containing a missense substitution, Gly47Asp (G47D). This mutation occurs on the same haplotype as in patients from the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico, suggesting that the G47D mutation in these ethnically distinct populations may stem from a common origin.     

Tyrosinase gene mutations in oculocutaneous albinism 1 (OCA1): definition of the phenotype

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a common human genetic condition resulting from mutations in at least twelve different genes. OCA1 results from mutations of the tyrosinase gene and presents with the life-long absence of melanin pigment after birth (OCA1A) or with the development of minimal-to-moderate amounts of cutaneous and ocular pigment (OCA1B). Other types of OCA have variable amounts of cutaneous and ocular pigment. We hypothesized that white hair at birth indicates OCA1 and tested this in a sample of 120 probands with OCA and white hair at birth. We found that 102 (85%) of the probands had OCA1 with one or two identifiable tyrosinase gene mutations, with 169 (83%) of the 204 OCA1 tyrosinase gene alleles having identifiable mutations and 35 (17%) having no identifiable change in the coding, splice junction, or proximal promoter regions of the gene. The inability to identify the mutation was more common with OCA1B (24/35, 69%) than with OCA1A (11/35, 31%) alleles. Seven probands with no tyrosinase gene mutations were found to have OCA2 with one or two P gene mutations, and in eleven, no mutations were detected in either gene. We conclude that (1) the presence of white hair at birth is a useful clinical tool suggesting OCA1 in a child or adult with OCA, although OCA2 may also have this presentation; (2) the molecular analysis of the tyrosinase and P genes are necessary for precise diagnosis; and (3) the presence of alleles without identifiable mutations of the tyrosinase gene, particularly in OCA1B, suggests that more complex mutation mechanisms of this gene are common in OCA.Electronic database Information: accession numbers and URLs for data presented in this article are as follows:Albinism Database, , for a list of published mutations of the tyrosinase geneOnline Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), , for OCA1 (MIM 203100), OCA2 (MIM 203200)     

Oculocutaneous albinism type 4: six novel mutations in the membrane-associated transporter protein gene and their phenotypes

Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) is an autosomal recessive hypopigmentary disorder caused by mutations in the Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein gene (SLC45A2). The SLC45A2 protein is a 530-amino-acid polypeptide that contains 12 putative transmembrane domains, and appears to be a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. Eighteen pathological mutations have been reported so far. In this study, six novel mutations, p.Y49C (c.146A > G), p.G89R (c.265G > A), p.C229Y (c.686G > A), p.T437A (c.1309A > G), p.T440A (c.1318A > G) and p.G473D (c.1418G > A) were found in eight Japanese patients with various clinical phenotypes. The phenotypes of OCA4 were as various as the other types of OCA and probably depended on the mutation sites in the SLC45A2 gene.