基于温度的作物需水量估算方法

科学准确地估算作物需水量是灌溉预报和农业用水管理的基础,本文探索如何充分利用温度这一定量信息估算作物需水量,并对不同时间尺度的估算精度进行评判分析,以更好地服务于灌区的灌溉预报和水土资源管理.利用新乡市1970—2010年的气象数据对Hargreaves公式的3个基本参数和McClound公式的2个参数进行了订正;针对冬小麦生育期,筛选出Hargreaves公式作为参考作物需水量（ET₀）的估算方法,然后结合基于温度的作物系数计算模型建立了基于温度的作物需水量计算模型,根据2011年10月—2012年5月新乡气象和灌溉试验资料对不同时间尺度（1、3、7 d）的ET_c进行了预测和精度评估.结果表明： 1、3、7 d ET_c的预测值与实测值的相关系数分别达到0.883、0.933、0.959,一致性指数分别达到0.94、0.95、0.97,预测误差随时间尺度增大而减小,误差<1 mm·d^-1的预报准确率均>80%,误差<2 mm·d^-1的预报准确率均>90%,各时间尺度的预报精度都较高,可为灌区灌溉预报和农业用水管理提供较为可靠的数据支撑.     

Streamflow Impacts of Biofuel Policy-Driven Landscape Change

Likely changes in precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) resulting from policy-driven expansion of bioenergy crops in the United States are shown to create significant changes in streamflow volumes and increase water stress in the High Plains. Regional climate simulations for current and biofuel cropping system scenarios are evaluated using the same atmospheric forcing data over the period 1979–2004 using the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model coupled to the NOAH land surface model. PET is projected to increase under the biofuel crop production scenario. The magnitude of the mean annual increase in PET is larger than the inter-annual variability of change in PET, indicating that PET increase is a forced response to the biofuel cropping system land use. Across the conterminous U.S., the change in mean streamflow volume under the biofuel scenario is estimated to range from negative 56% to positive 20% relative to a business-as-usual baseline scenario. In Kansas and Oklahoma, annual streamflow volume is reduced by an average of 20%, and this reduction in streamflow volume is due primarily to increased PET. Predicted increase in mean annual P under the biofuel crop production scenario is lower than its inter-annual variability, indicating that additional simulations would be necessary to determine conclusively whether predicted change in P is a response to biofuel crop production. Although estimated changes in streamflow volume include the influence of P change, sensitivity results show that PET change is the significantly dominant factor causing streamflow change. Higher PET and lower streamflow due to biofuel feedstock production are likely to increase water stress in the High Plains. When pursuing sustainable biofuels policy, decision-makers should consider the impacts of feedstock production on water scarcity.     

基于生态需水保障的农业生态补偿标准

面向流域农业需水和生态需水间的矛盾问题和协调发展的要求,提出了基于生态需水保障的农业生态补偿标准计算方法。其中考虑农业用水定额计算基于生态需水保障的农业用水短缺,引入水分生产函数模型建立保障生态需水量产生的农业用水短缺与产量损失间的关系,根据不同季节作物产量响应系数的变化,定量确定具有时间和等级差异性的农业生态补偿标准。以保障黄河口生态需水引起的山东引黄灌区农业损失补偿标准分析为实例,计算了冬小麦和夏玉米种植户不同等级的生态补偿标准。结论认为,农业生态补偿标准需根据不同的来水过程及生态需水等级确定,面积稳定和保障功能显著的粮食作物应作为补偿标准计算的依据。     

Deficit irrigation affects seasonal changes in leaf physiology and oil quality of Olea europaea (cultivars Frantoio and Leccino)

The olive tree is a traditionally nonirrigated crop that occupies quite an extensive agricultural area in Mediterranean-type agroecosystems. Improvements in water-use efficiency of crops are essential under the scenarios of water scarcity predicted by global change models for the Mediterranean region. Recently, irrigation has been introduced to increase the low land productivity, but there is little information on ecophysiological aspects and quality features intended for a sagacious use of water, while being of major importance for the achievement of high-quality products as olive oil. Therefore, deficit irrigation programmes were developed to improve water-use efficiency, crop productivity and quality in a subhumid zone of Southern Italy with good winter–spring precipitation. The response of mature olive trees to deficit irrigation in deep soils was studied on cultivars Frantoio and Leccino by examining atmospheric environment and soil moisture, gas exchange and plant water status, as well as oil yield and chemical analysis. Trees were not irrigated (rainfed) or subjected to irrigation at 66% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ET_C), starting from pit hardening to early fruit veraison. Improvements in the photosynthetic capacity induced by increasing soil water availability were only of minor importance. However, plant water status was positively influenced by deficit irrigation, with 66% and 100% of ET_C treatments hardly differing from one another though consistently diverging from rainfed plants. The effect of water stress on photosynthesis was mainly dependent on diffusion resistances in response to soil moisture. Leccino showed higher instantaneous water-use efficiency than Frantoio. Crop yield increased proportionally to the amount of seasonal water volume, confirming differences between cultivars in water-use efficiency. The unsaturated/saturated and the monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios of the oil also differed between cultivars, while the watering regime had minor effects. Although irrigation can modify the fatty acid profile, polyphenol contents were scarcely affected by the water supply. Irrigation to 100% of ET_C in the period August–September might be advisable to achieve high-quality yields, while saving consistent amounts of water.     

Hydrologic and water quality impacts of biofuel feedstock production in the Ohio River Basin

This study addresses the uncertainties related to potential changes in land use and management and associated impacts on hydrology and water quality resulting from increased production of biofuel from the conventional and cellulosic feedstock. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the impacts on regional and field scale evapotranspiration, soil moisture content, stream flow, sediment, and nutrient loadings in the Ohio River Basin. The model incorporates spatially and temporally detailed hydrologic, climate and agricultural practice data that are pertinent to simulate biofuel feedstock production, watershed hydrology and water quality. Three future biofuel production scenarios in the region were considered, including a feedstock projection from the DOE Billion‐Ton (BT2) Study, a change in corn rotations to continuous corn, and harvest of 50% corn stover. The impacts were evaluated on the basis of relative changes in hydrology and water quality from historical baseline and future business‐as‐usual conditions of the basin. The overall impact on water quality is an order of magnitude higher than the impact on hydrology. For all the three future scenarios, the sub‐basin results indicated an overall increase in annual evapotranspiration of up to 6%, a decrease in runoff up to 10% and minimal change in soil moisture. The sediment and phosphorous loading at both regional and field levels increased considerably (up to 40–90%) for all the biofuel feedstock scenario considered, while the nitrogen loading increased up to 45% in some regions under the BT2 Study scenario, decreased up to 10% when corn are grown continuously instead of in rotations, and changed minimally when 50% of the stover are harvested. Field level analyses revealed significant variability in hydrology and water quality impacts that can further be used to identify suitable locations for the feedstock productions without causing major impacts on water quantity and quality.     

盐渍化灌区土壤盐分的时空变异特征及其与地下水埋深的关系

土壤盐分空间变异特征和地下水埋深状况是指导灌区合理用水和防治土壤盐碱化的重要依据。运用经典统计学和地质统计学方法,结合GIS技术,分析了河套灌区沙壕渠灌域0-20 cm、20-40 cm、40-60 cm土壤EC值的空间变异特征及地下水埋深对土壤盐分分布的影响。结果表明:沙壕渠灌域土壤盐分Cv值在不同灌溉时期和不同土壤深度均大于36%,表现为强变异特征;各灌水时期和不同土壤深度土壤EC值均表现为中等强度的空间自相关性,表层0-20 cm土壤空间自相关程度最高;秋浇前不同层次土壤EC值的空间分布在灌域内从南到北呈增大趋势,秋浇后土壤含盐量的高值区在西北部或东北部;土壤盐分受地下水埋深影响显著,灌域内地下水埋深南深北浅,土壤盐分随地下水埋深的增大而减小,二者之间满足指数关系。因此,应采取合理措施控制地下水埋深,防止区域土壤盐渍化加剧。     

Pathogen Sources Estimation and Scenario Analysis Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)

Concerns over water quality in Ireland have increased in recent years, in part due to the more frequent contamination of drinking water by pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium. The objective of this study was to assess the use of SWAT for pathogen source estimation and to analyze the effects of various source scenarios on pathogen outputs in Irish catchments. Two agricultural catchments in Ireland susceptible to pathogen contamination of source water were the center of the SWAT model development with the primary focus on levels of E. coli in surface water. Model simulations used site and source specific information which was analyzed considering the total E. coli count for the simulation period (Fergus: January 2005–October 2006; Kilshanvey: January 2006–July 2007). Pathogen source estimation identified point sources as the most significant contributors to E. coli output with direct deposition the primary contributor (95%) in Kilshanvey and wastewater treatment plant outflow (89%) the main contributor in the Fergus catchment. A scenario analysis evaluated possible situations that may occur in study locations. The analysis indicated that restriction of livestock access to water sources and improved wastewater treatment would represent effective methods of improving water quality in both catchments.     

农业高效用水理论研究综述

农业高效用水包括节水灌溉和旱作农业,其核心是提高自然降水和灌溉水的利用效率和效益．农田蒸散的测定方法各有利弊．FAO先后建议用Penman修正式和Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量．Jensen乘法模型和Blank加法模型在作物水分生产函数研究中得到广泛应用．土壤适宜含水量和土壤干旱下限指标的最新研究成果,为低定额的农业供水提供了土壤物理学的重要依据．水分亏缺对与产量形成相关的各个生理过程影响的先后顺序为细胞扩张＞气孔运动＞蒸腾运动＞光合作用＞物质运输．不很严重的干旱反而对物质运输有促进作用．农田灌溉研究已由传统的充分灌溉,转向非充分灌溉、调亏灌溉和控制性分根交替灌溉．未来农业高效用水理论将在界面、土壤水动力学、生物节水、缺水逆境等方面深入开展研究。     

SWAT模型对景观格局变化的敏感性分析——以丹江口库区老灌河流域为例

景观的空间配置与类型组成能够对流域的产流、产沙及非点源污染产生影响。在以往SWAT模型研究中,往往默认水文模型考虑了该影响。为分析SWAT模型对不同景观格局变化的敏感性,根据老灌河流域2000年土地利用在各子流域的组成,模拟研究区更为破碎、复杂的景观空间配置,通过设置多套试验参数,利用SWAT模型生成基于不同景观格局的模拟结果。结果表明,SWAT模型不能反映除坡度和面积变化之外的景观水平下各斑块之间因景观空间格局改变对流域产流、产沙以及非点源污染的影响;模型通过其他参数的调整,弥补了模型分析数据的不足,使实测数据与模型部分结果高度吻合。这表明,一个能够反映流域部分水文特征的SWAT模型,未必是对研究区真实情形的模拟,而是各个参数间平衡的结果。因此,在利用SWAT模型分析模拟景观变化时,不应默认模型能够模拟景观空间格局改变对流域水文过程的影响,同时研究者可以通过划分坡度带,提高模型对不同坡度土地利用的敏感性。     

黑河中游主要农作物灌溉制度优化

科学的灌溉制度是干旱半干旱地区农业生产的重要保障。黑河位于西北干旱区,是我国第二大内陆河,且当地中游农业灌溉和下游生态需水矛盾十分突出。利用DSSAT （Decision Support for Agro-technology Transfer）模型模拟了黑河中游地区玉米、小麦、油菜、马铃薯的生长情况,对比分析了四种作物生育期内需水量变化与当地降水条件、现行灌溉制度之间的差异。通过设置灌溉组合探究了四种作物最适宜的灌溉制度,并计算了优化灌溉制度下的节水潜力。结果表明：DSSAT模型通过参数校正与验证后,对四种作物生长过程模拟性能较好,产量标准化均方根误差（nRMSE）均低于15.0%,决定系数（R²）均达到0.65以上。缺水量模拟结果表明,四种作物生长季平均水分亏缺介于122.5-367.0 mm。通过调整灌溉制度,可使玉米、小麦、油菜、马铃薯的水分利用效率分别提高54.8%、25.0%、18.3%和51.3%,且产量变幅均低于5.0%,实现了高产节水的目的。在研究区实施最优灌溉制度,中游农业灌区每年可以节省8.1×10⁸ m³的水资源量,用于支持下游生态保护。     

SWAT模型辅助下的生态恢复水文响应——以陇西黄土高原华家岭南河流域为例

生态环境问题受到了日益广泛的关注,生态恢复也在各地蓬勃开展,但生态恢复工程的开展迫切需要相关理论研究的指导.采用假定生态恢复情景的方法,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,利用分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对陇西黄土高原的典型流域--华家岭南河流域进行了多种生态恢复情景模型的设计,并模拟了不同生态恢复情景下径流和蒸散发的响应情况.得出:在南河流域草地比森林植被涵养水源的作用更强,模拟年均径流深比林地低9.1%,而蒸散发却高2.2%,所以南河流域生态恢复过程中种草是十分必要的.结果同时表明,应用SWAT模型进行流域尺度的生态恢复水文响应研究是可行高效的.     

土地利用变化情景下浑河-太子河流域的非点源污染模拟

近年来非点源污染已经成为水污染的主要来源,对非点源污染发生机理和控制方法的研究有着重要的科学和现实意义.为了研究不同土地利用方式对非点源污染的影响,本文基于土地利用变化模型CLUE-S模拟了城市规划、历史趋势和生态保护3个预案下浑河-太子河流域土地利用未来变化.应用SWAT模型对非点源污染进行了模拟研究,并结合实测数据对模拟结果进行了评价.结合两个模型研究了3个土地利用预案下非点源污染对土地利用和景观格局变化的响应.结果表明: SWAT模型在浑河-太子河流域模拟精度较高,该模型在研究区具有适用性.城市规划和历史趋势预案下非点源污染负荷不断增加,城市规划方案下最高,生态保护预案下非点源污染负荷呈不断下降趋势.不同土地利用和景观格局对非点源污染有一定的影响,科学合理的生态建设能够有效减少非点源污染负荷.研究结果可以为流域的非点源污染研究提供案例,为非点源污染防治和最佳管理措施的制定提供科学依据,为相关政策制定提供参考.     

Conservation agriculture for wheat-based cropping systems under gravity irrigation: increasing resilience through improved soil quality

A field experiment was conducted under furrow irrigation on a Vertisol in arid northwestern Mexico, to evaluate sustainable production alternatives for irrigated wheat systems. Treatments included: tillage (conventionally tilled raised beds where new beds are formed after disc ploughing before planting [CTB] and permanent raised beds [PB]) and irrigation regimes (full and reduced). Physical and chemical soil quality was compared among treatments. PB improved soil structure and direct infiltration, increased topsoil K concentrations (0–5 cm; 1.6 cmol kg^?1 in PB vs. 1.0–1.1 cmol kg^?1 in CTB) and reduced Na concentrations (0–5 cm; 1.3–1.4 cmol kg^?1 in PB vs. 1.9–2.2 cmol kg^?1 in CTB) compared to CTB. Crop growth dynamics were studied throughout the season with an optical handheld NDVI sensor. Crop growth was initially slower in PB compared to CTB, but this was compensated by increased crop growth in the later stages of the crop cycle which influenced final yield, especially under reduced irrigation. These results were reflected in the final grain yield: in the third year after conversion to PB, no difference in grain yield was found between tillage systems under full irrigation. However, under reduced irrigation the improved soil quality with PB resulted in a 19% and 26% increment in bread and durum wheat grain yields, respectively. As projected climatic scenarios forecast higher evapotranspiration, less reliable rainfall and increased drought, our results indicate that PB could contribute to maintaining and increasing wheat yields in a sustainable way.     

Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulated hydrological impacts of land use change from temperate grassland to energy crops: A case study in western UK

When considering the large‐scale deployment of bioenergy crops, it is important to understand the implication for ecosystem hydrological processes and the influences of crop type and location. Based on the potential for future land use change (LUC), the 10,280 km² West Wales Water Framework Directive River Basin District (UK) was selected as a typical grassland dominated district, and the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrology model with a geographic information systems interface was used to investigate implications for different bioenergy deployment scenarios. The study area was delineated into 855 sub‐basins and 7,108 hydrological response units based on rivers, soil type, land use, and slope. Changes in hydrological components for two bioenergy crops (Miscanthus and short rotation coppice, SRC) planted on 50% (2,192 km²) or 25% (1,096 km²) of existing improved pasture are quantified. Across the study area as a whole, only surface run‐off with SRC planted at the 50% level was significantly impacted, where it was reduced by up to 23% (during April). However, results varied spatially and a comparison of annual means for each sub‐basin and scenario revealed surface run‐off was significantly decreased and baseflow significantly increased (by a maximum of 40%) with both Miscanthus and SRC. Evapotranspiration was significantly increased with SRC (at both planting levels) and water yield was significantly reduced with SRC (at the 50% level) by up to 5%. Effects on streamflow were limited, varying between ?5% and +5% change (compared to baseline) in the majority of sub‐basins. The results suggest that for mesic temperate grasslands, adverse effects from the drying of soil and alterations to streamflow may not arise, and with surface run‐off reduced and baseflow increased, there could, depending on crop location, be potential benefits for flood and erosion mitigation.     

气候与土地利用变化下宁夏清水河流域径流模拟

气候和土地利用变化是影响水资源变化最直接的因素。应用SWAT模型对干旱半干旱区小流域宁夏清水河流域径流进行多情景模拟预测,以历史气候要素变化趋势和CA-Markov模型分别设置未来气候和土地利用变化情景,以决定系数R2和Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率系数Ens(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient)来衡量模拟值与实测值之间的拟合度,并评价模型在清水河流域的适用性。结果表明,韩府湾站在校准期和验证期的R~2分别为0.80和0.71,Ens分别为0.77和0.69,泉眼山站在校准期和验证期的R2分别为0.66和0.63,Ens分别为0.62和0.56,表明构建的SWAT模型可以用于清水河流域的径流模拟。对未来气候和土地利用变化情景下径流的模拟结果显示,径流变化主要由降水变化主导,降水减少和气温升高的综合作用对流域径流变化影响最为显著;由于耕地和建设用地的增加,未来3种土地利用情景下流域径流量将均会呈现明显增加变化。与2010年相比,到2020年,自然增长情景流域径流将增加17.04%,林地保护情景径流将增加14.44%,规划情景径流将增加13.98%;综合降水、气温和土地利用的结合变化情景显示,未来流域径流将会有不同程度的下降,规划情景和气候变化的结合情景的径流下降最为明显,而有意增大林地和加强生态保护的林地保护情景对减缓流域径流下降具有一定作用。在气候变化的大背景下,根据水资源利用管理目标,可通过调整流域管理措施,特别是土地利用变化和改善区域小气候来减缓气候变化对流域水资源的负面效果,以此来改善流域径流和生态环境状况。     

Quantitative response of wheat to sowing dates and irrigation regimes using CERES-Wheat model

An experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2014–15 and 2015–16, keeping four sowing dates {25th Oct (D₁), 10th Nov (D₂), 25th Nov (D₃) and 10th Dec (D₄)} in main plots and five irrigation schedules {irrigation at 15 (FC₁₅), 25 (FC₂₅), 35 (FC₃₅) and 45 (FC₄₅) % depletion of soil moisture from field capacity (FC) and a conventional practice} in sub plots. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of CERES-Wheat model for simulating yield and water use under varying planting and soil moisture regimes. The simulated and observed grain yield was higher in D₁, with irrigation applied at FC₁₅ as compared to all other sowing date and irrigation regime combinations. Simulated grain yield decreased by 19% with delay in sowing from 25th October to 10th December because of 8% reduction in simulated crop evapotranspiration. Simulated evapotranspiration decreased by 16%, wheat grain yield by 23% and water productivity by 15% in drip irrigation at 45% depletion from field capacity as compared to drip irrigation at 15% of field capacity. It was further revealed that the model performed well in simulating the phenology, water use and yield of wheat.     

未来气候变化对黄土高原黑河流域水资源的影响

气候变化对黄土高原的水资源有重要影响,对其影响进行评估可以为区域发展提供重要的决策依据.基于分布式水文模型SWAT和4种全球环流模式的各3种排放情景,评估了2010～2039年黄土高塬沟壑区黑河流域水资源对气候变化的潜在响应.结果表明,黑河流域2010～2039年的年均降水变化-2.3%～7.8%,年均最高和最低温度分别升高0.7～2.2 ℃和1.2～2.8 ℃,年均径流量变化-19.8%～37.0%,1.2 m剖面年均土壤水分含量变化-5.5%～17.2%,年均蒸散量普遍增长0.1%～5.9%;水文气象变量变化趋势复杂,但T检验表明年降水、径流、土壤水分和蒸散增长的概率较大.对于季节变化,降水可能在12～7月份和9月份增长,8月份和10～11月份减少;径流在4～7月份和9～10月份增加,11～3月份和8月份减少;土壤水分在各月都增长;蒸散11～6月份普遍增长,7～10月份减少的可能性较大.未来气候将发生显著变化并对水资源有重要影响,需采取必要的措施来减缓其不利影响.     

黑河中游春小麦需水量空间分布

合理估计春小麦的需水量(ET_c)是进行干旱区水资源配置的有效方法,利用黑河中游14个气象站1970-2009年的逐日气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式估算各站点的参考作物蒸散量,并根据春小麦生长期的作物系数,在地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下得出黑河中游春小麦需水量的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明:1970-2009年黑河中游春小麦作物需水量整体分布具有从南向北递增的趋势,全生长期需水量在573-781 mm之间;高台、张掖、临泽、民乐、山丹、酒泉的春小麦需水量分别为731.26、686.88、598.24、728.89、719.77、713.59 mm,其中生长中期需水量最大,分别占全生长期的51.67%、51.11%、50.96%、51.24%、50.83%和50.77%;日平均气温、日照时数、风速、降水量、最小相对湿度和各因子的影响力由大到小分别占总影响力的57.29%、26.92%、15.15%、1.41%和0.78%。     

内蒙古典型草原作物系数的动态模拟与确定

作物系数是计算作物需水量必不可少的参数。利用2008年野外水分试验和4个气象站近26年的土壤水分和气象等常规观测资料, 以相关分析和回归分析等统计学方法为基础, 根据水量平衡原理计算了内蒙古典型草原区的作物系数, 分析了其在生长期和不同站点间的变化规律; 建立了典型草原标准作物系数与返青后年日数和大于0 ℃积温的模拟方程, 相关指数在0.94以上。在分析湿润指数、叶面积指数和盖度与作物系数关系的基础上, 提出标准作物系数的气候修正方法和胁迫条件下作物系数的修正方法。同时, 与修正后的联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐值比较后得出, 生长季标准作物系数的平均值为0.60, 最大值为1.02; 不同生长阶段作物系数的典型值分别为: 初始生长期0.40, 生长中期0.93, 生长后期0.80, 相应的阈值范围为0.35-0.45、0.85-1.00和0.70-0.90。通过旬蒸散量的模拟计算值与蒸渗仪实测结果的比较, 平均相对误差在20%-24%之间, 生长旺盛期大多低于10%, 从而初步证明该文提出的方法在内蒙古典型草原区有较好的适用性。     

西北黑河中游荒漠绿洲农田作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发区分及作物耗水规律

利用中国生态系统研究网络临泽内陆河流域研究站绿洲农田2009年小气候、湍流交换、土壤蒸发和叶片气孔导度等综合观测试验数据,应用Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)双源模型以半小时为步长估算了绿洲农田玉米生长季实际蒸散量,并利用涡动相关与微型蒸渗仪实测数据对田间蒸散发量和棵间土壤蒸发量计算结果进行了检验。结果表明:S-W模型较好地估算研究区的蒸散量,并能有效区分农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发;全生育期玉米共耗水640 mm,其中作物蒸腾累积量为467 mm,土壤蒸发累积量为173 mm,分别占总量的72.9%和27.1%;日时间尺度上,作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发分别在0—6.3 mm/d和0—4.3 mm/d之间变化,其日平均分别为2.9和1.0 mm/d;田间供水充足,作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发比值明显受作物生长过程影响,播种—出苗期、出苗—拔节期、拔节—抽雄期、抽雄—灌浆期、灌浆—成熟期,其比值分别为0.04、0.8、7.0、5.2和1.4,不同阶段的比值差异主要受叶面积指数影响。