细胞核重编程对克隆的影响

细胞核重编程是哺乳动物正常受精胚胎和克隆胚胎发育过程中的一个重要特性,主要是对表观遗传学特征进行重新编写,包括染色质重塑、组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化、印记基因表达、X染色体失活等表观遗传修饰的改变。通过细胞核重编程,首先,受精卵和克隆胚胎的供体核停止其特有的基因表达程序,恢复为全能状态的基因表达程序;然后,受精胚胎和克隆胚胎的细胞再从全能状态重新进入分化状态,最终形成各种组织和器官。近年来,不少研究表明,克隆胚胎的细胞核重编程存在不同程度的表观遗传修饰异常,可能对克隆及其农业和医学应用有着重要影响。本文就正常和克隆胚胎细胞核重编程的研究进展以及克隆胚胎的细胞核重编程异常对克隆的影响作一综述,并对目前有关治疗性克隆前景的不同看法进行了讨论。     

2011年第7期《遗传》封面说明

不完全的表观遗传重编程是造成转基因克隆动物效率低下的主要原因,组蛋白修饰作为表观遗传修饰的一个重要部分,可以直接影响克隆胚胎的发育和外源基因的表达情况。TSA(Trichostatin A)作为一种组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂,可以改变组蛋白的乙酰化水平,促进表观遗传重编程,提高克隆动物的效率。同时TSA     

核移植介导的哺乳动物体细胞核重编程研究进展

哺乳动物的体细胞核移植技术已经发展了20年有余,重构胚发育过程中的核重编程异常是制约这项技术应用的主要障碍。目前,提高克隆效率的方法主要是通过调节重编程过程中的表观遗传修饰来修复重编程的错误,从而提高核移植胚胎的发育效率。综述了核移植后早期胚胎发育过程中供体核重编程的异常,讨论了修复这些异常表观遗传修饰的研究进展,并对可能影响核移植胚胎发育的重编程事件及新兴技术进行展望。     

TSA促进转基因猪体细胞核移植胚胎发育和外源基因表达

不完全的表观遗传重编程是造成转基因克隆动物效率低下的主要原因,组蛋白修饰作为表观遗传修饰的一个重要部分,可以直接影响克隆胚胎的发育和外源基因的表达情况。TSA(Trichostatin A)作为一种组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂,可以改变组蛋白的乙酰化水平,促进表观遗传重编程,提高克隆动物的效率。同时TSA能改变染色质结构,使转录因子易于与DNA序列结合,促进外源基因的表达。文章确定了TSA处理转基因猪成纤维细胞和核移植胚胎的最佳条件,分别为250 nmol/L、24 h和40 nmol/L、24 h,通过进一步正交实验发现,TSA同时处理供体细胞和克隆胚胎可以显著的促进核移植胚胎的体外发育。此外,无论TSA处理转基因猪成纤维细胞或核移植胚胎,都可以提高外源基因的表达水平。     

表观遗传药物对体细胞核移植胚胎发育的促进作用

体细胞核移植(somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)是利用卵母细胞胞质中的重编程物质对高度分化体细胞核进行重编程作用使其恢复全能性并发育为新个体的技术。在SCNT过程中,表观遗传修饰参与卵母细胞的重编程,如DNA甲基化修饰和组蛋白的翻译后修饰。这些重编程的异常修饰会对SCNT胚胎的发育产生不良影响。表观遗传药物,如DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂和组蛋白去乙酰基酶抑制剂,可改善表观遗传修饰的异常现象,促进体细胞核移植重构胚的重编程。该文对SCNT胚胎重编程过程中的异常表观遗传修饰以及近年来报道的表观遗传相关药物进行综述,并进一步探讨了这些药物对SCNT胚胎发育的促进作用。     

DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰在克隆动物发育过程中的作用

体细胞核移植在农业应用、生产疾病模型动物、转基因家畜或产生人胚胎干细胞来治疗人类的疾病方面有巨大的应用潜力。虽然已经成功克隆出多种哺乳动物, 但该技术仍存在一些未解决的问题, 包括产生克隆动物的效率低和克隆动物的异常等。异常的表观遗传重编程是克隆胚胎发育失败的一个重要因素。文章重点论述了DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及其与克隆胚胎发育的关系。了解表观遗传调控机制有助于解决核移植技术中存在的问题, 有利于更好地应用这项技术。     

表观遗传调控在哺乳动物体细胞核移植上的应用研究进展

体细胞核移植也称为克隆,是指将体细胞经显微操作植入到去核的卵母细胞质中,不通过精子和卵子结合,在体外生产出与供体细胞具有相同遗传物质的胚胎以及动物个体。近年来克隆技术不断发展,但其效率依然有待提高,导致克隆效率低下的重要原因之一便是供体细胞核物质表观遗传重编程不完全。DNA甲基化和组蛋白乙酰化是人们研究最多的两种表观遗传修饰,此外,基因印记、X染色体失活和端粒长度异常修饰状态也受到研究者的关注。因此如何调节和修复植入前克隆胚胎异常的表观遗传学状态对于提高克隆效率有着重要的意义。本综述植入前克隆胚胎存在的异常表观遗传现象,为建立更为高效的体细胞核移植体系提供一定的理论依据。     

Scriptaid在猪体细胞核移植应用的研究进展

体细胞核移植(somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)效率低下严重制约了克隆猪的产出,而在SCNT胚胎中表现出的表观遗传重编程(epigenetic reprogramming)不完全是导致该结果的重要原因。大量的研究表明组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitor,HDACi),如Scriptaid(SCR),能够修复克隆胚胎的表观遗传重编程状态,包括提高供体核组蛋白的乙酰化水平、促进重要转录因子的转录活性以及增强染色质重塑等,从而促进SCNT胚胎的发育。本综述在参阅国内外研究成果的基础上对SCR在猪克隆中的应用进行分析和论述,以期为进一步在克隆猪的生产实践中加以应用奠定基础。     

诱导重编程的表观遗传调控研究进展

表观遗传调控是细胞命运变化与决定的重要基础之一。2006年,日本科学家山中伸弥发现通过4个转录因子Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和c-Myc可以将已经分化的体细胞逆转回与胚胎干细胞相似的多能性状态,获得诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,i PSCs)。这种诱导重编程技术不仅是干细胞技术的一大突破,也提供了关键的体外模型用于研究细胞重编程的表观遗传机制。对该机制的深入理解将推动人类自由操纵细胞命运的进程,从而有望治疗各种因功能细胞、组织、器官缺失退化引发的疾病。从诱导重编程的表观遗传调控方向的研究进展出发,阐述通过诱导重编程发现的关键细胞命运转变表观调控机制,展望未来的主要研究目标。     

脊椎动物父系基因组主动去甲基化研究进展

基因组表观遗传重组出现在细胞发育潜能发生变化的时期。早期植入前胚胎的表观遗传重新编程对于细胞分化和胚胎的生长发育是至关重要的,这涉及到表观遗传印记(尤其是DNA甲基化)的消除和重建过程。脊椎动物许多物种中,DNA复制起始前父系基因组通常要经历主动去甲基化,而母系基因组则可以保持甲基化的状态不变,直到在随后的卵裂过程中被动去甲基化。综述了脊椎动物父系基因组主动去甲基化的机制,这种去甲基化在脊椎动物各物种间的差异,以及影响这种主动去甲基化机制的因素。另外,研究外源基因表达的表观调控机制(尤其是表观遗传重编程的异常现象)有利于理解转基因克隆水产动物中普遍存在的授精成功率较低,基因整合率较低,以及胚胎发育异常等现象,有利于更好地应用转基因克隆技术。     

Epigenetic predisposition to reprogramming fates in somatic cells

Reprogramming to pluripotency is a low‐efficiency process at the population level. Despite notable advances to molecularly characterize key steps, several fundamental aspects remain poorly understood, including when the potential to reprogram is first established. Here, we apply live‐cell imaging combined with a novel statistical approach to infer when somatic cells become fated to generate downstream pluripotent progeny. By tracing cell lineages from several divisions before factor induction through to pluripotent colony formation, we find that pre‐induction sister cells acquire similar outcomes. Namely, if one daughter cell contributes to a lineage that generates induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), its paired sibling will as well. This result suggests that the potential to reprogram is predetermined within a select subpopulation of cells and heritable, at least over the short term. We also find that expanding cells over several divisions prior to factor induction does not increase the per‐lineage likelihood of successful reprogramming, nor is reprogramming fate correlated to neighboring cell identity or cell‐specific reprogramming factor levels. By perturbing the epigenetic state of somatic populations with Ezh2 inhibitors prior to factor induction, we successfully modulate the fraction of iPSC‐forming lineages. Our results therefore suggest that reprogramming potential may in part reflect preexisting epigenetic heterogeneity that can be tuned to alter the cellular response to factor induction.     

Efficient generation of iPS cells from skeletal muscle stem cells

Reprogramming of somatic cells into inducible pluripotent stem cells generally occurs at low efficiency, although what limits reprogramming of particular cell types is poorly understood. Recent data suggest that the differentiation status of the cell targeted for reprogramming may influence its susceptibility to reprogramming as well as the differentiation potential of the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that are derived from it. To assess directly the influence of lineage commitment on iPS cell derivation and differentiation, we evaluated reprogramming in adult stem cell and mature cell populations residing in skeletal muscle. Our data using clonal assays and a second-generation inducible reprogramming system indicate that stem cells found in mouse muscle, including resident satellite cells and mesenchymal progenitors, reprogram with significantly greater efficiency than their more differentiated daughters (myoblasts and fibroblasts). However, in contrast to previous reports, we find no evidence of biased differentiation potential among iPS cells derived from myogenically committed cells. These data support the notion that adult stem cells reprogram more efficiently than terminally differentiated cells, and argue against the suggestion that "epigenetic memory" significantly influences the differentiation potential of iPS cells derived from distinct somatic cell lineages in skeletal muscle.     

A Combined Epigenetic and Non-Genetic Approach for Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells

Reprogramming of somatic cells to different extents has been reported using different methods. However, this is normally accompanied by the use of exogenous materials, and the overall reprogramming efficiency has been low. Chemicals and small molecules have been used to improve the reprogramming process during somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation. We report here the first application of a combined epigenetic and non-genetic approach for reprogramming somatic cells, i.e., DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) extracts. When somatic cells were pretreated with these inhibitors before exposure to hESC (MEL1) extracts, morphological analysis revealed a higher rate of hESC-like colony formation than without pretreatment. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) demonstrated that pluripotency genes were upregulated when compared to those of somatic cells or treated with hESC extracts alone. Overall changes in methylation and acetylation levels of pretreated somatic cells suggests that epigenetic states of the cells have an effect on reprogramming efficiency induced by hESC extracts. KnockOutserum replacement (KOSR™) medium (KO-SR) played a positive role in inducing expression of the pluripotency genes. hESC extracts could be an alternative approach to reprogram somatic cells without introducing exogenous materials. The epigenetic pre-treatment of somatic cells could be used to improve the efficiency of reprogramming process. Under differentiation conditions, the reprogrammed cells exhibited differentiation ability into neurons suggesting that, although fully reprogramming was not achieved, the cells could be transdifferentiated after reprogramming.     

Current techniques in reprogramming cell potency

The first successful attempt to reprogram somatic cell into embryonic‐like stem cell was achieved on 2006. Since then, it had sparked a race against time to bring this wonderful invention from bench to bedside but it is not easily achieved due to severe problems in term of epigenetic and genomic. With each problem arise, new technique and protocol will be constructed to try to overcome it. This review addresses the various techniques made available to create iPSC with problems hogging down the technique. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1230–1237, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency: A fresh look at Yamanaka’s model

In 2006, Dr Shinya Yamanaka succeeded to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by delivering the genes encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. This achievement represents a fundamental breakthrough in stem cell biology and opens up a new era in regenerative medicine. However, the molecular processes by which somatic cells are reprogrammed into iPSC remain poorly understood. In 2009, Yamanaka proposed the elite and stochastic models for reprogramming mechanisms. To date, many investigators in the field of iPSC research support the concept of stochastic model, i.e., somatic cell reprogramming is an event of epigenetic transformation. A mathematical model, f (C_d, k), has also been proposed to predict the stochastic process. Here we wish to revisit the Yamanaka model and summarize the recent advances in this research field.     

Reprogramming mediated by stem cell fusion

Advances in mammalian cloning prove that somatic nuclei can be reprogrammed to a state of totipotency by transfer into oocytes. An alternative approach to reprogram the somatic genome involves the creation of hybrids between somatic cells and other cells that contain reprogramming activities. Potential fusion partners with reprogramming activities include embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells, embryonal carcinoma cells, and even differentiated cells. Recent advances in fusion-mediated reprogramming are discussed from the standpoints of the developmental potency of hybrid cells, genetic and epigenetic correlates of reprogramming, and other aspects involved in the reprogramming process. In addition, the utility of fusion-mediated reprogramming for future cell-based therapies is discussed.     

细胞融合致体细胞重编程机制研究进展

已分化的体细胞能够通过重编程转化回多能干细胞,在细胞移植、疾病细胞模型的制备以及药物筛选等领域具有重要意义。通过干细胞和体细胞的细胞融合,可使体细胞重编程。细胞融合致体细胞重编程速度快、效率高,是一种研究重编程机制的重要手段。对细胞融合致体细胞重编程的机制作一综述。     

Cytoplast containing reprogramming-related factors from human embryonic stem cells arrested at metaphase

Generating pluripotent stem cells directly from a patient's somatic cells is one of the major methods to avoid rejection in future regenerative medicine. It is reported that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to reprogram the nuclei of fully differentiated human somatic cells, apparently conferring on them a pluripotent state. However, the ability of the cytoplasts from enucleated hESCs to reprogram somatic cells causes much controversy. Here we detect the location of pluripotency-related factors such as Oct4/Nanog/Sox2 in the hESCs at division and non-division stage and obtain the cytoplasts of hESCs by centrifugation. We demonstrate for the first time that the cytoplast from hESCs arrested at the division phase of cell the cycle contains the reprogramming factors and this kind of cytoplast can be obtained through gradient centrifugation. These give us direct proof of the possibility of reprogramming somatic cell using cytoplast of hESCs and make this a possible method for getting patient-specific pluripotent cells without extrinsic DNA introduction.