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1.
Background
The role of observational studies in informing clinical practice is debated, and high profile examples of discrepancies between the results of observational studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have intensified that debate. We systematically reviewed findings from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), one of the longest and largest observational studies, to assess the number and strength of the associations reported and to determine if they have been confirmed in RCTs.Methods
We reviewed NHS publication abstracts from 1978–2012, extracted information on associations tested, and graded the strength of the reported effect sizes. We searched PubMed for RCTs or systematic reviews for 3 health outcomes commonly reported in NHS publications: breast cancer, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and osteoporosis. NHS results were compared with RCT results and deemed concordant when the difference in effect sizes between studies was ≤0.15.Findings
2007 associations between health outcomes and independent variables were reported in 1053 abstracts. 58.0% (1165/2007) were statistically significant, and 22.2% (445/2007) were neutral (no association). Among the statistically significant results that reported a numeric odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR), 70.5% (706/1002) reported a weak association (OR/RR 0.5–2.0), 24.5% (246/1002) a moderate association (OR/RR 0.25–0.5 or 2.0–4.0) and 5.0% (50/1002) a strong association (OR/RR ≤0.25 or ≥4.0). 19 associations reported in NHS publications for breast cancer, IHD and osteoporosis have been tested in RCTs, and the concordance between NHS and RCT results was low (≤25%).Conclusions
NHS publications contain a large number of analyses, the majority of which reported statistically significant but weak associations. Few of these associations have been tested in RCTs, and where they have, the agreement between NHS results and RCTs is poor. 相似文献2.
Melina Arnold Luohua Jiang Marcia L. Stefanick Karen C. Johnson Dorothy S. Lane Erin S. LeBlanc Ross Prentice Thomas E. Rohan Beverly M. Snively Mara Vitolins Oleg Zaslavsky Isabelle Soerjomataram Hoda Anton-Culver 《PLoS medicine》2016,13(8)
BackgroundHigh body mass index (BMI) has become the leading risk factor of disease burden in high-income countries. While recent studies have suggested that the risk of cancer related to obesity is mediated by time, insights into the dose-response relationship and the cumulative impact of overweight and obesity during the life course on cancer risk remain scarce. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the impact of adulthood overweight and obesity duration on the risk of cancer in a large cohort of postmenopausal women.ConclusionsIn summary, this study showed that a longer duration of overweight and obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing several forms of cancer. Furthermore, the degree of overweight experienced during adulthood seemed to play an important role in the risk of developing cancer, especially for endometrial cancer. Although the observational nature of our study precludes inferring causality or making clinical recommendations, our findings suggest that reducing overweight duration in adulthood could reduce cancer risk and that obesity prevention is important from early onset. If this is true, health care teams should recognize the potential of obesity management in cancer prevention and that excess body weight in women is important to manage regardless of the age of the patient. 相似文献
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William S. Harris Juhua Luo James V. Pottala Karen L. Margolis Mark A. Espeland Jennifer G. Robinson 《PloS one》2016,11(2)
Context
The relations between dietary and/or circulating levels of fatty acids and the development of type 2 diabetes is unclear. Protective associations with the marine omega-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid, and with a marker of fatty acid desaturase activity delta-5 desaturase (D5D ratio) have been reported, as have adverse relations with saturated fatty acids and D6D ratio.Objective
To determine the associations between red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid distributions and incident type 2 diabetes.Design
Prospective observational cohort study nested in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study.Setting
General population.Subjects
Postmenopausal women.Main Outcome Measures
Self-reported incident type 2 diabetes.Results
There were 703 new cases of type 2 diabetes over 11 years of follow up among 6379 postmenopausal women. In the fully adjusted models, baseline RBC D5D ratio was inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes [Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81–0.95) per 1 SD increase. Similarly, baseline RBC D6D ratio and palmitic acid were directly associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04–1.25; and HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14–1.35, respectively). None of these relations were materially altered by excluding incident cases in the first two years of follow-up. There were no significant relations with eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic or linoleic acids.Conclusions
Whether altered fatty acid desaturase activities or palmitic acid levels are causally related to the development of type 2 diabetes cannot be determined from this study, but our findings suggest that proportions of certain fatty acids in RBC membranes are associated with risk for type 2 diabetes. 相似文献4.
Ayush Giri Jennifer M. Wu Renee M. Ward Katherine E. Hartmann Amy J. Park Kari E. North Mariaelisa Graff Robert B. Wallace Gihan Bareh Lihong Qi Mary J. O'Sullivan Alexander P. Reiner Todd L. Edwards Digna R. Velez Edwards 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
Current evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology to pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including genetic predisposition. We conducted a genome-wide association study of POP in African American (AA) and Hispanic (HP) women from the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Therapy study. Cases were defined as any POP (grades 1–3) or moderate/severe POP (grades 2–3), while controls had grade 0 POP. We performed race-specific multiple logistic regression analyses between SNPs imputed to 1000 genomes in relation to POP (grade 0 vs 1–3; grade 0 vs 2–3) adjusting for age at diagnosis, body mass index, parity, and genetic ancestry. There were 1274 controls and 1427 cases of any POP and 317 cases of moderate/severe POP. Although none of the analyses reached genome-wide significance (p<5x10-8), we noted variants in several loci that met p<10−6. In race-specific analysis of grade 0 vs 2–3, intronic SNPs in the CPE gene (rs28573326, OR:2.14; 95% CI 1.62–2.83; p = 1.0x10-7) were associated with POP in AAs, and SNPs in the gene AL132709.5 (rs1950626, OR:2.96; 95% CI 1.96–4.48, p = 2.6x10-7) were associated with POP in HPs. Inverse variance fixed-effect meta-analysis of the race-specific results showed suggestive signals for SNPs in the DPP6 gene (rs11243354, OR:1.36; p = 4.2x10-7) in the grade 0 vs 1–3 analyses and for SNPs around PGBD5 (rs740494, OR:2.17; p = 8.6x10-7) and SHC3 (rs2209875, OR:0.60; p = 9.3x10-7) in the grade 0 vs 2–3 analyses. While we did not identify genome-wide significant findings, we document several SNPs reaching suggestive statistical significance. Further interrogation of POP in larger minority samples is warranted. 相似文献
5.
Digna R. Velez Edwards Adam C. Naj Keri Monda Kari E. North Marian Neuhouser Oyunbileg Magvanjav Ibukun Kusimo Mara Z. Vitolins JoAnn E. Manson Mary Jo O’Sullivan Evadnie Rampersaud Todd L. Edwards 《Human genetics》2013,132(3):323-336
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of obesity measures have identified associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, no large-scale evaluation of gene-environment interactions has been performed. We conducted a search of gene-environment (G × E) interactions in post-menopausal African-American and Hispanic women from the Women’s Health Initiative SNP Health Association Resource GWAS study. Single SNP linear regression on body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) adjusted for multidimensional-scaling-derived axes of ancestry and age was run in race-stratified data with 871,512 SNPs available from African-Americans (N = 8,203) and 786,776 SNPs from Hispanics (N = 3,484). Tests of G × E interaction at all SNPs for recreational physical activity (m h/week), dietary energy intake (kcal/day), alcohol intake (categorical), cigarette smoking years, and cigarette smoking (ever vs. never) were run in African-Americans and Hispanics adjusted for ancestry and age at interview, followed by meta-analysis of G × E interaction terms. The strongest evidence for concordant G × E interactions in African-Americans and Hispanics was for smoking and marker rs10133840 (Q statistic P = 0.70, beta = ?0.01, P = 3.81 × 10?7) with BMI as the outcome. The strongest evidence for G × E interaction within a cohort was in African-Americans with WHR as outcome for dietary energy intake and rs9557704 (SNP × kcal = ?0.04, P = 2.17 × 10?7). No results exceeded the Bonferroni-corrected statistical significance threshold. 相似文献
6.
Yvette Cozier Edward Ruiz-Narvaez Craig McKinnon Jeffrey Berman Lynn Rosenberg Julie Palmer 《Human genetics》2013,132(7):803-810
In the United States, incidence and mortality from sarcoidosis, a chronic, granulomatous disease, are increased in black women. In data from the Black Women’s Health Study, a follow-up of US black women, we assessed two SNPs (rs2076530 and rs9268480) previously identified in the BTNL2 gene (chromosome 6p21), of which rs4424066 and rs3817963 are perfect proxies, to determine if they represent independent signals of disease risk. We also assessed whether local ancestry in four genomic regions previously identified through admixture mapping was associated with sarcoidosis. Finally, we assessed the relation of global percent African ancestry to risk. We conducted a nested case–control study of 486 sarcoidosis cases and 943 age- and geography-matched controls. Both BTNL2 SNPs were associated with risk of sarcoidosis in separate models, but in a combined analysis the increased risk was due to the A-allele of the rs3817963 SNP; each copy of the A-allele was associated with a 40 % increase in risk of sarcoidosis (p = 0.02) and was confirmed by our haplotypic analysis. Local African ancestry around the rs30533 ancestry informative marker at chromosome 5q31 was associated with a 29 % risk reduction (p = 0.01). Therefore, we adjusted our analysis of global African ancestry for number of copies of African alleles in rs30533. Subjects in the highest quintile of percent African ancestry had a 54 % increased risk of sarcoidosis. The present results from a population of African-American women support the role of the BTNL2 gene and the 5q31 locus in the etiology of sarcoidosis, and also demonstrate that percent African ancestry is associated with disease risk. 相似文献
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