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1.
Adam R. Smith Marc A. Seid Lissette C. Jiménez William T. Wcislo 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2010,277(1691):2157-2163
Changes in the relative size of brain regions are often dependent on experience and environmental stimulation, which includes an animal''s social environment. Some studies suggest that social interactions are cognitively demanding, and have examined predictions that the evolution of sociality led to the evolution of larger brains. Previous studies have compared species with different social organizations or different groups within obligately social species. Here, we report the first intraspecific study to examine how social experience shapes brain volume using a species with facultatively eusocial or solitary behaviour, the sweat bee Megalopta genalis. Serial histological sections were used to reconstruct and measure the volume of brain areas of bees behaving as social reproductives, social workers, solitary reproductives or 1-day-old bees that are undifferentiated with respect to the social phenotype. Social reproductives showed increased development of the mushroom body (an area of the insect brain associated with sensory integration and learning) relative to social workers and solitary reproductives. The gross neuroanatomy of young bees is developmentally similar to the advanced eusocial species previously studied, despite vast differences in colony size and social organization. Our results suggest that the transition from solitary to social behaviour is associated with modified brain development, and that maintaining dominance, rather than sociality per se, leads to increased mushroom body development, even in the smallest social groups possible (i.e. groups with two bees). Such results suggest that capabilities to navigate the complexities of social life may be a factor shaping brain evolution in some social insects, as for some vertebrates. 相似文献
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3.
《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(3):221-233
We analysed the social and reproductive behaviours of two Polistes species, the usually monogynous P. gallicus and the potentially polygynous P. dominulus, in laboratory cages. We induced digynic associations in both species in order to investigate the proximal factors responsible for the differences in reproductive strategies and to determine which traits were involved in the change-over from the one type of nest foundation to the other in the course of evolution. In both species, an encounter between two reproductive females led to a fight ending in either the flight or the submission of one of the wasps and then, in the latter case, in the establishment of a two-females-founding nest. Encounters on a well developed nest led to violent fighting in P. gallicus, sometimes ending in death or mutilation, while joining a nest initiated by another female was possible in P. dominulus. The relationships between associated foundresses were clearly of the dominance/ subordination type in both species. Some behavioural differentiation accompanied the hierarchical organization. However, subordinate wasps of P. gallicus were able to perform both dominance behaviour and oophagy, which usually occur in the dominant individuals. This refusal of the subordinate role sometimes led to the decline of the brood, and of the colony itself. When placed in a multi-foundress situation, a monogynous species such as P. gallicus shows behaviour which is intermediate between strictly territoriality and a truly polygynous behaviour. In the normal conditions of the species life, this intermediate behaviour cannot be said to be an evolutionarily stable strategy because it is accompanied by mutual, lasting differential oophagy that results in a decrease in the production of descendants. 相似文献
4.
Desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis are skillful long‐distance navigators employing a variety of visual navigational tools such as skylight compasses and landmark guidance mechanisms. However, the time during which this navigational toolkit comes into play is extremely short, as the average lifetime of a Cataglyphis forager lasts for only about 6 days. Here we show, by using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and three‐dimensional reconstruction software, that even during this short period of adult life, Cataglyphis exhibits a remarkable increase in the size of its mushroom bodies, especially of the visual input region, the collar, if compared to age‐matched dark‐reared animals. This task‐related increase rides on a much smaller age‐dependent increase of the size of the mushroom bodies. Due to the variation in body size exhibited by Cataglyphis workers we use allometric analyses throughout and show that small animals exhibit considerably larger task‐related increases in the sizes of their mushroom bodies than larger animals do. It is as if there were an upper limit of mushroom body size required for accomplishing the ant's navigational tasks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006 相似文献
5.
Organ growth is tightly regulated across environmental conditions to generate an appropriate final size. While the size of some organs is free to vary, others need to maintain constant size to function properly. This poses a unique problem: how is robust final size achieved when environmental conditions alter key processes that regulate organ size throughout the body, such as growth rate and growth duration? While we know that brain growth is ‘spared’ from the effects of the environment from humans to fruit flies, we do not understand how this process alters growth dynamics across brain compartments. Here, we explore how this robustness in brain size is achieved by examining differences in growth patterns between the larval body, the brain and a brain compartment—the mushroom bodies—in Drosophila melanogaster across both thermal and nutritional conditions. We identify key differences in patterns of growth between the whole brain and mushroom bodies that are likely to underlie robustness of final organ shape. Further, we show that these differences produce distinct brain shapes across environments. 相似文献
6.
Mario L. Muscedere Wulfila Gronenberg Corrie S. Moreau James F. A. Traniello 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2014,281(1784)
The extent to which size constrains the evolution of brain organization and the genesis of complex behaviour is a central, unanswered question in evolutionary neuroscience. Advanced cognition has long been linked to the expansion of specific brain compartments, such as the neocortex in vertebrates and the mushroom bodies in insects. Scaling constraints that limit the size of these brain regions in small animals may therefore be particularly significant to behavioural evolution. Recent findings from studies of paper wasps suggest miniaturization constrains the size of central sensory processing brain centres (mushroom body calyces) in favour of peripheral, sensory input centres (antennal and optic lobes). We tested the generality of this hypothesis in diverse eusocial hymenopteran species (ants, bees and wasps) exhibiting striking variation in body size and thus brain size. Combining multiple neuroanatomical datasets from these three taxa, we found no universal size constraint on brain organization within or among species. In fact, small-bodied ants with miniscule brains had mushroom body calyces proportionally as large as or larger than those of wasps and bees with brains orders of magnitude larger. Our comparative analyses suggest that brain organization in ants is shaped more by natural selection imposed by visual demands than intrinsic design limitations. 相似文献
7.
Xufeng Zhang Han Hu Bin Han Qiaohong Wei Lifeng Meng Fan Wu Yu Fang Mao Feng Chuan Ma Olav Rueppell Jianke Li 《Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP》2020,19(10):1632-1648
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- •The RJB syndrome is mainly due to a shift in nurse bee alloparental care behavior.
- •The RJB nurses spontaneously respond more often to larval odors compared to ITB nurses but their subsequent learning ability are similar.
- •The RJBs evolve neurophysiological adaptations that increase the nurse bees' alloparental care behavior.
- •Major royal jelly proteins and hexamerins play crucial neurobiological roles for the nervous system.
8.
Dagmar Malun Niels Plath Martin Giurfa Ariane D. Moseleit Uli Müller 《Developmental neurobiology》2002,50(1):31-44
Hydroxyurea (HU) treatment of first instar honeybee larvae was previously shown to cause mushroom body (MB) ablations. Predominantly, either one or both median MB subunits were ablated. This prompted us to analyze the effects of asymmetrical or symmetrical HU‐induced MB ablation on both the morphology of the brain and on the level of three proteins (synapsin, PKA RII, and PKC), which are considered to play a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. In brains with one median MB subunit missing the volume of the overall MB calyx neuropil in the lesioned side was diminished by 35%. This strong reduction occurred although the remaining lateral MB calyx of the lesioned brain side was found to be significantly larger than that of the intact side. Accordingly, in brains with both median MB subunits missing the size of the remaining lateral calyces increased. The various types of MB ablation differentially affected the amounts of synapsin, PKA RII, and PKC expressed in the central brain. In animals with bilateral and thus symmetrical MB ablation (both median calyces ablated) the protein amount was found to be similar to that in control animals. However, unilateral MB ablation causes an increase in the amounts of the tested proteins in the intact brain side, while the levels in the ablated side were the same as in control animals. These findings not only show that HU‐induced ablation of MB subunits is accompanied by volume changes and by changes in protein expression, but also suggest that these processes are highly regulated between the brain sides. The latter is of general importance in understanding the potential contribution of the MB subunits to learning and memory and their interaction between the brain sides. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 31–44, 2002 相似文献
9.
Mary L. Cornelius 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1993,6(6):771-781
Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey. 相似文献
10.
试验以香菇水提残渣为原料,针对即食型香菇蔬菜纸加工过程中的原辅料用量及配比、涂膜厚度、烘干温度等因素对加工过程中的成膜性、揭离性及最终产品风味的影响,确定了配料及调味品用量占浆液百分比为:食盐1.5%;玉米淀粉3%;CMC-Na 0.5%;明胶0.5%;膜厚度在0.8～1.3 mm,即初始阶段为80℃高温烘干,结束阶段为60℃的变温烘干的香菇蔬菜纸加工工艺。 相似文献
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Since the 1970s, human subjects that have undergone corpus callosotomy have provided important insights into neural mechanisms of perception, memory, and cognition. The ability to test the function of each hemisphere independently of the other offers unique advantages for investigating systems that are thought to underlie cognition. However, such approaches have been limited to mammals. Here we describe comparable experiments on an insect brain to demonstrate learning‐associated changes within one brain hemisphere. After training one half of their bisected brains, cockroaches learn to extend the antenna supplying that brain hemisphere towards an illuminated diode after this has been paired with an odor stimulus. The antenna supplying the naïve hemisphere shows no response. Cockroaches retain this ability for up to 24 h, during which, shortly after training, the mushroom body of the trained hemisphere alone undergoes specific post‐translational alterations of microglomerular synaptic complexes in its calyces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007. 相似文献
12.
Elisabeth Sulger Nola McAloon Susan J. Bulova Joseph Sapp Sean O'Donnell 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2014,113(2):415-422
Brain investment is evolutionarily constrained by high costs of neural tissue. Several ecological factors favour the evolution of increased brain investment; we predict reduced brain region investment will accompany the evolution of organismal or social parasitism when parasites rely on host behaviour and cognition to solve ecological problems. To test this idea we investigated whether brain region investments differed between obligate slave‐making Polyergus mexicanus ant workers and their Formica fusca slave workers. Polyergus workers perform little labour for their colonies; enslaved workers of Formica host species forage, excavate nests and tend the brood. We focused on the calyces of the mushroom bodies, central processing brain regions that are larger in social insect workers that perform complex tasks. As predicted we found lower relative investment in mushroom body calyx in P. mexicanus workers than in F. fusca workers; by contrast, enslaved and free F. fusca workers did not differ in mushroom body calyx volume. We then tested whether slave‐makers and hosts differed in brain investment among sensory modalities. Polyergus slave‐makers employ several unique classes of pheromones during raids, and eye size relative to head size was smaller in P. mexicanus workers than in F. fusca workers. The size of antennal brain tissues relative to visual tissues was greater in Polyergus, both in the peripheral sensory lobes and in the mushroom body calyx, suggesting greater relative investment in antennal processing by slave‐makers. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 415–422. 相似文献
13.
Olfactory sensory information in Drosophila is transmitted through antennal lobe projections to Mushroom Body neurons (Kenyon cells) by means of cholinergic synapses. Application of acetylcholine (ACh) and odors produce significant increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in these neurons. Behavioral studies show that Kenyon cell activity is modulated by dopaminergic inputs and this modulation is thought to be the basis for an olfactory conditioned response. However, quantitative assessment of the synaptic inputs to Kenyon cells is currently lacking. To assess neuronal activity under in vivo conditions, we have used the endogenously‐expressed camgaroo reporter to measure [Ca2+]i in these neurons. We report here the dose‐response relationship of Kenyon cells for ACh and dopamine (DA). Importantly, we also show that simultaneous application of ACh and DA results in a significant decrease in the response to ACh alone. In addition, we show inhibition of the ACh response by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. This is the first quantitative assessment of the effects of these two important transmitters in this system, and it provides an important basis for future analysis of the cellular mechanisms of this well established model for associative olfactory learning. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009 相似文献
14.
Fig pollinating wasps and most non-pollinator wasps apply secretions from their poison sacs into oviposited flowers that appear necessary to the formation of the galls that their developing offspring consume. Thus, both eggs and poison sac secretions appear to be essential for wasp reproduction, but the relative investment in each is unknown. We measured relative investment in poison sac and egg production in pollinating and non-pollinating wasps associated with seven species of monoecious Panamanian figs representing both active and passive pollination syndromes. We then collected similar data for four fig hosts in China, where some wasp species in the genus Eupristina have lost the ability to pollinate (“cheaters”). All wasps examined possessed large poison sacs, and we found a strong positive correlation between poison sac size and absolute egg production. In the Panamanian species, the relative poison sac to egg investment was highest in the externally ovipositing non-pollinator wasps, followed by active pollinators, then by passive pollinators. Further, pollinator wasps of fig species with demonstrated host sanctions against “cheating” wasps showed higher investment in the poison sac than wasps of species without sanctions. In the Chinese samples, relative investment in the poison sac was indistinguishable between pollinators and “cheaters” associated with the same fig species. We suggest that higher relative investment in poison sac across fig wasp species reflects higher relative difficulty in initiating formation of galls and subsequently obtaining resources from the fig. We discuss the implications for the stability of the fig–wasp mutualism, and for the ability of non-pollinators to exploit this mutualism. 相似文献
15.
《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(2):191-196
Parapolybia indica is a primitively eusocial paper wasp. It is widely distributed in southern parts of Asia from India through south Asia to northern, cool temperate Japan. This study investigated which females become replacement queens after the loss of the original queens. When the original queens were removed artificially or disappeared naturally, younger females (8.7 days old on average, n = 10) became replacement queens. They had not only younger sisters but also elder sisters. This type of queen replacement coincides with a so-called tropical pattern so far known in tropical-zone paper wasps but not in those from temperate-zones. 相似文献
16.
《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(2):175-182
In laboratory studies, we investigated the factors which caused the failure of joining associations amongst foundresses of the haplometrotic paper wasp species Polistes gallicus. All the associations were successful when two foundresses were brought together immediately after the diapause. However, the success rate dropped to 59% when females were isolated for 8 days from the end of the diapause to the time of the “encounter” experiments. The wasps were allowed to develop two-foundress colonies for 10 days. Then we exchanged the foundresses in order to bring two unacquainted females together. When encounters took place on nests containing a well developed larval brood, the success rate was only 45%. However if there was no nest or a small nest without larvae, 90% of the encounters were successful. We therefore concluded that the failure of joining associations cannot be entirely explained by the hypothesis that there is a sensitive period for developing associations to build nests. Isolation certainly perturbed the capacity to establish stable social relationships. On the other hand, the level of aggression between unacquainted females increased if the brood was developed, regardless of the origin of the nest. Familiarisation between females allows cofoundresses to cohabit on a developing nest, despite the increase in aggression. Nevertheless, comparison with others species suggests that the difference between the haplometrotic and pleometrotic species is less due to the specific level of aggression itself than to the way foundresses cope with this aggression. 相似文献
17.
Summary The biology of the invasive Polistes dominulus and the native P. fuscatus was compared at a field site in Rochester, Michigan over a two-year period. Colonies nesting semi-naturally in plywood nestboxes were studied using videography, extensive surveys, and colony-specific marking of gynes.Both single- and multiple-foundress colonies of P. dominulus were significantly more productive than comparable colonies of P. fuscatus. The disparity in productivity was significantly more pronounced in single-foundress colonies than in multiple-foundress colonies. P. dominulus had significantly shorter larval and pupal development times than P. fuscatus, which allowed P. dominulus to produce its first workers about a week earlier than P. fuscatus. P. dominulus had a number of additional advantages over P. fuscatus that contributed to its productivity including (1) significantly less parasitism by Strepsiptera, (2) significantly greater probability of renesting after predation by raccoons, (3) significantly lower usurpation pressures, and (4) possibly longer foraging days . The recovery of colony-marked foundresses indicated that gynes of P. dominulus suffered significantly greater mortality than gynes of P. fuscatus during winter diapause and that foundresses of both species were equally, strongly philopatric.P. dominulus is likely replacing P. fuscatus in many areas of southeastern Michigan via indirect or exploitative competition. The two species may be competing for nest sites.Received 7 July 2003; revised 10 October 2003; accepted 3 November 2003. 相似文献
18.
Emilie C. Snell-Rood Eli M. Swanson Anne Espeset Sarah Jaumann Kinsey Philips Courtney Walker Brandon Semke Akira S. Mori Gerhard Boenisch Jens Kattge Eric W. Seabloom Elizabeth T. Borer 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2020,74(10):2304-2319
Nutrition has been hypothesized as an important constraint on brain evolution. However, it is unclear whether the availability of specific nutrients or the difficulty of locating high-quality diets limits brain evolution, especially over long periods of time. We found that dietary nutrient content predicted brain size across 42 species of butterflies. Brain size, relative to body size, was associated with the sodium and nitrogen content of a species’ diet. There was no evidence that host plant apparency (measured by plant height) was related to brain evolution. The timing of diet shifts across species varied from 3.5 to 90 million years ago, but nutritional constraints did not lessen over time as species adapted to a diet. Although nutrition was linked to overall brain volume, there was no evidence that nutrition was related to the relative size of individual brain regions. Laboratory rearing experiments confirmed the underlying assumption of most comparative studies that the majority of interspecific trait variation stems from genetically based differences across species rather than developmental plasticity. This study highlights a novel role of sodium and nitrogen in brain evolution, which is additionally interesting given current anthropogenic change in the availability of these nutrients. 相似文献
19.
Sara Mae Stieb Thomas Sebastian Muenz Rüdiger Wehner Wolfgang Rössler 《Developmental neurobiology》2010,70(6):408-423
Desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis undergo an age‐related polyethism from interior workers involved in brood care and food processing to short‐lived outdoor foragers with remarkable visual navigation capabilities. The quick transition from dark to light suggests that visual centers in the ant's brain express a high degree of plasticity. To investigate structural synaptic plasticity in the mushroom bodies (MBs)—sensory integration centers supposed to be involved in learning and memory—we immunolabeled and quantified pre‐ and postsynaptic profiles of synaptic complexes (microglomeruli, MG) in the visual (collar) and olfactory (lip) input regions of the MB calyx. The results show that a volume increase of the MB calyx during behavioral transition is associated with a decrease in MG numbers in the collar and, less pronounced, in the lip. Analysis of tubulin‐positive profiles indicates that presynaptic pruning of projection neurons and dendritic expansion in intrinsic Kenyon cells are involved. Light‐exposure of dark‐reared ants of different age classes revealed similar effects. The results indicate that this structural synaptic plasticity in the MB calyx is primarily driven by visual experience rather than by an internal program. This is supported by the fact that dark‐reared ants age‐matched to foragers had MG numbers comparable to those of interior workers. Ants aged artificially for up to 1 year expressed a similar plasticity. These results suggest that the high degree of neuronal plasticity in visual input regions of the MB calyx may be an important factor related to behavior transitions associated with division of labor. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 408–423, 2010 相似文献